Durrës

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Coordinates: 41°18′48″N 19°26′45″E / 41.31333°N 19.44583°E / 41.31333; 19.44583
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Durrës
Municipality and city
Clockwise from top: Panorama of Durrës, Mosaics at a Basilica within the Amphitheatre, Venetian Tower, Albanian College, Church of Saint Asti and Apostle Paul, Ancient Walls, Amphitheatre, Iliria Square.
Flag of Durrës
Flag
Seal
Location of Durrës in Albania and Europe
Location of Durrës in Albania and Europe
Durrës
Location of Durrës
Location of Durrës in Albania and Europe
Location of Durrës in Albania and Europe
Durrës
Durrës (Europe)
Coordinates: 41°18′48″N 19°26′45″E / 41.31333°N 19.44583°E / 41.31333; 19.44583
CountryAlbania
RegionNorthern Albania
CountyDurrës
Founded7th century BC
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyDurrës Municipal Council
 • Mayor[1]Emiriana Sako (PS)
Area
 • Municipality[2][3]338.30 km2 (130.62 sq mi)
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
175,110[a]
 • Municipality density517/km2 (1,340/sq mi)
 • Administrative unit
113,249[b]
DemonymDurrsak(e) (Albanian)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal code
2000
Area code+355 (0) 52
SeaportPort of Durrës
Motorways
Highways
Vehicle registrationDR
WebsiteDurrës.gov.al

Durrës (

Erzen and Ishëm at the southeastern corner of the Adriatic Sea. Durrës' climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean climate
.

Durrës was founded by Ancient Greek colonists from Corinth and Corcyra under the name of Epidamnos around the 7th century BC in cooperation with the local Illyrian tribe Taulantii.[10][11] Also known as Dyrrachium, Durrës essentially developed as it became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. The Via Egnatia started in the city and led east across the fields, lowlands and highlands of the Balkan Peninsula to Constantinople.

In the

Communism in Albania
.

The transport connections, concentration of economic institutions and industrial tradition underlie Durrës' leading economic position in Albania. It is served by the

Amphitheatre of Durrës that is included on the Albanian tentative list for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Once having a capacity for 20,000 people, it is the largest amphitheatre in the Balkan Peninsula
.

Name

In antiquity, the city was known as Epidamnos (Ἐπίδαμνος) and Dyrrhachion (Δυρράχιον) in

Ab Urbe Condita Libri that at the time of the Illyrian Wars (roughly 200 years earlier) the city was not known as Dyrrachium, but as Epidamnus. Pomponius Mela, about 70 years later than Titus Livius, attributed the change of the name to the fact that the name Epidamnos reminded the Romans of the Latin word damnum, which signified evil and bad luck; Pliny the Elder, who lived in the same period, repeated this explanation in his own works. However, the Romans may have adopted the new name because it was already in more frequent use by citizens of the city.[16]

The name Dyrrhachion is usually explained as a Greek compound from δυσ- 'bad' and ῥαχία 'rocky shore, flood, roaring waves',

eponymous hero Dyrrachius. The mythological construction of the city's name was recorded by Appian (2nd century AD) who wrote that "the king of the barbarians of this country, Epidamnus gave the name to the city. His daughter's son Dyrrachius, built a port near the town that he called Dyrrachium". Stephanus of Byzantium repeated this mythological construction in his work. It is unclear whether the two toponyms referred originally to different areas of the territory of the city or whether they referred to the same territory.[19] Classical literature indicates that they more probably referred to different neighbouring areas originally. Gradually, the name Epidamnus fell out of use and Dyrrachium became the sole name for the city.[20]
Archaeological research has shown that at the time of the foundation of Durrës, two distinct settlements existed on its territory. The first one is a hill site with no direct contact with the sea. It predates the colony and might represent the settlement which held the toponym known as Epidamnos in ancient literature. The hill site overlooks to its south the second site which is the territory of the port of Durrës, where the colony was founded. Its location on a rocky shore struck by waves on all sides reflects the description of the toponym Dyrrhachion.[21] The distinction between these two districts of the city remained in place even much later. In the 19th century, Durrës proper was the district of the port, while the hill north of it was a separate settlement, Stani (Kodra e Stanit).[22]

The modern names of the city in Albanian (Durrës) and Italian (Durazzo, Italian pronunciation:

final consonant devoicing, the name has evolved into modern Turkish as Dıraç.[27]

In English usage, the Italian form Durazzo used to be widespread, but the local Albanian name Durrës has gradually replaced it in recent decades.

