Dutch Americans

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Dutch Americans
Nederlandse Amerikanen (Dutch)
Self-reported (partial) Dutch ancestry (2021)
Total population
3,083,041[1] (0.93%) in combination

884,857[2] (0.27%) Dutch alone

2021 estimates, self-reported
Regions with significant populations
Roman Catholic, 15% other[4]
Related ethnic groups
Dutch people, Dutch Brazilians, Dutch Canadians, Dutch Surinamese, Afrikaners, Pennsylvania Dutch, Belgian Americans, Dutch West Indian Americans, Surinamese Americans

Dutch Americans (

Kingdom of Belgium. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam, which was exchanged with the English for Suriname at the Treaty of Breda (1667) and renamed New York City. The English split the Dutch colony of New Netherland into two pieces and named them New York and New Jersey
. Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries.

According to the 2021 American Community Survey, an estimated 3.1 million[1] Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage, while 884,857[2] Americans claimed total Dutch heritage. In 2021, 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born (of which 61.5% in Europe).[5] The 2009-2013 survey estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,[3] which was equal to 0.0486% of the total population of the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.[5]

Prominent (partial) Dutch American political figures include Presidents

Nicholas Van Dyke, Hamilton Fish, John C. Ten Eyck, Daniel W. Voorhees, Arthur Vandenberg, Peter G. Van Winkle, Alan Simpson, Fred Thompson, John Hoeven, and Christopher Van Hollen. Two of the Founding Fathers of the United States, Egbert Benson and John Jay, were also of Dutch descent. Governors John Hickenlooper of Colorado, Harold G. Hoffman and Thomas Kean of New Jersey, William Henry Vanderbilt III of Rhode Island, George Bell Timmerman Jr. of South Carolina, and Cornelius P. Van Ness of Vermont were also born to Dutch American families. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan, California, Montana, Minnesota, Illinois, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania
.

Not included among Dutch Americans are the

endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German".[6][7][8][9] Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; while all Germanic cognates of the term refer to some Germanic people, they more commonly refer to Germans than Netherlanders.[10]

Dutch presence in the present-day territory of the United States

Early exploration

In 1602, the Dutch government chartered the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC). It sent explorers under the command of Henry Hudson, who arrived in 1609 and mapped what is now known as the Hudson River. Their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead.

Oldest Dutch settlement

Principal Dutch colonies in North America
Flag of the Dutch Colony of New Netherland (now encompassing parts of what are now New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.)

The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613; it consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the Tijger (Tiger), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain Adriaen Block which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson in the winter of 1613. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore. In the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island. Block Island still bears his name. Finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned.[11]

17th century migration

Dutch trade in the New York area led to the establishment of trade posts as early as 1613. Permanent settlers arrived in 1617 at what is now Albany, New York. New Amsterdam was settled in 1625. In 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised "Liberties and Exemptions" to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did so would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the Hudson River from the Dutch West India Company of about twelve miles, extending as far inland as the owner wanted. The landowners were called patroons and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity. That was a form of feudalism, which had vanished in the Dutch Republic but was introduced in North America. The Patroonships were not a success; by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought back four of the five patroonships originally registered in Amsterdam.[citation needed]

The Native Americans were no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands. The Dutch were confronted with a new phenomenon, Native American raids, since the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors but people set to settle their land.[citation needed]

The Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy, not poor, citizens. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity and decided to actively support New Netherland. The Dutch state issued a proclamation, which stated that "all mechanics and farmers who can prove their ability to earn a living here shall receive free passage for themselves, their wives and children".[citation needed]

Although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch (the other half consisted mainly of

New York. The Dutch briefly recaptured the colony in 1673, but during peace talks with the English, they decided to trade it in 1674 for Suriname in South America, which was more profitable.[citation needed
]

18th century

The Van Bergen farm, 1733, near Albany, New York—distinctively Dutch[12]

In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, Dutch immigration to America came to an almost complete standstill.[citation needed]

While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Native American risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously Sinterklaas (the foundation of the modern-day Santa Claus), and created their own as in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies.

