Dudley Canal
Dudley Canal | |
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Canal and River Trust | |
History | |
Original owner | Dudley Canal Company |
Date of act | 1776 |
Geography | |
Connects to | Birmingham Canal Navigations |
The Dudley Canal is a canal passing through Dudley in the West Midlands of England. The canal is part of the English and Welsh network of connected navigable inland waterways and forms part of the popular Stourport Ring narrowboat cruising route.
The first short section, which connected to the
Subsidence from coal mining was a significant problem for much of the life of the canal. The Lapal Tunnel was regularly affected and a section near Blackbrook Junction fell into mine workings in 1894. The route was restored but the short Two Locks Line nearby was abandoned in 1909 and the Lapal Tunnel suffered the same fate in 1917. Most of rest of the canal was abandoned in the 1960s but a committee was formed, later becoming the Dudley Canal Trust, and restoration took place culminating in the reopening of Dudley Tunnel in 1973. Lapal Tunnel remains closed and although the Lapal Canal Trust originally campaigned for it to be reopened, they have modified their plans to include a surface route following the conclusion of an engineering study.
History
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The Dudley Canal was seen as part of a scheme to transport coal from coalfields near Dudley to Stourbridge where it would be used for industry.
Thomas Dadford, Sr. was engaged as the engineer and surveyor and acted in this capacity until 1783 after which he was employed more informally. The Act allowed the Dudley Canal Company to raise £7,000 and this had been subscribed by July 1778 but was insufficient to finance the work. The company continued to call money on the shares and raised £9,200 in this way with each £100 share being worth £128. Construction work was completed by 24 June 1779, apart from a water supply reservoir at Pensnett Chase, although little traffic used the canal until the Stourbridge Canal was completed in December of that year. As built, the canal terminated at two basins at Great Ox Leasow and Little Ox Leasow, both built on land owned by T. T. Foley, one of the main shareholders.[2]
Dudley Tunnel
Dudley Canal Act 1785 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 4 July 1785 |
In 1784, the Stourbridge and Dudley companies approached the Birmingham Canal about a junction. This would involve building extra locks at Park Head and a tunnel which would link to Lord Dudley's existing mining tunnel which joined the Birmingham Canal at Tipton. The Birmingham Canal Company agreed but imposed heavy tolls on traffic using the junction to compensate for the loss of revenue of goods which would formerly have travelled via Aldersely Junction. Lord Dudley agreed to sell his tunnel to the Dudley Canal Company but never received any payment as the beneficial tolls and usefulness of the new canal were deemed to be adequate compensation. An Act of Parliament was obtained in July 1785 to authorise the work which had been surveyed by John Snape and John Bull and checked by Dadford, who then became consulting engineer. Abraham Lees was the on-site engineering manager and the main contract for the tunnel went to John Pinkerton. Its width was to be 9.25 feet (2.82 m) with 7 feet (2.1 m) of headroom and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) of water. The contract specified that it should be finished by 25 March 1788. In 1787, Pinkerton's work was thought to be unsatisfactory and work stopped while arguments took place. Dadford was paid off, Pinkerton had to pay half of his £4,000 bond and work restarted with Isaac Pratt in charge. He was a member of both the Stourbridge and the Dudley canal company committees. Lees retained his position.[3]
In May 1789, there were further issues when it was discovered that the tunnel was not straight. Pratt resigned, and Josiah Clowes was engaged to complete the project. He finished the tunnel, built a new junction with the Birmingham Canal at Tipton and a reservoir at Gad's Green. Completion was announced at a shareholder's meeting on 25 June 1792, and the official opening was on 15 October.[4]
Line No. 2
Selly Oak Canal Act 1793 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 17 June 1793 |
With the Dudley Tunnel just finished, a meeting was held in Birmingham on 31 August 1792 at which a canal from Birmingham to serve the collieries at Netherton was proposed. The following day, the Dudley Canal Company proposed their own version of a similar canal and following meetings with the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, whose line it would join, it was agreed that those who had been at the meeting would raise £61,500 and that the remaining £28,500 required would be subscribed by existing Dudley shareholders. The line would be constructed at the same level as the Dudley Canal at Park Head.
