Durrani
دراني | |
---|---|
Pashto | |
Religion | |
Islam |
The Durrānī (
Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747, after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar, he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself.[1][2]
Descent and origin
The Hephthalites, a Central Asian tribal polity, who settled in Bactria during the 5th century may have been the basis of the Abdali. The name of the Hephthalites in the Bactrian language was Ebodalo (ηβοδαλο).[3] According to linguist Georg Morgenstierne, the tribal name Abdālī may have "something to do with" the Hephthalite.[4] This hypothesis was endorsed by historian Aydogdy Kurbanov, who indicated that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, they likely assimilated into different local populations and that the Abdali may be one of the tribes of Hephthalite origin.[5] 19th-century British Indian explorers, Charles Masson and Henry W. Bellew, also suggested that there was a direct relationship between Abdalis and Hephthalites.[6][7] Joseph T. Arlinghaus referred to a Syriac chronicle from c. 555 CE, which mentions Khulas, Abdel, and Ephthalite as three of the nomadic tribes from the "lands of the Huns." Arlinghaus linked the "Khulas" and the "Abdel" to the Khalaj (modern Ghilji) and the Abdali (modern Durrani), respectively, arguing that the relationship between the Hephthalite, the Khalaj, and the Abdali may date back as far as the sixth century.[8] Yu. V. Gankovsky, a Soviet historian on Afghanistan, also asserted that the Hephthalite contributed to the ethnogenesis of Durrani Pashtuns:[9] "The Pashtuns began as a union of largely East Iranian tribes ... dating from the middle of the first millennium CE, and ... connected ... [to] dissolution of the Hephthalite confederacy... Of the contribution of the Hephthalites to the ethnogenesis of the Pashtuns, we find evidence in the ethnonym of the largest of the Pashtun tribe unions, the Abdali ... associated with the ethnic name of the Hephthalites... The Siah-posh, the Kafirs ... of the Hindu Kush, [still] called all Pashtuns ... Abdal ... at the beginning of the 19th century."[citation needed]
In the
Mythical genealogy
According to a popular mythical genealogy, recorded by 17th-century Mughal courtier
History
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Abdali were primarily
Durrani Empire
In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar. He adopted the title Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his tribe "Abdali" to "Durrani" after himself.
Ahmad Shah is now regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Within a few years, he extended his control from
Barakzai dynasty
In 1823, Emir
Contemporary period
Contemporarily, the former Afghan president Hamid Karzai (2001–2014), like Ahmad Shah Durrani, also belongs to the Popalzai clan of Durranis.[14]
The current leader of the Taliban - Hibatullah Akhundzada is a member of Nurzai Panjpai.
Pashto dialect
Although many are bilingual in
Southern Pashto also preserves the affricates [t͡s] and [d͡z], which have merged into [s] and [z] in some dialects.The Tareen (Tarin) tribe is historically closely related to Durranis. Although most Tareens speak Southern Pashto, a small section of the Spin clan of Tareens living east of Quetta speaks the unique Wanetsi (Tareeno) dialect of Pashto, which is considered by some linguists to be distinctive enough to be classified as its own language. According to linguist Prods Oktor Skjaervo: "The Pashto area split into two dialect groups at a pre-literary period, represented today on the one hand by all the dialects of modern Pashto and on the other by Wanetsi and by archaic remains in other southeast dialects."[16]
Subtribes
- Sarban
- Tareen
- Achakzai
- Alakozai
- Badozai
- Barakzai
- Miana
- Bamozai
- Barech
- Ghoryakhel
- Hanbhi
- Ishaqzai
- Kiral
- Loni
- Mohammadzai
- Nurzai
- Panjpai
- Popalzai
- Zirak
Notables
- Ahmad Shah Durrani, Founded Afghanistan
- Amanullah Khan, Initiated war on the British Empire for Afghan Sovereignty in the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War
- Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan
- Mohammed Daud Khan, Afghanistan's first President
- Mahmud Khan Achakzai, Pashtun Nationalist Politician of Balochistan and Chairman of the Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP)
- Hibatullah Akhundzada, Supreme Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
- Hamid Karzai, President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
- Abdul Ghani Baradar, Afghan Taliban Mullah and Deputy Minister
- Pashtana Durrani, Pashtun Educationist Woman's rights activist
- Mahmud Ali Durrani, Pakistan National Security Advisor and two-star rank general officer
- Mullah Naqib, was a former Mujahideen Freedom Fighter during the Soviet-Afghan War from Southern Afghanistan
- Abdul Raziq Achakzai, Afghan Police Chief
- Ismatullah Muslim, Militia leader during the war in the 80s who rose in the Afghan Army while collaborating with Pakistani Intelligence and eventually defecting to pro-PDPA government forces
- Obaidulah Jan Kandahari, Classical Pashto singer who was prominent in Kandahar and Quetta where his music was most popular
- Gul Agha Sherzai, former Afghan Mujahideen who became Governor of Nangarhar
- Ataullah K. Ozai‐Durrani, Afghan inventor known for a method of creating instant rice, sold to General Foods Corporation.
- Abdul Ghafoor Khan Durrani, chief of Popalzai Durrani tribe in Balochistan
- Hayatullah Khan Durrani, Pakistani mountaineer
- Ayesha Durrani, Afghan poet
Notes
- ^1 In Pashto, "Durrani" (دراني, [durɑˈni]) is the plural form of the word. Its masculine singular is "Durranai" (درانی, [durɑˈnay]), while its feminine singular is "Durraney" (درانۍ, [durɑˈnəy]).
See also
References
- ^ The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis, Aydogdu Kurbanov, Berlin, 2010, page 242.
- ISBN 9781610697781.
- ^ a b The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.
- ^ Morgenstierne, Georg. "The Linguistic Stratification of Afghanistan." Afghan Studies 2 (1979): 23–33.
- ^ Kurbanov, Aydogdy. "The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis." PhD dissertation, Free University of Berlin, 2010.
- ^ Masson, Charles. Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, the Panjab, & Kalat, during a Residence in those Countries: To which is Added an Account of the Insurrection at Kalat, and a Memoir on Eastern Balochistan. 4 vols. London, 1844. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1974–77.
- ^ Bellew, Henry Walter. An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan. Woking, 1891. Reprint, Karachi: Indus, 1977.
- ^ Arlinghaus, Joseph T. "The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection." PhD dissertation, Duke University, 1988.
- ^ Gankovsky, Yu. V. (1982). A History of Afghanistan. Progress Publishers. p. 382.
- ^ Tareen or Tarin.[usurped] 10 April 2015. Khyber.ORG.
- ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ Tarzi, Amin H. "DŌSTMOḤAMMAD KHAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
- ^ Rubin, Barnett. "DĀWŪD KHAN". In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ Taliban run-in highlights dangers for Afghan opposition leader Archived 25 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. 6 November 2001.
- ^ Coyle, Dennis Walter (August 2014). "Placing Wardak among Pashto varieties" (PDF). University of North Dakota:UND. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4. LINK
Further reading
- Balland, Daniel (1995). "DORRĀNĪ". In ISBN 978-1-56859-023-3.
- Kieffer, C. M. (1982). "ABDĀLĪ". In ISBN 978-0-71009-091-1.
- Pak, Nacim (2008). "Abdālī". In ISSN 1875-9831.
- Yapp, M.E. (1965). "Durrānī". In OCLC 495469475.