After the British takeover, the rich Dutch families in Albany and New York City emulated the English elite and purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of their language, which was strongly reinforced by the church, but they were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted to start newspapers; they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691–1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models.[13] Politically, however, there was a strong anti-British sentiment that led most of the Dutch to support the American Revolution. One famous Dutch folk hero was Rip Van Winkle, characterized by being absurdly old-fashioned and out of date, which aimed to instill the establishment of an American culture distinct from British culture.[14][15] Most farmers focused on providing subsistence for their families; about a third were chiefly oriented to market prices.[16]

Dutch Quakers came to the Philadelphia area in response to the appeal of

Dutch Briton (his mother being from Rotterdam), had paid three visits to the Netherlands, where he published several pamphlets.[citation needed
]

Colonial Dutch American population in 1790

The Census Bureau produced estimates of the colonial American population with roots in the Netherlands, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, by scholarly classification of the names of all White heads of families recorded in the first U.S. census of 1790. The government required accurate estimates of the origins of the colonial stock population as basis for computing National Origins Formula immigration quotas in the 1920s; for this task scholars estimated the proportion of names in each state determined to be of Dutch derivation. The final report estimated about 3.1% of the U.S. population in 1790 was of Dutch origin, heavily concentrated in the Middle Colonies of historic New Netherland which became the British American Colonial Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, Province of Pennsylvania, and Delaware Colony—ultimately forming the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Dutch Republic Estimated Dutch American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census United States[17]

State or Territory Dutch Republic Dutch
# %
 Connecticut 600 0.26%
 Delaware 2,000 4.32%
 Georgia 100 0.19%
 Kentucky & TennesseeTenn. 1,200 1.29%
 Maine 100 0.10%
 Maryland 1,000 0.48%
 Massachusetts 600 0.16%
 New Hampshire 100 0.07%
 New Jersey 28,250 16.62%
 New York 55,000 17.50%
 North Carolina 800 0.28%
 Pennsylvania 7,500 1.77%
 Rhode Island 250 0.39%
 South Carolina 500 0.36%
 Vermont 500 0.59%
 Virginia 1,500 0.34%
Thirteen Colonies 1790 Census Area 100,000 3.10%
Ohio Northwest Territory − -
New France French America − -
Spanish Empire Spanish America − -
 United States 100,000 3.10%

19th century

Calvinist immigrants desiring more religious freedom immigrated. West Michigan in particular has become associated with Dutch American culture, and the highly conservative influence of the Dutch Reformed Church, centering on the cities of Holland and (to a lesser extent) Grand Rapids
.

Waves of Catholic emigrants, initially encouraged in the 1840s by Father

Little Chute, Hollandtown, and the outlying farming communities. Whole families and even neighborhoods left for America. Most of these early emigrants were from villages near Uden, including Zeeland, Boekel, Mill, Oploo and Gemert. By contrast, many Protestant agrarian emigrants to Michigan and Iowa were drawn from Groningen, Friesland, and Zeeland; areas known for their clay soils.[18]

The Dutch economy of the 1840s was stagnant and much of the motivation to emigrate was economic rather than political or religious. The emigrants were not poor, as the cost of passage, expenses, and land purchase in America would have been substantial. They were not, however, affluent and many would have been risking most of their wealth on the chance of economic improvement. There were also political pressures at the time that favored mass emigrations of Protestants.[18][19][20][21]

20th century migration

A significant number of Dutchmen emigrated to the United States after World War  II arrived from Indonesia via the Netherlands. After Indonesia, formerly known as the Dutch East Indies, gained independence its Indo-European (Eurasian) population known as Indies Dutchmen (Dutch: Indische Nederlanders) repatriated to the Netherlands. Around 60,000 continued their diaspora to the United States. This particular group is also known as Dutch-Indonesians, Indonesian-Dutch, or Amerindos.[22]

"Nine tenths of the so called Europeans (in the Dutch East Indies) are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called Indo-Europeans... They have formed the backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to Holland as do the white Netherlanders. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation." Official U.S. Army publication for the benefit of

G.I.'s, 1944.[23]

These Dutch Indos mainly entered the United States under legislative refugee measures and were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the

U.S. Census classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos could have therefore been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However the Indos that settled in the United States via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000 people.[24]

The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict "affidavit of support" policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the United States. By 1951 American consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the

Walter-McCarren Act of 1953 adhered to the traditional American policy of minimizing immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to a 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration.[25]

The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the Refugee Relief Act including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch that had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and an immaculate legal and political track record. In 1954 only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-Western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration the anti-communist senator Francis E. Walter pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958.[26]

