Dongola
Dongola
دنقلا | |
---|---|
Northern | |
Population (2008) | |
• Total | 56,167[1] |
Dongola (
Etymology
The word Dongola comes from the Nubian word "Doñqal" which means red brick,[3] as most buildings were made of bricks, thus provoking one of ancient Nubia's biggest industries.[citation needed] A more modern use of the word is to describe a strong and hard bulwark,[clarification needed] that being so Dongola is often called "the Resident of a large Nile castle".
History
In the medieval period the region was controlled by the Christian kingdom of Makuria, which until the mid-14th century had its capital at Old Dongola further south. Subsequently Old Dongola became the capital of a smaller kingdom which was integrated into the Islamic Funj Sultanate in the 16th century, which ruled the region until the late 18th century.[4] By the 1820s the town was virtually abandoned.[5]
In 1812 the
The
Dongola was the scene of a victory by General
Dongola Road and Dongola Avenue in the Bishopston area of Bristol were named after this event; as was Dongola Road in Tottenham, North London which runs next to Kitchener Road. There is also a Dongola Road in Jersey (Channel Islands). There is a Dongola Road, in Plaistow, East London. There is also a Dongola Road in Ayr,[11] Scotland. In the United States, Dongola, Illinois was established in the 1850s, and named for Dongola.[12] There is also a Dongola Lane in Shakopee, Minnesota, and a Dongola Hwy. in Conway, South Carolina.
Population
Dongolawis originate from early indigenous
Transport
The trans-African automobile route — the
Climate
Dongola has a
Dongola receives only 12.3 millimetres (0.48 in) of precipitation annually because of its arid location. September is the wettest month, receiving 7.7 millimetres (0.30 in) of rain on average. Rainfall is sporadic but more likely to occur in the summer. Six months receive no precipitation at all. Humidity is low year-round, but it is higher in winter. Dongola receives 3813.8 hours of sunshine annually, which is 87% of all possible sunshine. June has the most sunshine and September has the least.
Climate data for Dongola (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.4 (102.9) |
42.4 (108.3) |
46.4 (115.5) |
47.2 (117.0) |
48.8 (119.8) |
49.7 (121.5) |
49.0 (120.2) |
49.4 (120.9) |
48.0 (118.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.5 (106.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
49.6 (121.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
34.1 (93.4) |
38.6 (101.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
43.6 (110.5) |
43.3 (109.9) |
43.2 (109.8) |
42.4 (108.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
4.9 (0.19) |
4.1 (0.16) |
1.4 (0.06) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
11.5 (0.45) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
32 | 26 | 20 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 22 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 310.0 | 285.6 | 319.3 | 318.0 | 325.5 | 330.0 | 334.8 | 288.3 | 273.0 | 310.0 | 312.0 | 316.2 | 3,722.7 |
Source: NOAA[15][16] |
References
- ^ "City Population in Sudan". Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Old Dongola". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
- ^ "معنى كلمة دنقلا". maraga.ahlamontada.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-07-01.
- ^ Maciej Wyżgoł, Agata Deptuła (2020). "Living Outside the Wall: the Quarter of Wattle-and-daub Houses in Old Dongola of the Funj Period" in "Journal of African Archaeology". pp.1–2
- ^ Eduard Rüppel (1829): "Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan und dem peträischen Arabien". Friedrich Wilmans. p. 24
- ^ Emanuel Beška (2020). "Swan Song in the Nile Valley: The Mamluk Statelet in Dongola (1812–1820)" in "Asian and African Studies". pp. 321–322
- ^ Emanuel Beška (2020). "Swan Song in the Nile Valley: The Mamluk Statelet in Dongola (1812–1820)" in "Asian and African Studies". p. 326
- ^ Emanuel Beška (2020). "Swan Song in the Nile Valley: The Mamluk Statelet in Dongola (1812–1820)" in "Asian and African Studies". pp. 327–328
- ^ Surri, Mohammad (2019-06-26). "محلية دنقلا في السودان". اقرأ - السوق المفتوح (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ "Sudanese honour warriors who fell fighting British - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ "Dongola Road Ayr". South Ayrshire Council. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ "Dongola, IL - Dongola, Illinois Map & Directions - MapQuest". www.mapquest.com. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
- ^ "قبيلة الدناقلة". maraga.ahlamontada.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-07-01.
- ^ Masters, Jeff. "Bolivia ties its all-time heat record". Weather Underground. Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Dongola". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ "Dongola Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 23, 2015.