History

Earliest period

The territory of Durrës was populated at least starting from the

Eneolithic and then, from protohistoric times, it was inhabited by Illyrian peoples.[28]

Antiquity

See also: Epidamnos and Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)
Roman amphitheatre of Durrës
built in the 2nd century AD

Though surviving remains are minimal,[29] Durrës is one of the oldest cities in Albania. In terms of mythology, the genealogy of the foundation of Dyrrhachium includes among the founders Illyrian men (the Illyrian king Epidamnos and his grandson Dyrrachos), Greek men (the Corinthian Falio, descendant of Heracles), heroes (Heracles who was given part of the lands) and gods (Poseidon, as father of Dyrrachos).[30][31]

Several ancient people held the site: the presence of the

Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as 'a great power and very populated' city.[36]

Monunius
, c. 280 BC from the Dyrrhachion mint. Cow and suckling calf, rev. double stellate pattern, inscription: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΟΝΟΥΝΙΟΥ and the city symbol ΔΥΡ.

After 323 BC Epidamnus-Dyrrhachium was involved in the intervention in Illyria of the Macedonians under

Monunius, and his successor Mytilos minted in Dyrrhachion silver and bronze coins respectively, bearing the king's name and the symbol of the city.[38] The fact that their coins were struck in the city mint of Dyrrhachion stresses that they exercised to some extent their authority over the city.[39]

Epidamnus came under the control of the Illyrian

Third Illyrian War Epidamnus was attacked by Gentius but he was defeated by the Romans[42]
at the same year.

Entrance in the ancient walls of Durrës

For

Adriatic, as Catullus had done himself in the sailing season of 56.[43]

After the

civitas libera
(free town).

In the 4th century, Dyrrachium was made the capital of the

Anastasius I in c. 430. Sometime later that century, Dyrrachium was struck by a powerful earthquake which destroyed the city's defences. Anastasius I rebuilt and strengthened the city walls, thus creating the strongest fortifications in the western Balkans. The 12-metre-high (39-foot) walls were so thick that, according to the Byzantine historian Anna Komnene
, four horsemen could ride abreast on them. Significant portions of the ancient city defences still remain, although they have been much reduced over the centuries.

The Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I was born into an Illyrian family in Durrës

Like much of the rest of the

Ostrogoths, and in subsequent centuries had to fend off frequent attacks by the Bulgarians. Unaffected by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city continued under the Byzantine Empire as an important port and a major link between the Empire and western Europe. During the sixth century based on accounts of Procopius, the city was mainly inhabited by a Greek population.[44]

Middle Ages

See also: Battle of Dyrrhachium (1018) and (1081)

The city and the surrounding coast became a Byzantine province, the

Agatha, daughter of the local magnate John Chryselios. Samuel made his son-in-law Ashot Taronites, a Byzantine captive who had married his daughter Miroslava, governor of the city. In circa 1005, however, Ashot and Miroslava, with the connivance of Chryselios, fled to Constantinople, where they notified Emperor Basil II of their intention to surrender the city to him. Soon, a Byzantine squadron appeared off the city under Eustathios Daphnomeles, and the city returned to Byzantine rule.[46][47]

Emperor Anastasius I 491–518 CE, making the city one of the most fortified on the Adriatic
. The walls were devastated by an earthquake in 1273 and were extensively repaired.