In 1958, the Pastore–Walter Immigration Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens was passed allowing for a one-off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, where ethnic profiling was even stricter, was getting the full-blooded Dutch and the United States was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get a second two-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Dutch Indos.[27]

Dutch influence on the United States

Several American Presidents had Dutch ancestry:

Half-length photographic portrait of an elderly, balding man dressed in a dark coat, vest and cravat
Martin Van Buren circa 1855. He was the first U.S President without any British ancestry as he was of entire Dutch descent.
  • Martin Van Buren, 8th President. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party and the first president who was not of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, but rather grew up speaking Dutch.[29]
  • Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality, his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona. In 1901, he became president after the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt was a Progressive reformer who sought to move the Republican Party into the Progressive camp.
  • Warren G. Harding, 29th President. His mother's ancestors were Dutch, including the well known Van Kirk family.[30]
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the twentieth century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.
  • George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, 41st and 43rd Presidents, respectively. They count members of the Schuyler family and the related Beekman family among their ancestors.[31]

Dutch language and Dutch names in North America

Foreign-born Dutch speakers in the United States[32]
Year Population
1910 126,045
1920 136,540
1930 133,142
1940 102,700
1960 130,482
1970 127,834

The first Dutch settlers lived in small isolated communities, and as a consequence were barely exposed to English. As the Dutch lost their own colonies in North America to the British, the Dutch settlers increasingly were exposed to other immigrants and their languages and the Dutch language gradually started to disappear. The 2009-2013 American Community Survey estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home,[3] which was equal to 0.0486% of the population in the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.[5]

In 1764, Archibald Laidlie preached the first English sermon to the Dutch Reformed congregation in New York City. Ten years later English was introduced in the schools. In Kingston, Dutch was used in church as late as 1808. A few years before, a traveler had reported that on Long Island and along the North River in Albany, Dutch was still the lingua franca of the elderly.[citation needed]

Francis Adrian van der Kemp, who came to the United States as a refugee in 1788, wrote that his wife was able to converse in Dutch with the wives of Alexander Hamilton and General George Clinton. In 1847, immigrants from the Netherlands were welcomed in Dutch by the Reverend Isaac Wyckoff upon their arrival in New York. Wyckoff himself was a descendant of one of the first settlers in Rensselaerswyck, who had learned to speak English at school.

Until recently many communities in New Jersey adhered to the tradition of a monthly church service in Dutch. As late as 1905, Dutch was still heard among the old people in the Ramapo Valley of that state. Dutch is still spoken by the elderly and their children in Western Michigan. It was not until 1910 that Roseland Christian School in Chicago switched to an English curriculum from Dutch.[citation needed]

Names of Dutch origin

See also: List of place names of Dutch origin in the United States and New Netherland

In the first half of the twentieth century, the Dutch language was hardly spoken in North America, with the exception of first generation Dutch immigrants. The marks of the Dutch heritage — in language, in reference to historical Dutch people (for example Stuyvesant) and in reference to Dutch places — can still be seen. There are about 35 Dutch restaurants and bakeries in the United States, most of them founded in the 20th century.[33]

Adaptation of Dutch names for places in the United States was common. New York City for example has many originally Dutch street and place names, which date back to the time it was the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Several landmarks like Conyne Eylandt (Modern Dutch: Konijn eiland, meaning Rabbit Island) became more suitable to Anglophones (Coney Island). Additionally, Brooklyn (Breukelen), Harlem (Haarlem), Wall Street (walstraat) and Broadway (brede weg) are adapted after Dutch names or words. And up the river in New York State Piermont, Orangeburg, Blauvelt and Haverstraw, just to name a few places. In the Hudson Valley region there are many places and waterways whose names incorporate the word -kill, Dutch for "stream" or "riverbed", including the Catskill Mountains, Peekskill, and the Kill van Kull. Also, the American state of Rhode Island is a surviving example of Dutch influence in Colonial America. In 1614, was christened as Roodt Eylandt (Rood Eiland in modern Dutch), meaning "Red Island", referring to the red clay found on the island.[citation needed]

English words of Dutch origin

See also: List of English words of Dutch origin

Dutch and English are both part of the West Germanic language group and share several aspects, due to the fact that the birthplaces of both languages (Netherlands and the United Kingdom) are only separated by the North Sea. Similarities between Dutch and English are abundant, as an estimated 1% of the English words is of Dutch origin.[34] Examples include the article "the" (de in Dutch), the words "book" (boek), "house" (huis), "pen" (pen), and, "street" (straat), among others.

