Dupuytren's contracture

Dupuytren's contracture (also called Dupuytren's disease, Morbus Dupuytren, Viking disease, palmar fibromatosis and Celtic hand) is a condition in which one or more fingers become permanently bent in a flexed position.^[2] It is named after Guillaume Dupuytren, who first described the underlying mechanism of action, followed by the first successful operation in 1831 and publication of the results in The Lancet in 1834.^[6] It usually begins as small, hard nodules just under the skin of the palm,^[2] then worsens over time until the fingers can no longer be fully straightened. While typically not painful, some aching or itching may be present.^[2] The ring finger followed by the little and middle fingers are most commonly affected.^[2] It can affect one or both hands.^[7] The condition can interfere with activities such as preparing food, writing, putting the hand in a tight pocket, putting on gloves, or shaking hands.^[2]

The cause is unknown but might have a genetic component.

It was once believed that Dupuytren's most often occurs in white males over the age of 50[2] and is rare among Asians and Africans.^[6] It sometimes was called "Viking disease," since it was often recorded among those of Nordic descent.^[6] In Norway, about 30% of men over 60 years old have the condition, while in the United States about 5% of people are affected at some point in time.^[2] In the United Kingdom, about 20% of people over 65 have some form of the disease.^[6]

More recent and wider studies show the highest prevalence in Africa (17 percent), Asia (15 percent).^[9]

Signs and symptoms

Typically, Dupuytren's contracture first presents as a thickening or

In one study those with stage 2 of the disease were found to have a slightly increased risk of mortality, especially from cancer.[18]

Risk factors

Many risk factors have been suggested or identified:

Non-modifiable

• People of Scandinavian or Northern European ancestry;^[19] it has been called the "Viking disease",^[6] though it is also widespread in some Mediterranean countries, e.g., Spain^[20] and Bosnia.^[21][22] Dupuytren's is unusual among groups such as Chinese and Africans.^{[23][clarification needed]}
• Men rather than women; men are more likely to develop the condition (80%)^[12][19][24]
• People over the age of 50 (5% to 15% of men in that group in the US); the likelihood of getting Dupuytren's disease increases with age^[12][23][24]
• People with a family history (60% to 70% of those affected have a genetic predisposition to Dupuytren's contracture)^[12][25]

Modifiable

• Smokers, especially those who smoke 25 cigarettes or more a day^[23][26]
• Thinner people, i.e., those with a lower-than-average body mass index.^[23]
• Manual work^[23][27]
• Alcohol consumption^[6][26]

• People with a higher-than-average fasting
  blood glucose level^[23]
• People with previous hand injury[12]
• People with Ledderhose disease (plantar fibromatosis)^[12]
• People with
  anti-convulsive medication)^[28]
• People with
  diabetes mellitus^[6][28]
• People with HIV^[6]
• Previous myocardial infarction^[23][24]

Diagnosis

Types

According to the American Dupuytren's specialist Dr. Charles Eaton, there may be three types of Dupuytren's disease:^[29]

• Type 1: A very aggressive form of the disease found in only 3% of people with Dupuytren's, which can affect men under 50 with a family history of Dupuytren's. It is often associated with other symptoms such as
  Ledderhose disease. This type is sometimes known as Dupuytren's diathesis.^[30]
• Type 2: The more normal type of Dupuytren's disease, usually found in the palm only, and which generally begins above the age of 50. According to Eaton, this type may be made more severe by other factors such as diabetes or heavy manual labor.[29]
• Type 3: A mild form of Dupuytren's which is common among diabetics or which may also be caused by certain medications, such as the anti-convulsants taken by people with epilepsy. This type does not lead to full contracture of the fingers, and is probably not inherited.^[29]

Treatment

Treatment is indicated when the so-called table-top test is positive. With this test, the person places their hand on a table. If the hand lies completely flat on the table, the test is considered negative. If the hand cannot be placed completely flat on the table, leaving a space between the table and a part of the hand as big as the diameter of a ballpoint pen, the test is considered positive and surgery or other treatment may be indicated. Additionally, finger joints may become fixed and rigid. There are several types of treatment, with some hands needing repeated treatment.^{[citation needed]}

The main categories listed by the International Dupuytren Society in order of stage of disease are radiation therapy, needle aponeurotomy (NA), collagenase injection, and hand surgery. As of 2016^[update] the evidence on the efficacy of radiation therapy was considered inadequate in quantity and quality, and difficult to interpret because of uncertainty about the natural history of Dupuytren's disease.^[31]

Needle aponeurotomy is most effective for Stages I and II, covering 6–90 degrees of deformation of the finger. However, it is also used at other stages. Collagenase injection is likewise most effective for Stages I and II. However, it is also used at other stages.^{[citation needed]}