A tunnel of 3,795 yards (3,470 m) would be required at Lapal and a shorter one of 537 yards (491 m) at Gosty Hill. Another short tunnel was to be built at Halesowen but became a cutting and bridge when work began. The length of the canal was to be 10.8 miles (17.4 km), for which the working capital would be £90,000 with an additional £40,000 if required. John Snape carried out a survey and despite opposition from the Birmingham Canal, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and a contingent of iron foundries in
The original route was renamed "Line no 1" to distinguish it from the new "Line no 2" which linked the canal at Park Head Junction, near Netherton, to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal at Selly Oak, Birmingham via Halesowen and the tunnel at Lapal.[6] Work began in early 1794 with Josiah Clowes as engineer and William Underhill as resident engineer. Clowes died in early 1796 and Underhill managed the whole project for a year after which Robert Whitworth carried out an inspection. He was satisfied and Underhill continued to manage the construction of the tunnel and an aqueduct near the junction with the No.1 Line while management of the rest of the project was handled by Benjamin Timmins. The section from Netherton to Halesowen had been built about 1 foot (0.30 m) too high but this was rectified and the wharf at Halesowen opened for business in early 1797.[7]
Dudley Canal Act 1796 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 23 December 1796 |
Tunnelling proved difficult. Thirty shafts were dug, to provide multiple work faces, but much of the route was through sand and large quantities of water had to be pumped out of the workings using three steam engines. The £90,000 had been spent by May 1796 and additional calls on the shares were used to raise the extra £40,000 authorised. Another Act of Parliament (
Development
Dudley Tunnel was popular with tourists and was mentioned in guides to Dudley Castle written by the Rev. Luke Booker in 1825 and W. Harris in 1845. There were complaints that the tunnel was often blocked by unattended limestone boats but this problem seems to have been resolved by 1799 although there is no mention of how this was achieved. The tunnel was also affected by subsidence from local coal mining and was regularly closed to allow repairs to be made. Working a loaded boat through the tunnel took about 4 hours and this caused congestion. Various ways were considered to alleviate this, including rope haulage in 1840, but the cost of £6,000 was deemed to be too expensive. Subsidence in the Lapal tunnel was worse and it was closed twice in 1801 and for four months in 1805.[9]
Incentives to aid passage through the Lapal Tunnel began in 1820. Any boat carrying over 15 tons could claim one shilling and sixpence (7.5p) for hiring extra leggers. This was increased to three shillings (15p) in 1829 providing the boat was carrying 18 tons. In 1841, the superintendent of the canal, Thomas Brewin, devised a scheme which used a steam pumping engine and stop locks at either end of the tunnel to create a flow which assisted the movement of the boats. This proved successful for it continued to be used until 1914 and Brewin was awarded plate worth £50 in recognition of his contribution.[10] In 1838, a 400-yard (370 m) cut was made at Lodge Farm to divert the canal and make room for a storage reservoir and pumping engine and the short Withymoor branch was built in 1842.[11]
Birmingham and Dudley Canal Consolidation Act 1846 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
In 1813, the Birmingham Canal had suggested amalgamation with the Dudley Canal as a way to prevent continued reductions in tolls but no action was taken.