In the 11th–12th centuries, the city was important as a military stronghold and a

Bohemund in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Byzantine control was restored a few years later, but the Normans under Bohemund returned to besiege it in 1107–08, and sacked it again in 1185 under King William II of Sicily.[45]

In 1205, after the

salt trade.[49]

In the early 14th century, the city was ruled by a coalition of Anjous, Hungarians, and Albanians of the Thopia family. In 1317 or 1318, the area was taken by the Serbs and remained under their rule until the 1350s. At that time the Popes, supported by the Anjous, increased their diplomatic and political activity in the area, by using the Latin bishops, including the archbishop of Durrës. The city had been a religious center of Catholicism after the Anjou were installed in Durrës. In 1272, a Catholic archbishop was installed, and until the mid-14th century there were both Catholic and Orthodox archbishops of Durrës.[50]

Two Irish pilgrims who visited Albania on their way to Jerusalem in 1322, reported that Durrës was "inhabited by Latins, Greeks, perfidious Jews and barbaric Albanians".[51]

When the Serbian Tsar

Albania Veneta. It fended off a siege by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
in 1466 but fell to Ottoman forces in 1501.

Further information: Statutes of Durazzo

Ottoman period (to 1912)

See also:
Scutari Vilayet, and Pashalik of Scutari

Under Ottoman rule, many of its inhabitants converted to Islam and many mosques were erected. The city was renamed Dırac (دراج) but did not prosper in the first two centuries of the Ottoman era; its importance declined greatly and it became a den of piracy. Following the establishment of Ottoman rule in 1501, the Durrës Jewish community experienced population growth.[49]

The city of Durrës in 1573
Map of the coast in northern Durrës from Giuseppe Rosaccio in 1598

As a port, Durrës was of little importance to the Ottomans, who controlled the entire Albanian coast. The town's main significance rather lay in

Seyahatname that there were around 150 houses as well as a mosque named after Sultan Bayezid II.[53]

The city's economy began to recover from the late 17th century onwards, boosted by profits from the salt mines, which exported salt throughout the Balkan hinterland. According to diplomat and Turkologist François Pouqueville, about 100 Turkish and Greek merchants lived in the city in 1699, exporting 3,000 quintals (300 tons) of beeswax, 15,000 quintals (1,500 tons) of finished cloth, 15,000 pieces of fine leather, and 60-100 ships of wheat, barley, corn and millet to Venice every year despite an official prohibition from the central government in Constantinople.[54] France, England, the Netherlands, and Austria established their consulates in Durrës in 1700.

As Ottoman relations with Venice improved upon the conclusion of the

Ottoman-Venetian Wars, Durrës became a focal point of trade with the Republic of Venice, especially in grains and olive oil, as reported by the Venetian consul in the city in 1769. Mercantile relations with Venice were halted when the latter city was occupied by Napoleonic forces in 1797, bringing an end to the maritime republic. The Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary, via the port of Trieste, then replaced Venice as Durrës' largest trading partner. According to contemporary statistician Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, total exports from Durrës reached 672,000 Austrian thalers each year, while imports amounted to 455,000 thalers.[55]

By the mid-19th century, its population was said to have been about 1,000 people living in some 200 households. In the late nineteenth century, Durrës contained 1,200 Orthodox Aromanians (130 families) who lived among the larger population of Muslim Albanians alongside a significant number of Catholic Albanians.[56] The decrepitude of Durrës was noted by foreign observers in the early 20th century, echoing comments made by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis almost 400 years before: "The walls are dilapidated; plane-trees grow on the gigantic ruins of its old Byzantine citadel; and its harbour, once equally commodious and safe, is gradually becoming silted up."[57]

Turn-of-the-century Durrës, in the last decades of Ottoman rule

During the

İşkodra Vilayet before 1912; it had its own sanjak, namely the Sanjak of Durrës, which was established in 1880 within the vilayet. With the city's economic prosperity and upgrade in status, its demographic decline was also reversed. Many government buildings were built, as well as Western-style hotels and restaurants for private businesses. In 1892-1893 the population of the kaza
of Durrës grew to about 4,781, consisting of 3,018 Muslims, 1,514 Orthodox, 201 Catholics, and 48 foreigners.

On 26 November 1912, as the Ottoman Empire was embroiled in the

Albanian flag over Durrës. Albania declared independence
two days later, bringing four centuries of Turkish rule in Durrës to an end.