Hand surgery is effective at stage I to stage IV.^[32]

Surgery

On 12 June 1831,

In extreme cases, amputation of fingers may be needed for severe or recurrent cases or after surgical complications.[35]

Limited fasciectomy

Limited/selective

pathological tissue, and is a common approach.^[36][37] Low-quality evidence suggests that fasciectomy may be more effective for people with advanced Dupuytren's contractures.^[38]

During the procedure, the person is under regional or

neurovascular bundles.^[40] All diseased cords and fascia are excised.^[36][37][39] The excision has to be very precise to spare the neurovascular bundles.^[39] Because not all the diseased tissue is visible macroscopically, complete excision is uncertain.^[37]

A 20-year review of surgical complications associated with fasciectomy showed that major complications occurred in 15.7% of cases, including digital nerve injury (3.4%), digital artery injury (2%), infection (2.4%), hematoma (2.1%), and complex regional pain syndrome (5.5%), in addition to minor complications including painful flare reactions in 9.9% of cases and wound healing complications in 22.9% of cases.^[41] After the tissue is removed the incision is closed. In the case of a shortage of skin, the transverse part of the zig-zag incision is left open. Stitches are removed 10 days after surgery.^[39]

After surgery, the hand is wrapped in a light compressive bandage for one week. Flexion and extension of the fingers can start as soon as the anaesthesia has resolved. It is common to experience tingling within the first week after surgery.^[38] Hand therapy is often recommended.^[39] Approximately 6 weeks after surgery the patient is able completely to use the hand.^[42]

The average recurrence rate is 39% after a fasciectomy after a median interval of about 4 years.^[43]

Wide-awake fasciectomy

Limited/selective fasciectomy under

epinephrine but no tourniquet is possible. In 2005, Denkler described the technique.^[44][45]

Dermofasciectomy

Dermofasciectomy is a surgical procedure that may be used when:

• The skin is clinically involved (pits, tethering, deficiency, etc.)
• The risk of recurrence is high and the skin appears uninvolved (subclinical skin involvement occurs in ~50% of cases[46])
• Recurrent disease.^[37] Similar to a limited fasciectomy, the dermofasciectomy removes diseased cords, fascia, and the overlying skin.^[47]

Typically, the excised skin is replaced with a

antecubital fossa (the crease of skin at the elbow joint) or the inner side of the upper arm.^[47][48] This place is chosen because the skin color best matches the palm's skin color. The skin on the inner side of the upper arm is thin and has enough skin to supply a full-thickness graft. The donor site can be closed with a direct suture.^[47]

The graft is sutured to the skin surrounding the wound. For one week the hand is protected with a dressing. The hand and arm are elevated with a sling. The dressing is then removed and careful mobilization can be started, gradually increasing in intensity.^[47] After this procedure the risk of recurrence is minimised,^[37][47][48] but Dupuytren's can recur in the skin graft^[49] and complications from surgery may occur.^[vague][50]

Segmental fasciectomy with/without cellulose

Segmental fasciectomy involves excising part(s) of the contracted cord so that it disappears or no longer contracts the finger. It is less invasive than the limited fasciectomy, because not all the diseased tissue is excised and the skin incisions are smaller.^[51]

The person is placed under regional anesthesia and a

surgical tourniquet is used. The skin is opened with small curved incisions over the diseased tissue. If necessary, incisions are made in the fingers.^[51] Pieces of cord and fascia of approximately one centimeter are excised. The cords are placed under maximum tension while they are cut. A scalpel is used to separate the tissues.^[51] The surgeon keeps removing small parts until the finger can fully extend.^[51][52] The person is encouraged to start moving his or her hand the day after surgery. They wear an extension splint for two to three weeks, except during physical therapy.^[51]

The same procedure is used in the segmental fasciectomy with cellulose implant. After the excision and a careful hemostasis, the cellulose implant is placed in a single layer in between the remaining parts of the cord.^[52]

After surgery people wear a light

pressure dressing for four days, followed by an extension splint. The splint is worn continuously during nighttime for eight weeks. During the first weeks after surgery the splint may be worn during daytime.^[52]

Less invasive treatments

Studies have been conducted for percutaneous release, extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy with lipografting and collagenase. These treatments show promise.^{[53][54][55][56]}

Percutaneous needle fasciotomy

Needle aponeurotomy is a minimally-invasive technique where the cords are weakened through the insertion and manipulation of a small needle. The cord is sectioned at as many levels as possible in the palm and fingers, depending on the location and extent of the disease, using a 25-gauge needle mounted on a 10 ml syringe.

physiotherapy are given.^[53]

The advantage of needle aponeurotomy is the minimal intervention without incision (done in the office under local anesthesia) and the very rapid return to normal activities without need for rehabilitation, but the nodules may resume growing.

