Dunkirk (2017 film)
Dunkirk | |
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Directed by | Christopher Nolan |
Written by | Christopher Nolan |
Produced by |
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Starring | |
Cinematography | Hoyte van Hoytema |
Edited by | Lee Smith |
Music by | Hans Zimmer |
Production companies |
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Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
Release dates |
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Running time | 106 minutes[3] |
Countries |
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Language | English |
Budget | $82.5–150 million[nb 1] |
Box office | $530.4 million[12] |
Dunkirk is a 2017
The film portrays the evacuation with little dialogue, as Nolan sought instead to create suspense through
. It employed thousands of extras as well as historic boats from the evacuation, and period aeroplanes.Distributed by
Plot
In 1940, during the Battle of France, Allied soldiers retreat to Dunkirk encircled by the enemy. Tommy flees through the perimeter held by French troops to the beach, where thousands await evacuation, and helps Gibson to bury a body. After Luftwaffe dive-bombers attack, they attempt to board a hospital ship at the single, vulnerable mole available for embarking on deep-draft ships, by rushing a wounded man on a stretcher but are ordered off. They overhear Commander Bolton, Colonel Winnant and a Rear Admiral discuss the best way to get their army evacuated. The ship is sunk by dive bombers; Tommy saves a Highlanders regiment soldier, Alex. The three board a destroyer, but it is hit by a torpedo before it can depart; Gibson saves Tommy and Alex as the ship sinks, and they return to the beach.
The Royal Navy requisitions civilian vessels in England to get to Dunkirk. In Weymouth, civilian sailor Dawson, with his son Peter, set out in his boat Moonstone, rather than let the Navy commandeer her. Their teenage hand George joins them on impulse. In the English Channel, they save a shivering shell-shocked soldier from a ship destroyed by a U-boat. Realising that Dawson is going for Dunkirk, the soldier panics and Peter locks him up. The soldier escapes, urging they turn back and tries to wrest control of the boat; in the scuffle, he elbows George who suffers a head injury that blinds him; as the soldier dwells on his actions, George reveals to Peter he came hoping to do something noteworthy. Three Royal Air Force Spitfires fly towards Dunkirk, to provide cover for the evacuation, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel supply. They engage in a dogfight with an enemy fighter. One of the pilots, Farrier, has his fuel gauge smashed by another fighter. He and the second Spitfire pilot, Collins, determine that their leader has gone down and fly on. The crew of the Moonstone witness the two RAF pilots protect a minesweeper from a bomber: Collins’s Spitfire is hit by a fighter and he ditches. Although trapped in his canopy as the plane sinks, Collins is saved by Peter.
Tommy, Alex and Gibson and Highlanders soldiers hide in a grounded trawler in the intertidal zone outside the perimeter, waiting for the rising tide. After its Dutch sailor returns, Germans start shooting at the boat for target practice, and water enters through the bullet holes. Alex, attempting to lighten the boat, accuses Gibson, who has been silent, of being a German spy. Gibson reveals he is French; he took the identity of the British soldier he buried. The group abandons the sinking boat, but Gibson is entangled in a chain and drowns. Farrier chooses to continue aiding the evacuation, despite realising that he will never make it home. The destroyer is bombed and sinks, as Moonstone manoeuvres to save men in the water, including Alex, as the shivering soldier starts helping. Peter finds George is dead; asked by the shivering soldier, he says George will be fine. Farrier shoots the bomber down; its crash ignites oil on the water, but Peter saves Tommy. Farrier reaches Dunkirk just as his fuel runs out. Gliding, he shoots down a dive-bomber approaching the mole, and is cheered on by the troops. Farrier lands his Spitfire on the beach beyond the perimeter, burns it and calmly awaits capture. Dawson has the boat evade aerial attack, using a technique taught by his deceased elder son, a pilot lost at the start of the war.
With 300,000 men successfully evacuated, Commander Bolton stays to oversee the French evacuation. In Weymouth, the shivering soldier sees George's body and exchanges a glance with Dawson, as he and Collins depart. Tommy and Alex board a train with other soldiers and are heralded by the public at Woking. Tommy reads Churchill's address, encouraging Britain to fight on. Peter arranges for the media to eulogise George.