Modern

See also: Congress of Durrës
Further information: Battle of Durazzo (1915) and (1918)
The city of Durrës in 1918
Princess Sophie of Albania
arriving in Durrës, the capital of Albania at that time on 7 March 1914

Durrës was an active city in the

Vlora) on 7 March 1914 under the brief rule of Prince Wilhelm, Prince of Albania.[60] It remained Albania's capital until 11 February 1920, when the Congress of Lushnjë made Tirana
the new capital.

During the

Zog, with a modern harbour being constructed in 1927. It was at this time the Royal Villa of Durrës
was built by Zog as a summer palace, that still dominates the skyline from a hill close to the old city.

Royal villa in Durrës

An earthquake in 1926 damaged some of the city and the rebuilding that followed gave the city its more modern appearance. During the 1930s, the Bank of Athens had a branch in the city.

Durrës (called Durazzo again in Italian) and the rest of Albania were

Italian invasion of Greece. The city was heavily damaged by Allied
bombing during the war and the port installations were blown up by retreating German soldiers in autumn 1944.

Street in Durrës
Socialist realist statue of unknown soldier with a high rise in the background

The

railway, begun in 1947 (Durrës–Tiranë railway
). In the late 1980s, the city was briefly renamed Durrës-Enver Hoxha. The city was and continues to remain the center of Albanian mass beach tourism.

Following the collapse of communist rule in 1990, Durrës became the focus of mass emigrations from Albania with ships being hijacked in the harbour and sailed at gunpoint to Italy. In one month alone, August 1991, over 20,000 people migrated to Italy in this fashion. Italy intervened militarily, putting the port area under its control, and the city became the center of the

European Community's "Operation Pelican
", a food-aid program.

In 1997, Albania slid into anarchy following the collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which devastated the national economy. An Italian-led peacekeeping force was controversially deployed to Durrës and other Albanian cities to restore order, although there were widespread suggestions that the real purpose of "Operation Alba" was to prevent economic refugees continuing to use Albania's ports as a route to migrate to Italy.

Following the start of the 21st century, Durrës has been revitalized as many streets were repaved, while parks and façades experienced a face lift.

Geography

Further information: Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast

Durrës is located on the Bay of Durrës on a flat

County of Durrës within the Northern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Ishëm, Katund i Ri, Manëz, Rrashbull, Sukth and Durrës as its seat.[62][5] It stretches from the mouth of Ishëm River at the Cape of Rodon in the north across the Bay of Lalzi to the Shkëmbi i Kavajës in the south.[61]

Climate

According to the

precipitation in winter months and less in summer months. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) and 1,273 millimetres (50.1 inches).[61]

Climate data for Durrës
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		20.1
(68.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.5
(43.7) 		11.8
(53.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 132
(5.2) 		107
(4.2) 		99
(3.9) 		81
(3.2) 		68
(2.7) 		41
(1.6) 		26
(1.0) 		36
(1.4) 		71
(2.8) 		112
(4.4) 		160
(6.3) 		131
(5.2) 		1,064
(41.9)
Average rainy days 13 12 13 12 9 7 5 5 7 10 13 13 119
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		72 69 70 72 73 70 67 67 70 72 72 72 71
Average dew point °C (°F) 2
(36) 		2
(36) 		5
(41) 		8
(46) 		12
(54) 		16
(61) 		17
(63) 		17
(63) 		16
(61) 		12
(54) 		7
(45) 		4
(39) 		10
(50)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 133.3 135.6 173.6 207 279 318 375.1 325.5 261 217 147 124 2,696.1
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.3 4.8 5.6 6.9 9 10.6 12.1 10.5 8.7 7 4.9 4 7.4
Mean daily daylight hours 9.6 10.6 12 13.4 14.5 15.1 14.8 13.8 12.5 11.1 9.9 9.2 12.2
Average ultraviolet index 2 2 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: Climate data(Temperatures-Precipitation-Humidity)[65] Weather Atlas(Daylight-UV-Rainy days[66])
Source 2: Weatherbase(Dew Point[67]) Weather2visit(Sunshine[68])