The Birmingham Canal Navigations carried out a number of improvements in the 1850s. Building of Netherton Tunnel was begun on 31 December 1855 and completed on 20 August 1858. It was the last canal tunnel to be built in England and compared to the Dudley Tunnel, it was huge, being around 27 feet (8.2 m) from side to side at water level with a towpath on both sides. It was found necessary to build an invert through the tunnel because of unstable ground caused by mining below its line and large retaining walls were required at each end. As a result, the cost rose from £238,000 to £302,000 and a tunnel toll was charged to help recoup the cost. Gas lights provided illumination which were later replaced by electric lighting. The short Two Locks Line was built to reduce the distance travelled by boats passing through the Lapal Tunnel and heading for the Stourbridge Canal. Brewins Tunnel, which had been built on the Lodge Farm Cut in 1838 was made into a cutting and the Delph Flight of nine locks were rebuilt, the middle seven being replaced by six new locks. A loop to the south of the Netherton Tunnel at Bumble Hole was eliminated by making a new cut.[14]
Dudley Tunnel was closed in 1884 to allow the south end to be rebuilt. The work was completed and the tunnel was reopened on 23 April 1885. It saw considerable traffic with coal and limestone passing southwards and blast furnace slag making the return journey. Subsidence affected the canal in 1894 when a section near Blackbrook Junction, including part of the Two Lock Line, fell into mine workings. The canal remained closed for some time while repairs were made.[15] Blowers Green Lock was built near the junction of Line No. 1 and Line No. 2 at this time to replace two original locks.[16]
A wharf was constructed for the Birmingham Battery and Metal Company in Selly Oak.
Decline
The original line at Bumble Hole became the
After repeated collapses, Lapal Tunnel was abandoned in June 1917[15] leaving a short stretch navigable between Selly Oak and a brick works at California until 1953, after which it was drained and filled in.
Restoration
After a period of disuse following nationalisation in 1948, the first suggestions that the canal and others should be restored were made by the newly formed Inland Waterways Protection Society (IWPS) in 1959.[18] However, the British Transport Commission presented their annual Bill in 1961, in which the Dudley Canal and Tunnel were scheduled to be closed immediately, with no provision to safeguard the route for future restoration. Both the Inland Waterways Association and the IWPS protested, but the protests were ignored,[19] and closure occurred in 1962.[20] Despite this, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society explored the tunnel in mid-1963, after which a Dudley Tunnel Committee began running boat trips through it. These proved popular, and the Committee became the Dudley Canal Tunnel Preservation Society on 1 January 1964,[21] eventually becoming the Dudley Canal Trust in 1970.[22]
On 26 June 1970, the Inland Waterways Amenity Advisory Council, a government committee created in May 1968, held a press conference at which recommendations about the future of "remainder" waterways were made to the British Waterways Board. "Remainder" was a classification that indicated there was no obvious commercial future for the waterway. The recommendations included the returning to "cruiseway" status of nine canals, which included the Dudley Canal. The Waterways Recovery Group, formed in 1970 to co-ordinate volunteer involvement in canal restoration, began work on the canal later that year, raising public awareness of the canal and its potential as an amenity.[23] In December 1970, the Birmingham Canal Navigations Working Party produced a report, which was published in early 1971. They recommended to the British Waterways Board that much of the Birmingham Canal system should be retained. Canals were grouped into four categories, the first two of which needed little action or expenditure to make them navigable again. The Dudley Canal was in the third category, where it was suggested that the local authorities through which the canals ran should be included in restoration plans. This plan of action had formed part of the Transport Act 1968, and was adopted soon afterwards for the Dudley Tunnel Branch.[24]
The renamed Dudley Canal Trust began to restore the canal. Over the weekend of 26–27 September 1971, they organised "Dudley Dig and Cruise", at which over 600 people cleared a lock chamber and two lock pounds of debris.
Plans for the No. 2 Line moved forwards in 1980, when a boat rally was held at Hawne Basin, a former Great Western Railway interchange, where tubes[clarification needed] were moved from boats to trains. The railway had closed in 1967, and the basin had been unused since then, but thirty boats attended the rally, and the Combeswood Canal Trust developed plans for turning it into a marina.[27][28]
Part of the Lapal Tunnel was unearthed during the construction of the M5 motorway during the 1960s and the void was filled with concrete. The Lapal Canal Trust is working on the restoration of parts of the lost canal and to replace the tunnels with a completely new line, passing over the hill through Woodgate Valley Country Park.