Cast
- Fionn Whitehead as Tommy
- Tom Glynn-Carney as Peter Dawson
- Jack Lowden as Collins (Fortis 2)
- Harry Styles as Alex
- Aneurin Barnard as Gibson
- James D'Arcy as Colonel Winnant
- Barry Keoghan as George Mills
- Kenneth Branagh as Commander Bolton
- Cillian Murphy as Shivering Soldier
- Mark Rylance as Mr Dawson
- Tom Hardy as Farrier (Fortis 1)
- Michael Caine as Fortis Leader (voice)
- Elliott Tittensor as Highlander 2
- Will Attenborough as Second Lieutenant
Production
Development
The empathy for the characters has nothing to do with their story. I did not want to go through the dialogue, tell the story of my characters ... The problem is not who they are, who they pretend to be or where they come from. The only question I was interested in was: Will they get out of it? Will they be killed by the next bomb while trying to join the mole? Or will they be crushed by a boat while crossing?
— Christopher Nolan[13]
Director Christopher Nolan conceived the film in the mid-1990s,[14] when he and his future wife Emma Thomas sailed across the English Channel, following the path of many small boats in the Dunkirk evacuation.[15][16] Nolan considered improvising the entire film instead of writing a script, but Thomas convinced him otherwise.[17] In 2015,[15] Nolan wrote a 76-page screenplay,[13][15][18] which was about half the length of his usual scripts[19] and his shortest to date.[20][21] Its precise structure necessitated fictional characters, rather than ones based on eyewitnesses.[22]
The story is told from three perspectives—land (one week of action), sea (one day of action) and air (one hour of action).[23] Nolan structured the film from the point of view of the characters, intending to use visuals rather than dialogue and backstory.[24][25] He wanted to incorporate throughout the film what he calls his "snowballing effect," where several seemingly disparate storylines connect, that he had previously used only in the third acts of his other films.[18] Nolan said that he approached research as though it were for a documentary,[26] and was attracted to the project because of its inversion of the "Hollywood formula": the Battle of Dunkirk was not a victory and did not involve American armed forces, but nevertheless demanded a large-scale production.[20]
Nolan postponed Dunkirk until he had acquired sufficient experience directing large-scale action films.[22] To convey the perspective of soldiers on the beach, for whom contact with the enemy was "extremely limited and intermittent", he did not show Germans on screen (several Germans who take Farrier prisoner are out of focus).[27] He omitted scenes with Winston Churchill and generals in war rooms, as he did not want to get "bogged down in the politics of the situation".[28] Nolan showed key members of the crew eleven films that had inspired him: All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), The Wages of Fear (1953), Alien (1979), Speed (1994), Unstoppable (2010), Greed (1924), Sunrise (1927), Ryan's Daughter (1970), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Chariots of Fire (1981) and Foreign Correspondent (1940)—only two of which are war films.[15][29] The historical consultant was author Joshua Levine,[20][30] who also wrote the book adaptation, Dunkirk: The History Behind the Major Motion Picture.[31] Levine accompanied Nolan while interviewing veterans.[16][32][33] During these interviews, Nolan was told a story of soldiers seen walking into the sea in desperation, which he incorporated into the screenplay.[32]
The production team and scouting locations were chosen before Nolan and Thomas solicited
Pre-production began in January 2016.[15] For the uniforms, costume designer Jeffrey Kurland aimed to balance historical accuracy with aesthetics that would favour the film stock. As the original heavy wool fabric had not been produced since 1940, it was made from scratch, tailored for the main cast and over a thousand extras. Uniforms were made in a factory in Pakistan and the boots by a shoemaker in Mexico. The costume department then spent three weeks ageing them at Longcross Studios. Each garment was made to look distinct in regiment and personality: Tommy wears a large greatcoat, while Alex dons the Highlander cut. Kurland found references at museums, in contemporary magazines, photo archives and books. The mole was rebuilt over four months from the original blueprints.[nb 2] Sand was brought from Dunkirk to create make-up consistent with the environment. Oil and tar were specially made and prosthetics were water and fire resistant.[14]
Casting
After first-hand accounts of the evacuation revealed how young and inexperienced the soldiers had been,[39] Nolan decided to cast young and unknown actors for the beach setting.[40] He was also adamant that all of the cast be British.[20][nb 3] John Papsidera and Toby Whale were the casting directors for Dunkirk.[15] Tom Hardy, Kenneth Branagh and Mark Rylance were in talks to join the ensemble as supporting characters in late 2015.[42][43] Fionn Whitehead was cast as the lead in March 2016,[44] while Jack Lowden, Aneurin Barnard and Harry Styles were added shortly after.[45][46] Cillian Murphy joined the following month.[47] James D'Arcy, Barry Keoghan and Tom Glynn-Carney were included later that May.[48][49]