Politics

Durrës is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Durrës and the members of the Durrës Municipal Council being responsible for the administration of Durrës Municipality.[69] The mayor of Durrës is elected by its people to act as the executive officer of the municipality.[70] The Durrës Municipal Council is the legislative body of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councillors since the latest municipal election.[70] Both, the mayor and members of the municipal council serve four-year terms without term limits.[70]

Economy

Ionian seas

Durrës is an important link to Western Europe due to its port and its proximity to the Italian port cities, notably Bari, to which daily ferries run. As well as the dockyard, it also possesses an important shipyard and manufacturing industries, notably producing leather, plastic and tobacco products.

The southern coastal stretch of Golem is renowned for its traditional mass beach tourism having experienced uncontrolled urban development. The city's beaches are also a popular destination for many foreign and local tourists. In 2012, new water sanitation systems are being installed to eliminate sea water pollution. In contrast, the northern coastal stretch of Lalzit Bay is mostly unspoiled and set to become an elite tourism destination as a number of beach resorts are being built since 2009. Neighboring districts are known for the production of good wine and a variety of foodstuffs.

According to the World Bank, Durrës has made significant steps of starting a business in 2016. Durrës ranks ninth

Southeastern Europe before the capital Tirana, Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo
, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Transportation

SH2 between Tirana
and Durrës
SH4 at Kavaja Rock along Golem beach resort area

Major roads and railways pass through the city of Durrës thank to its significant location and connect the northern part of the country to the south and the west with the east. Durrës is the starting point of

main railway station of the Albanian Railways
(HSH).

The

E75/Corridor X near Niš
, Serbia. As most tourists come through Kosovo, the laying of the highway make it easier to travel to Durrës.

The Port of Durrës, in the south-west of the city, is one of the major ports of the Adriatic Sea and plays a very important role in the city's economy. The port is located on an artificial basin that is formed between two moles, with a west-northwesterly oriented entrance approximately wide as it passes between the ends of the moles. The port is also a key location for transit networks and passenger ferry, giving Durrës a strategic position with respect to the Pan-European Corridor VIII. The port has experienced major upgrades in recent years culminating with the opening of the new terminal in July 2012. In 2012, The Globe and Mail ranked Durrës at no. 1 among 8 exciting new cruise ports to explore.[73] It is one of the largest passenger port on the Adriatic Sea that handle more than 1.5 million passengers per year.

The

Durrës–Vlorë railway
in Durrës. In 2015, some rail stations and rolling stock along the Durrës-Tiranë line are being upgraded and latter colored red and white.

A rail connection between Durrës and

Prishtina in Kosovo was proposed in 2021, with a feasibility study being prepared in 2022.[74]

Demography

Population growth of Durrës in selected periods
Year 1923[75] 1927[75] 1938[75] 1979 1989 2001[76] 2011[76]
Pop.4,7855,17510,50666,20082,71999,546113,249
±% p.a.—    +1.98%+6.65%+4.59%+2.25%+1.56%+1.30%
Source: [75][76]

Durrës is the second most populous

2011 census, the municipal unit of Durrës had an estimated population of 113,249 of whom 56,511 were men and 56,738 women.[6]

Islam was introduced to the city in the early 16th century during the Ottoman conquest. Much of the local population converted to Islam during the four centuries of Ottoman rule. The two most well-known mosques in the city are the Great Mosque of Durrës (built in 1931 on the site of an earlier Ottoman mosque) and the Fatih Mosque, erected in 1502 just one year after the city became part of the Ottoman Empire.

archbishopric of Tirana–Durrës, headed by the Metropolitan and sub-divided into the local church districts of Tirana, Durrës, Shkodër and Elbasan.[77]

Culture

The theatrical and musical life of the city is centered on the Aleksandër Moisiu Theatre, the Estrada Theatre, a puppet theatre, and the Philharmonic Orchestra. The annual International Film Summerfest of Durrës, founded in 2008, is held in late August or early September in the amphitheatre. In 2004 and 2009 Miss Globe International was held in Durrës.