There are also some words in American English that are of Dutch origin, like "cookie" (koekje) and "boss" (baas). And in some American family names a couple of Dutch characteristics still remain. Like (a) the prefix "van" (as in Martin Van Buren), (b) the prefix "de"(/"der"/"des"/"den") (as in Jared DeVries), (c) a combination of the two "van de ..." (as in Robert J. Van de Graaff), or (d) "ter"/"te"("ten") or "ver", which mean respectively (a) "of" (possessive or locative), (b) "the" (definite article), (c) "of the..." and (d) "at the" ("of the"/"in the") (locative).

Creole dialects

Contact between other languages also created various

Jersey Dutch and Mohawk Dutch
, are now extinct. This is possibly due to the ease of transition from Dutch to English, stemming from a shared linguistic genealogy.

Newspapers

Maandblad de Krant, which is published monthly in Penticton, British Columbia, Canada, and mailed to subscribers throughout the United States from Oroville, Washington.[37]

Dutch-American Heritage Day

As of 1990, November 16 is "Dutch-American Heritage Day". On November 16, 1776, a small American warship, the

Andrew Doria, sailed into the harbor of the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius in the West Indies. Only four months before, the United States had declared its independence from Great Britain. The American crew was delighted when the governor of the island ordered that his fort's cannons be fired in a friendly salute. The first ever given by a foreign power to the flag of the United States, it was a risky and courageous act. Indeed, angered by Dutch trading and contraband with the rebellious colonies, the British seized the island a few years later. The Dutch recaptured the island in 1784.[38]

Dutch-American Friendship Day

April 19 is Dutch-American Friendship Day, which remembers the day in 1782 when

American Embassy in the world.[38]

Dutch Heritage Festivals

Sinterklaas

Many of the Dutch heritage festivals that take place around the United States coincide with the blooming of tulips in a particular region. The

Rhinebeck and Kingston, New York where Sinterklaas crosses the Hudson River and a parade is held in recognition of the Greater New York Area's Dutch cultural heritage.[41]

Lately, many of the larger cities in the U.S. have a King's Day (

Portland, OR
in 2013 and will have one again in 2015 on April 26. It is celebrated by people of Dutch heritage dressed in their Orange clothes and enjoying the sounds of Dutch music and eating typical Dutch foods like kroketten, friet met mayonaise, zoute haring, and other Dutch delicacies.

Dutch-American people of color

Most Dutch-Americans are white, but some are people of color, including Black Dutch-Americans. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many enslaved and free Black people spoke Dutch. New York City and New Jersey had notable Dutch-speaking Black populations during the colonial era and into the 1800s, dating back to the Dutch settlement in New Amsterdam.[43][44]

Religion

The beginnings of the

Roman Catholicism is the other major religion of Dutch Americans. Beginning in 1848, a significant number of Roman Catholics from the Dutch provinces of North Brabant, Limburg and southern Gelderland went to create many settlements in northeastern Wisconsin
. But even today, Dutch Americans remain majority Protestant.

Numbers

Population of Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2021)
Partial and full
Full

Between 1820 and 1900, 340,000 Dutch emigrated from the Netherlands to the United States. In the aftermath of World War II, several tens of thousands of Dutch immigrants joined them, mainly moving to California and Washington. In several counties in Michigan and Iowa, Dutch Americans remain the largest ethnic group. In 2020, most self-reported Dutch Americans live in Michigan, followed by California and New York.[45] While the highest concentration of Dutch Americans are found in South Dakota, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin.[46] According to 2021 US Census data, 3,083,041[1] Americans self-reported to be of (partial) Dutch ancestry, while 884,857[2] Americans claimed full Dutch heritage. 2,969,407 Dutch Americans were native born in 2021, while 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born, of which 61.5% was born in Europe and 62,9% entered the United States before 2000.[5]

2000 population of Dutch ancestry

Percentage of (partial) Dutch ancestry by county (self-reported, 2000)

According to the 2000

Little Chute, Wisconsin.[47] By the early twentieth century, Little Chute was the largest Catholic Dutch community in the United States.[48] In the Chicago suburbs, there are sizable Dutch communities in and around Elmhurst, Wheaton, Palos Heights, South Holland, Lansing, Dyer
, and other surrounding communities, anchored by Reformed churches and Christian schools.