Filming
Principal photography commenced on 23 May 2016 in Dunkirk, planned so as to avoid
Filming in Dunkirk took place at the location of the real evacuation,
To minimise the need for
Early scenes of the film were shot at Weymouth harbour, and the final scenes at
Crowley and marine coordinator Neil Andrea located nearly sixty ships,
Aircraft were equipped with dual cockpits for filming in flight.[78] A Yakovlev Yak-52TW[62][79] was modified to resemble a Supermarine Spitfire,[14][80] and two Supermarine Spitfire Mark IAs, a Spitfire Mark VB, and a Hispano Buchon painted to look like a Messerschmitt Bf 109E, were also used for the combat scenes, flying to Urk from Lelystad Airport. Large-scale radio-controlled model aircraft were filmed crashing into the English Channel.[20][76] The real Spitfires were provided by the Imperial War Museum Duxford,[15] and owner Dan Friedkin piloted the one that was filmed landing on the beach in Dunkirk.[81][failed verification] These takes had to be done within forty-five minutes, before the tide came back in.[14] IMAX cameras were attached to the fighter planes using specially made snorkel and periscope lenses—in the back and the front[14][20][30]—and large-scale mockups were submerged with cable rigs for a crash scene.[30] Scroggins Aviation and Gateguards UK performed period aviation reconstruction.[82] Aerospatiale Ecureuil G-WHST, with IMAX cameras front, and a Piper Aerostar enabled filming from the air, also with IMAX cameras front and rear. Dogfights over the Channel were shot by an aerial unit based at Lee-on-Solent Airfield and one at Lelystad Airport in the Netherlands.[14] Hardy and Lowden spent the final stages of the shooting schedule on a cliffside in Palos Verdes, inside purpose-built cockpit gimbals, with limited contact with the rest of the cast and crew.[14][15][30][83] Dunkirk wrapped on 2 September 2016, after sixty-eight days.[14]
The film was shot in
Post-production
Nolan's regular collaborator
Post-production had fifty-four hours of raw footage to work with.
Music
Hans Zimmer began working on the score in 2016,[93] continued for eleven months, and eventually created a 100-minute demo.[94] For intensity, the script was written to accommodate the auditory illusion of a Shepard tone, which had previously been explored in Nolan's 2006 film The Prestige. This was coupled with the sound of Nolan's own pocket watch, which he recorded and sent to Zimmer to be synthesised.[88][95] Zimmer also heightens the tension with subtle Risset rhythms throughout the entire movie—seemingly endless increases in tempo[96] (however, these effects were removed for the official soundtrack release). Additional music was provided by Lorne Balfe, Andrew Kawczynski, Steve Mazzaro and Benjamin Wallfisch.[97][98]
"Nimrod" from
Release
The world premiere was on 13 July 2017 at
Dunkirk received a special IMAX screening at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the first Nolan film to appear at the festival since Following, nineteen years earlier. This screening also coincided with the 50th anniversary of IMAX.[113] After its original release of 126 days,[12] the film was re-released in fifty IMAX and 70 mm theatres on 1 December, expanding to 250 additional cities in January 2018.[114]
Home media
Dunkirk was released digitally on 12 December 2017, and on 4K, Blu-ray and DVD on 18 December 2017 in the United Kingdom and 19 December 2017 in the United States.[115][116]
Marketing
The
Warner Bros. aired a
Sue Kroll, president of Warner Bros. Worldwide Marketing and Distribution, said that it was important that Dunkirk be marketed as a summer
Reception
Box office
Dunkirk grossed $188 million in the United States and Canada, and $337 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $525 million, against a production budget of $100–150 million.[12][137] Globally, it became the highest-grossing World War II film (not adjusting for inflation) at the time, surpassing Saving Private Ryan's $482 million,[138][139] until it was surpassed by Nolan's own Oppenheimer in 2023.[140]
In the United States and Canada, industry tracking for the opening weekend ranged from
The film opened in France on 19 July 2017, and made $2.2 million on its first day. It was released in seven markets the following day, earning an additional $6.3 million, and on 21 July in forty-six more countries, grossing $12.7 million from over ten thousand theatres, including $3.7 million from the United Kingdom.[144] The international debut totalled $55.4 million, including $4.9 million in France, $12.4 million in the UK and $10.3 million in Korea.[145] The film remained number one in the United Kingdom for five weeks.[146] It opened in China on 1 September[147] in the top spot,[148] grossing $30 million from its weekend debut.[149] Its opening weekend in Japan earned $2.9 million from 444 screens.[150]