IP-joint and found a reoperation rate of 24%; complications are scarce.^[58] Needle aponeurotomy may be performed on fingers that are severely bent (stage IV), and not just in early stages. A 2003 study showed 85% recurrence rate after 5 years.^[59]

A comprehensive review of the results of needle aponeurotomy in 1,013 fingers was performed by Gary M. Pess, MD, Rebecca Pess, DPT, and Rachel Pess, PsyD, and published in the Journal of Hand Surgery April 2012. Minimal follow-up was 3 years.

proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) contractures at an average of 89% immediately post procedure. At final follow-up, 72% of the correction was maintained for MP joints and 31% for PIP joints. The difference between the final corrections for MP versus PIP joints was statistically significant. When a comparison was performed between people aged 55 years and older versus under 55 years, there was a statistically significant difference at both MP and PIP joints, with greater correction maintained in the older group.^{[citation needed}

]

Gender differences were not statistically significant. Needle aponeurotomy provided successful correction to 5° or less contracture immediately post procedure in 98% (791) of MP joints and 67% (350) of PIP joints. There was recurrence of 20° or less over the original post-procedure corrected level in 80% (646) of MP joints and 35% (183) of PIP joints. Complications were rare except for skin tears, which occurred in 3.4% (34) of digits. This study showed that NA is a safe procedure that can be performed in an outpatient setting. The complication rate was low, but recurrences were frequent in younger people and for PIP contractures.[60]

Extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipografting

A technique introduced in 2011 is extensive percutaneous aponeurotomy with lipografting.

ipsilateral flank.^[54] This technique shortens the recovery time. The fat graft results in supple skin.^[54]

Before the aponeurotomy, a

ipsilateral flank to collect the lipograft.^[54] The treatment can be performed under regional or general anesthesia. The digits are placed under maximal extension tension using a firm lead hand retractor. The surgeon makes multiple palmar puncture wounds with small nicks. The tension on the cords is crucial, because tight constricting bands are most susceptible to be cut and torn by the small nicks, whereas the relatively loose neurovascular structures are spared. After the cord is completely cut and separated from the skin the lipograft is injected under the skin. A total of about 5 to 10 ml is injected per ray.^[54]

After the treatment the person wears an extension splint for 5 to 7 days. Thereafter the person returns to normal activities and is advised to use a night splint for up to 20 weeks.[54]

Collagenase

Main article: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum

The cords are weakened through the injection of small amounts of the enzyme collagenase, which breaks peptide bonds in collagen.^{[55][61][62][63][56][excessive citations]}

Clostridial collagenase injections have been found to be more effective than placebo.^[5]

In February 2010 the US

Radiation therapy has been used mostly for early-stage disease, but is unproven.^[8] Evidence to support its use as of 2017^[update], however, was scarce —efforts to gather evidence are complicated due to a poor understanding of how the condition develops over time.^[8][31] It has only been looked at in early disease.^[8] The Royal College of Radiologists concluded that radiotherapy is effective in early stage disease which has progressed within the last 6 to 12 months.^[68]

Alternative medicine

Several alternate therapies such as vitamin E treatment have been studied, though without control groups. Most doctors do not value those treatments.^[69] None of these treatments stops or cures the condition permanently. A 1949 study of vitamin E therapy found that "In twelve of the thirteen patients there was no evidence whatever of any alteration. ... The treatment has been abandoned."^[70][71]

Postoperative care involves hand therapy and splinting. Hand therapy is prescribed to optimize post-surgical function and to prevent joint stiffness. The extent of hand therapy is depending on the patient and the corrective procedure.[73]

Besides hand therapy, many surgeons advise the use of static or dynamic splints after surgery to maintain finger mobility. The splint is used to provide prolonged stretch to the healing tissues and prevent flexion contractures. Although splinting is a widely used post-operative intervention, evidence of its effectiveness is limited,^[74] leading to variation in splinting approaches. Most surgeons use clinical experience to decide whether to splint.^[75] Cited advantages include maintenance of finger extension and prevention of new flexion contractures. Cited disadvantages include joint stiffness, prolonged pain, discomfort,^[75] subsequently reduced function and edema.

A third approach emphasizes early self-exercise and stretching.^[45]

Prognosis

Dupuytren's disease has a high recurrence rate, especially when a person has so-called Dupuytren's diathesis. The term diathesis relates to certain features of Dupuytren's disease, and indicates an aggressive course of disease.^[30]

The presence of all new Dupuytren's diathesis factors increases the risk of recurrent Dupuytren's disease by 71%, compared with a baseline risk of 23% in people lacking the factors.

Minimally invasive therapies may precede higher recurrence rates. Recurrence lacks a consensus definition. Furthermore, different standards and measurements follow from the various definitions.^[citation needed]

Notable cases

References