In California, the San Joaquin Delta had a major Dutch (incl. Frisian) and Belgian influence, as settlers from those countries arrived in the 1850s, after California obtained statehood. They drained away swamps and created artificial islands known as polders, constructed dikes to back away the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowing into the San Francisco Bay, also turned them into fertile farmlands and set up inland ports such as Stockton. Also their communities like Lathrop, Galt, Rio Vista and French Camp which were named for Belgians from Belgium are of both French (Walloon) or Flemish origin. There is a Dutch community in Redlands, Ontario, Ripon and Bellflower.[49]

2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state

Population of (partial) Dutch ancestry by state (2021)

As of 2020, the distribution of self-reported Dutch Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

Netherlands Estimated Dutch American self-reported population by state United States[46]
State Number Percentage
 Alabama 30,349 0.62%
 Alaska 10,533 1.43%
 Arizona 80,124 1.12%
 Arkansas 31,550 1.05%
 California 313,233 0.80%
 Colorado 86,616 1.52%
 Connecticut 24,644 0.69%
 Delaware 7,895 0.82%
 District of Columbia 4,886 0.70%
 Florida 170,831 0.81%
 Georgia 64,164 0.61%
 Hawaii 6,567 0.46%
 Idaho 31,398 1.79%
 Illinois 145,771 1.15%
 Indiana 109,108 1.63%
 Iowa 116,971 3.71%
 Kansas 43,715 1.50%
 Kentucky 41,100 0.92%
 Louisiana 17,506 0.38%
 Maine 11,767 0.88%
 Maryland 40,293 0.67%
 Massachusetts 36,951 0.54%
 Michigan 427,818 4.29%
 Minnesota 91,012 1.63%
 Mississippi 13,356 0.45%
 Missouri 78,763 1.29%
 Montana 19,606 1.85%
 Nebraska 31,950 1.66%
 Nevada 26,471 0.87%
 New Hampshire 12,596 0.93%
 New Jersey 79,492 0.89%
 New Mexico 14,614 0.70%
 New York 204,250 1.05%
 North Carolina 83,803 0.81%
 North Dakota 8,156 1.07%
 Ohio 140,161 1.20%
 Oklahoma 47,932 1.21%
 Oregon 74,960 1.79%
 Pennsylvania 161,506 1.26%
 Rhode Island 4,459 0.42%
 South Carolina 36,482 0.72%
 South Dakota 37,913 4.31%
 Tennessee 64,028 0.95%
 Texas 178,457 0.62%
 Utah 58,948 1.87%
 Vermont 7,396 1.18%
 Virginia 64,790 0.76%
 Washington 131,299 1.75%
 West Virginia 24,445 1.35%
 Wisconsin 132,420 2.28%
 Wyoming 9,834 1.69%
 United States 3,692,889 1.13%

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Dutch Americans.

Hudson River Valley
.

In art,

movie theaters. Cowboy artist Earl W. Bascom
, a sculptor known as the "cowboy of cowboy artists", is a descendant of the Van Riper family who was early settlers of New York.

In business, the Vanderbilt family was once among the richest families in the United States.

In education,

technological university in the English-speaking world
and the Western Hemisphere. Famous accomplishments of alumni include the Ferris Wheel, Brooklyn Bridge, commercially viable television and radar, and the microprocessor.

In literature,

Edward W. Bok was a Pulitzer Prize-winning autobiographer and magazine editor. He is also credited with coining the term "living room". Greta Van Susteren's father was a Dutch American. Prolific poet Leo Vroman escaped from the Nazi-occupied Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies to end up in a harsh concentration camp for Europeans run by the Japanese army when it overran the islands. After the war, he immigrated to the United States. His Dutch Indonesian friend, fellow camp survivor, and author Tjalie Robinson also lived in the United States, where he founded several cultural institutions. The author Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema, writer of the book Soldier of Orange, was a Dutch resistance fighter, spy, and decorated war hero that immigrated to the United States after World War  II. Born on Java
in the Dutch East Indies, he died in his home in Hawaii.

In entertainment, actor,

Groningen. Chevy Chase
also has deep Dutch roots from colonial New York.