Critical response
Some critics called Dunkirk Nolan's best film to date
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film five out of five and called it Nolan's best to date, saying that he "surrounds his audience with chaos and horror from the outset, and amazing images and dazzlingly accomplished set pieces on a huge 70 mm screen, particularly the pontoon crammed with soldiers extending into the churning sea, exposed to enemy aircraft".[161] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter also lauded the film, calling it "an impressionist masterpiece" that was "deeply moving" but without "manufactured sentimentality or false heroics". He also praised the score, which "enormously strengthens the film" and "incorporates both sound and music to extraordinary effect".[162] Peter Debruge of Variety praised the plot (although calling Zimmer's score "bombastic"), writing: "[Nolan has] delivered all the spectacle of a big-screen tentpole, ratcheting up both the tension and heroism through his intricate and occasionally overwhelming sound design".[2] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described the film as a "tour de force of cinematic craft and technique" and lauded Nolan's elastic approach to narrative.[163] She named Dunkirk "the best film of 2017".[164] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a "triumph" and "masterpiece", commending Nolan's unique approach to directing a war film.[165] The Economist labelled Dunkirk "a remarkable film" and a new classic.[166] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four and said it was one of the best war movies of the decade, describing it as "tight, gripping, deeply involving and unforgettable ... triumph in filmmaking".[167] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A", calling it the best of 2017: "By the end of Dunkirk, what stands out the most isn't its inspirational message or everyday heroism. It's the small indelible, unshakeable images that accumulate like the details in the corner of a mural".[168]
In 2018, a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine saw it ranked among the "100 Best British Films" of all time.[177] The same year, The Washington Post named Dunkirk as one of the "23 best films of the 2000s".[178] Rolling Stone, Total Film and Quentin Tarantino classified it as one of the best films of the 2010s.[179][180][181]
Accolades
The film received the
Historical accuracy
The film was noted for its generally realistic representation of the historical evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force aeroplanes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. The combat, however, is portrayed at much lower altitude than the reality. Destroyers and fighter aircraft were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. There was indeed a temporary withdrawal of destroyers during the early stages after considerable losses; however, an appeal to the Admiralty by Admiral Ramsay reversed that decision. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat evaded aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war.[189][190] British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later insisted that the French be evacuated alongside the British.[189] The realism of the film was acknowledged by Dunkirk veterans, although Branagh said that some thought it was "louder than the battle".[191]
The characters and the storyline are fictional; Commander Bolton is a
See also
- Dunkirk (1958)
- Weekend at Dunkirk (1964)
- Dunkirk (2004)
- Atonement (2007)
- Their Finest (2016)
- Darkest Hour (2017)
Notes
- ^ The Netherlands Film Fund reported a budget of $120 million in May 2017.[4] That July, it was estimated to be as high as $150 million,[5][6] with sources at Warner Bros. describing that figure as too high.[7] Later estimates reported a net production budget of $100 million[8] or just below that.[9] In February 2018, producer Emma Thomas said it was made for half the budget as that of Interstellar[10]—$165 million.[11]
- ^ The construction came at a cost of $900,000.[38]
- ^ Barry Keoghan and Cillian Murphy, however, are Irish.[41]
- ^ Dunkirk was approved under the French international tax rebate scheme.[61]
- ^ The film received $1.2 million through the Netherlands' rebate incentive programme.[64]
- ^ In the course of shooting, Dunkirk operated under the working title "Bodega Bay",[66] a place in Northern California suggested by production designer Nathan Crowley.[15]
- ^ This marked Nolan's first nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards.[187]
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Works cited
- Levine, Joshua (2017). Dunkirk: The History Behind the Major Motion Picture. OCLC 974672673.
- Mottram, James (2017). The Making of Dunkirk. Insight Editions. OCLC 975082674.
- OCLC 999624120.
External links
- Official website
- Dunkirk at IMDb
- Dunkirk at AllMovie