The city is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The architecture is influenced by Illyrian, Greek, Roman and Italian architecture.[citation needed] In the 21st century, part of Durrës turned into a modernist city, with large blocks of flats, modern new buildings, new shopping centres and many green spaces.

Education

The Albanian College of Durrës

Durrës has a long tradition of education since the beginning of civil life from antiquity until today. After the fall of communism in Albania, a reorganization plan was announced in 1990, that would extend the compulsory education program from eight to ten years. The following year, major economic and political crisis in Albania, and the ensuing breakdown of public order, plunged the school system into chaos. Later, many schools were rebuilt or reconstructed, to improve learning conditions especially in larger cities of the country. Durrës is host to academic institutions such as the

Kajtazi Brothers Educational Institute
, Gjergj Kastrioti High School, Naim Frashëri High School, Sports mastery school Benardina Qerraxhiu and Jani Kukuzeli Artistic Lycee.

One of the city's main sights is the Byzantine city wall, also called

UNESCO World Heritage Site.[79]

Museums

Durrës is home to the largest archaeological museum in the country, the

Visigoth invasion of 481. The bulk of the museum's collection comprises artefacts from the nearby ancient site of Dyrrhachium and includes an extensive collection from the Illyrian, Ancient Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods. Items of major note include Roman funeral steles and stone sarcophagi, a colourful elliptical mosaic measuring 17 by 10 feet (5 m × 3 m), known as The Beauty of Durrës, and a collection of miniature busts of Venus, testament to the time when Durrës was a centre of worship of the goddess. There are several other museums including the Royal Villa of Durrës and the Museum of History (in the house of the actor Aleksandër Moisiu
).

International relations

In 2008,

Durres County.[80] They are mostly concentrated in two neighborhoods of the city of Shijak, Borake and Koxhas.[81][80] Nowadays it seems that the consulate is no longer active.[citation needed
]

These countries have an honorary consulate in Durrës:

Twin and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania

Durrës is

twinned
with:

Cooperation and friendship

Durrës has cooperation and friendship relationships with:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The municipality of Durrës consists of the administrative units of Ishëm, Katund i Ri, Manëz, Rrashbull, Sukth and Durrës.[2][4][5] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.[2][6]
  2. ^ The estimation for the administrative unit of Durrës is to be taken into consideration.[6]

References

  1. ^ "Historiku i Kryetareve" (in Albanian). Bashkia Durrës. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Pasaporta e Bashkisë Durrës" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Bashkia Durrës" (in Albanian). Albanian Association of Municipalities (AAM). Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  4. ^ "A new Urban–Rural Classification of Albanian Population" (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). May 2014. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6368. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Nurja, Ines. "Censusi i popullsisë dhe banesave/ Population and Housing Census–Durrës (2011)" (PDF). Tirana: Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Durrës". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020.
  8. ^ "Durrës". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  9. ^ Sedlar 2013, p. 111.
  10. ^ a b Grote, George (2013). A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 BC. Routledge. p. 440.
  11. ^ Stallo 2007, p. 29.
  12. ^ Shehi 2017, p. 108.
  13. ^ a b Demiraj 2006, p. 126.
  14. ^ Demiraj 1997, pp. 128–29.
  15. ^ Cabanes 2008, pp. 166, 169
  16. ^ Demiraj 2006, p. 127.
  17. ^ Krahe, Hans (1964). "Vom Illyrischen zum Alteuropäischen". Indogermanische Forschungen. 69: 202.
  18. ^ Dio, Cassius (1916). "41:49". Roman History. Vol. IV. Loeb Classical Library. p. 85. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  19. ^ Demiraj 2006, p. 128.
  20. ^ Demiraj 2006, p. 129.
  21. ^ Shehi 2017, p. 110.
  22. ^ Shehi 2017, p. 107.
  23. ^ a b Demiraj 2006, pp. 133–34
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Bibliography

Sedlar, Jean W. (2013). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press.

ISBN 9780295800646
.

External links