In politics,

Mayor of New York
(1853–1855).

In science and technology, inventor and businessman

Nobel Prize in Economics
in 1975.

In astronomy,

Bart J. Bok won the Klumpke-Roberts Award in 1982 and the Bruce Medal in 1977. Jan Schilt invented the Schilt photometer
.

In sports, Hall of Fame baseball player and two-time World Series champion Bert Blyleven gained fame for his curveball. Earl Bascom was a Hall of Fame rodeo champion known as the "father of modern rodeo." Golfer Tiger Woods has Dutch ancestry through his mother.

In religion,

Forgive and Forget, an influential work discussing a religious view on sexuality and forgiveness. Menno Simons (1496 – January 31, 1561) was a former Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Netherlands who became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as Mennonites
.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Table B04004 - People Reporting Single Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013". Census.gov. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  4. ^ One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society, p. 120
  5. ^ a b c d "Table S0201 - (Dutch) Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  6. ^ Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.
  7. ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
  8. ^ Hostetler, John A. (1993), Amish Society, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241
  9. ^ Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
  10. ^ W. Haubrichs, "Theodiscus, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" (2004), 199–228
  11. ^ The United States of America and the Netherlands, 3/14 The First Dutch Settlers. By George M. Welling. (Link)
  12. ISBN 9780939072064
    .
  13. ^ Randall H. Balmer, "The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies," Church History 53#2 (1984), pp. 187-199 JSTOR
  14. ^ Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (3 vol. 1993), gives detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.
  15. ^ A. G. Roeber "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire (1991) pp 222-36.
  16. ^ Thomas S. Wermuth, Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850 (2001).
  17. OCLC 1086749050
    .
  18. ^ a b "Place Matters: The Social Geography of Dutch-American Immigration in the Nineteenth Century". swierenga.com.
  19. ^ Vanderheide, Albert. "Priest led party of emigrants to Wisconsin's frontier territory:American communities formed close ties with North Brabant villages". godutch.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  20. ^ "Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel, Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820–1880". Doctoral thesis, H.A.V.M. Van Stekelenburg. March 7, 2003.
  21. ^ Yda Schreuder, Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905 (New York: Garland, 1989); and H. A. V. M. van Stekelenburg, Landverhuizing als regionaal verschijnsel: Van Noord-Brabant naar Noord-Amerika 1820-1880 (Tilburg: Stichting Zuidelijk Historisch Contact, 1991).
  22. ^ "Amerindo". UC Berkeley 'Amerindo' Research Website. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010.
  23. ISBN 978-90-6882-748-4
    p.18
  24. ISBN 90-351-2361-1
  25. ISBN 90-351-2361-1
  26. ISBN 90-351-2361-1
  27. ISBN 90-351-2361-1
  28. ^ Richard E. Mooney, "If You Believe They Paid $24, Here's a Bridge for Sale", The New York Times, December 28, 1997, sec. 4, p. 2. See also Peter Minuit.
  29. ISBN 978-0-313-33658-4
    .
  30. ^ Russell, Thomas (1923). The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States. the University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 51.
  31. ^ Ancestry of George W. Bush Wargs.com; William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services.
  32. ^ "Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970". United States Census Bureau. March 9, 1999. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  33. ^ "Dutch restaurants in the USA". dutchinamerica.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012.
  34. ISBN 978-0-02-934470-5
    .
  35. ^ Milwaukee Sentinel, July 15, 1898
  36. ^ Twilah DeBoer (June 1999). "Early Dutch Settlements in Wisconsin". wlhn.org. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007.
  37. ^ "Site Disabled". Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  38. ^ a b "usembassy.nl". Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  39. ^ "26th ANNUAL HOLLAND FESTIVAL 2015 - GEMMRIG PARK, LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA". nassocal.org.
  40. ^ "Dutch Americans", Herbert J. Brinks
  41. ^ "Sinterklaas!".
  42. ^ "The Portland Dutch Society". portlanddutch.com. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  43. ^ "Pinkster King and the King of Kongo: The Forgotten History of America's Dutch-Owned Slaves (Paperback)". Third Place Books. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  44. ^ "Black New Netherland: Enslavement and Freedom in Dutch New York". Gracie Mansion. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  45. ^ "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  46. ^ a b "Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  47. ^ "Nederlanders in Amerika", Van Hinte, Assen, 1928
  48. ^ "Netherlanders in America" Lucas, 1955
  49. ISBN 9781604975659
    .