In February 2012 plans for the regeneration of the Selly Oak area were submitted to Birmingham City Council which included a navigable section of canal from a new junction with the Worcester and Birmingham Canal to the recently reconstructed Harborne Lane bridge along the route of the former Dudley Canal.[29][30]
On 28 February 2016, following re-excavation of part of the Harborne Lane Wharf, a canoe paddled by a member of the Lapal Canal Trust, became the first vessel since 1953, to proceed along the part of the Eastern length of canal which runs through Selly Oak Park and part of which, remains "in water". It was suggested, by members of the trust in attendance, that this may have been the first vessel to operate beyond Harborne Lane Wharf, since the brickworks at the Eastern end of the Lapal Tunnel was closed in 1926. Photographs were posted on the Lapal Canal Trust's website.
Route
The canal forms an end-on junction with the Stourbridge Canal at the foot of the eight
Following Line No. 2 from Park Head Junction, the canal passes around Netherton Hill, where there are mass graves for cholera victims in St. Andrew's churchyard, after which is passes through a cutting which is part of the cut made in 1838 to accommodate the construction of Lodge Farm Reservoir. Brewins Tunnel was built here, but was uncapped after 20 years.[31] A short arm managed by the Withymoor Island Trust is located on the west bank and is used for moorings. Beyond it, the Bumble Hole Branch partially encircles Bumble Hole, a water-filled former clay pit. This was once the main line, but the embanked route which cuts off the loop was built as part of the Netherton Tunnel project. Another part of the old loop, the Boshboil Arm, turns to the west opposite Windmill End Junction, where to the north lies the southern portal of Netherton Tunnel.[34] Both this portal[35] and the north portal are grade II listed structures.[36]
From Windmill End Junction, Line No. 2 continues towards the closed Lapal Tunnel. This was once an area of industry, but most of it has gone, to be replaced by housing estates, light industrial units, and playing fields. At the northern end of Gosty Tunnel, a layby marks the site when a tug was once kept to pull barges through the tunnel. Beyond lies Hawne Basin, refurbished as a marina after its use as a railway interchange ceased in 1967. The head of navigation is just beyond the basin entrance. Much of the remaining route to the tunnel mouth is traceable, and the Lapal Canal Trust have carried out some restoration, as they have also done on the section from the eastern portal to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal at Selly Oak.[34]
Points of interest
See also
Bibliography
- Chambers, Ivor (2008). "A Guide: Windmill End to Hawne Basin" (PDF). Combeswood Canal Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018.
- Cumberlidge, Jane (2009). Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th Ed.). Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson. ISBN 978-1-84623-010-3.
- Hadfield, Charles (1985). The Canals of the West Midlands. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8644-6.
- ISBN 978-0-00-721110-4.
- Squires, Roger (2008). Britain's restored canals. Landmark Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84306-331-5.
References
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 73
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 75–76
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 76–77
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 77–79
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 106–108
- ^ Cumberlidge 2009, p. 77
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 108
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 109–110
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 110–111
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 112
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 114
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 113
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 253
- ^ Hadfield 1985, pp. 260–261
- ^ a b c Hadfield 1985, p. 263
- ^ Hadfield 1985, p. 261
- ^ Old OS map and interpretive display at Saltwells Nature Reserve, seen 11 August 2007
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 40.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Dudley Canal Tunnel. Dudley Canal Trust. 1992. p. 5.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 50.
- ^ a b c "History of the tunnels". Dudley Canal Trust. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 71.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 74.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 78.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 97.
- ^ Squires 2008, p. 106.
- ^ Chambers 2008.
- ^ "Proposals to regenerate the former Battery Park site". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Selly Oak Restoration and Regeneration". Lapal Canal Trust. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Nicholson 2006, p. 130
- ^ Historic England. "Lock Keeper's House (1279272)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Nicholson 2006, p. 39
- ^ a b Nicholson 2006, pp. 133–134
- ^ Historic England. "South Portal Netherton Tunnel (1342648)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Historic England. "North Portal Netherton Tunnel (1215046)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
External links
- Dudley Canal Trust
- Map and aerial photo sources for: Black Country Museum and SO932892- the southern portal of Dudley Tunnel.
- Lapal Canal Trust – restoration of the Dudley No 2 Canal between Halesowen and Selly Oak
- Hawne Basin / Coombeswood Canal Trust - information on the Basin and the work of the Trust