Further reading

  • Bratt, James D. Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture. (Eerdmans, 1984).
  • Brinks, Herbert J. "Dutch Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 35–45. online
  • Corwin, S. T. History of the Dutch Reformed Church in the United States (1895).
  • De Gerald, F. Jong The Dutch in America, 1609-1974. (Twayne, 1975); short survey
  • Ganzevoort, Herman, and Mark Boekelman, eds. Dutch Immigration to North America. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1983.
  • Goodfriend, Joyce D. Benjamin Schmidt, and Annette Stott, eds. Going Dutch: The Dutch Presence in America, 1609-2009 (2008)
  • Kirk, Gordon W. The Promise of American Life: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Holland, Michigan, 1847-1894. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1978.
  • Krabbendam, Hans. Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America, 1840-1940 (2009), Emphasis on the Dutch Reformed Church
  • Kroes, Rob. The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist Pioneers in Amsterdam, Montana. University of Illinois Press, 1992.
  • Kroes, Rob, and Henk-Otto Neuschafer, eds. The Dutch in North America: Their Immigration and Cultural Continuity. Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1991.
  • Kromminga, John. The Christian Reformed Church: A Study in Orthodoxy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1949.
  • Lucas, Henry. Netherlanders in America: Dutch Immigration to the United States and Canada, 1789-1950. The University of Michigan Press, 1955.
  • Schreuder, Yda. Dutch Catholic Immigrant Settlement in Wisconsin, 1850-1905. New York: Garland, 1989.
  • Swierenga, Robert P. The Forerunners: Dutch Jewry in the North American Diaspora. Wayne State University Press, 1994.
  • Swierenga, Robert P. ed. The Dutch in America: Immigration, Settlement, and Cultural Change. Rutgers University Press, 1985.
  • Swierenga, Robert P., "Faith and Family --Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920" (Ellis Island Series.) New York: Holmes and Meyer. 2000.
  • Taylor, Lawrence J. Dutchmen on the Bay: The Ethnohistory of a Contractual Community. The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.
  • Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • Van Jacob Hinte. Netherlanders in America: A Study of Emigration and Settlement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in the United States of America. Ed. Robert P. Swierenga. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1985. translation of a 1928 Dutch-language book
  • Wabeke, Bertus Harry Dutch emigration to North America, 1624-1860
  • Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), ch 2, 11

Colonial/ New Netherland

  • Balmer, Randall. A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies (2002).
  • Blackburn, Roderic H.; Ruth Piwonka (1988). Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776. SUNY Press.
    ISBN 9780939072064
    .
  • Cohen, David Steven. "How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?." New York History 62#1 (1981): 43–60. in JSTOR
  • Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (3 vol. 1993), highly detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.
  • Jacobs, Jaap. New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America (Brill, 2005) online.
  • Kenney, Alice P. "Neglected Heritage: Hudson River Valley Dutch Material Culture." Winterthur Portfolio 20#1 (1985): 49–70. in JSTOR
  • Kim, Sung Bok. Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775 (1987)
  • Leiby; Adrian C. The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775-1783 Rutgers University Press. 1962.
  • Nissenson, S. G. The Patroon's Domain (1937).
  • Roeber, A. G. "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire (1991) pp 222–36.
  • Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011).
    ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
  • Todt, Kim. "'Women Are as Knowing Therein as the Men': Dutch Women in Early America," in Thomas A. Foster, ed. Women in Early America (2015) pp 43–65 online.
  • Van Lieburg, Fred. "Interpreting the Dutch Great Awakening (1749–1755)." Church History 77#2 (2008): 318–336. in JSTOR
  • Wermuth, Thomas S. Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850 (2001).
  • Wermuth, Thomas S. "New York farmers and the market revolution: Economic behavior in the mid-Hudson Valley, 1780-1830." Journal of Social History (1998): 179–196. in JSTOR
  • Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), ch 2

Historiography

  • Doezema, Linda Pegman. Dutch Americans: A Guide to Information Sources. Gale Research, 1979. Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Herbert J. Brinks, Dutch American Voices: Letters from the United States, 1850-1930 (1995)
  • Lucas, Henry, ed. Dutch Immigrant Memoirs and Related Writings. 2 vols. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1955.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dutch diaspora in the United States.
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