Royal Netherlands Army

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Royal Netherlands Army
Koninklijke Landmacht
Utrecht
Engagements
List of engagements
  • International military intervention against ISIL
Commanders
Lt Gen Martin Wijnen[2]
Deputy commanderMaj Gen Rob Jeulink
Army AdjutantWO Ad Koevoets[3]
Insignia
Flag
Flag used on government buildings
Logo

The Royal Netherlands Army (

Napoleonic Wars, World War II, the Indonesian War of Independence and the Korean War, as well as served with NATO on the Cold War frontiers in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1990s.[4]

Since 1990, the army has been sent into the

MINUSMA in Mali).[5]

The tasks of the Royal Netherlands Army are laid out in the

Armed Forces of the Netherlands is exercised by the government (consisting of the King and the cabinet ministers); there is thus no constitutional supreme commander. However, army personnel does swear allegiance to the Dutch monarch.[7]

Dutch army doctrine strongly emphasises international co-operation.[8] The Netherlands are a founding member of, and strong contributor to NATO, while closely co-operating with fellow member states during European Union-led missions as well. Moreover, the successful Dutch-German military co-operation is seen as a harbinger of European defence integration, facing fewer linguistic and cultural issues than the comparable Franco-German Brigade.[9] In 2014, the 11 Airmobile Brigade was integrated into the Rapid Forces Division;[10] in 2016, the Dutch-German 414 Tank Battalion was integrated into the 43rd Mechanised Brigade, which was in turn integrated into the 1st Panzer Division.[9][11] In 2023, the final brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army, the 13th Light Brigade, was integrated into the 10th Panzer Division of the German Bundeswehr.[12][13]

Additionally, the German Air Defence Missile Group 61 (German: Flugabwehrraketengruppe 61) was integrated into the Dutch Joint Ground-based Air Defence Command in 2018.[14]

History

Origins

Michiel van Mierevelt
, between c. 1613–1620.

The Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814, but its origins date back to the founding of the Staatse Leger (the Army of the Dutch States) in 1572: the creation of one of the first modern standing armies. Under the command of famous commanders such as Maurice of Orange and William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, the army developed into one of the best-organised and best-trained armies of the 17th and early 18th centuries.[15][4] The innovative army underwent a thorough process of professionalisation under their command including revolutionary foot drill and siege tactics, proven effective during sieges such as the Battle of Nieuwpoort.[16][17]

The

War of Austrian Succession, as well as the French Revolutionary Wars.[15]

French period (1795–1814)

With the French conquest of the Netherlands, the Staatse Leger was replaced by the army of the

Berezina River (Battle of Berezina) are especially noteworthy. New research points out that, contrary to long-held belief, around half of the Dutch contingent of the Grande Armée survived the Russian Campaign.[20]

William II of the Netherlands at the Battle of Quatre Bras.

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814–1914)

In 1814, a year after the return of

Kingdom of the United Netherlands. Several militias of the Dutch States Army were integrated into this newly formed Netherlands Mobile Army, and it became an integral part of the allied army during the Hundred Days campaign that culminated in the Battle of Waterloo.[21] Units such as Baron Chassé's were essential to securing victory for the allied army. The army was involved in various conflicts since 1814, including the Waterloo campaign (1815) and different colonial wars (1825–1925).[22]

During the

Ten Days' Campaign, the Belgian rebels appealed to France for military support. The severely outnumbered Dutch troops were forced to retreat when the French agreed to send reinforcements.[23]

World wars (1914–1945)

Dutch Water Line
during the mobilisiation of the army in 1939.

The Netherlands continued the policy of

Dutch Water Line, a defensive ring of rivers and lowland surrounding the core Dutch region of Holland, that could be inundated.[24][4]

At the beginning of the

Utrecht forced the Dutch supreme command to capitulate.[26]

The Royal Netherlands army was disbanded during the German occupation, however army personnel continued the battle against the German occupiers during the war. Army resistance began to rise again with the formation of the

Princess Irene Brigade and No. 2 (Dutch) Troop (predecessor to the Korps Commandotroepen) as part of the Free Dutch Forces in exile, and with army personnel active in the Dutch resistance.[27][28] In the East, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was defeated by the Japanese in 1942; few elements managed to escape. Today's army grew out of the wartime force, starting with the liberation of parts of the Netherlands in 1944; the Dutch had plans to contribute a 200,000 strong army to the defeat of Germany and Japan.[29]

Bren
-gunner adjusts his sights.

Decolonisation and Cold War (1945–1991)

Dutch East Indies

Between 1945 and 1949, the Royal Netherlands Army, which originally used mainly

Indonesian War of Independence. To restore Dutch authority in the Dutch East Indies, the expeditionary land force First Division "7 December" was established in 1946.[30] Approximately 25,000 volunteers and 95,000 conscripts were deployed to the East during the conflict, 4,751 servicemen were killed.[31]

Cold War

During the Korean War, 4,748 members of the army, the Royal Netherlands Navy and the Netherlands Marine Corps formed the Nederlands Detachement Verenigde Naties and were dispatched to East Asia to fight against the troops of the People's Republic of China and North Korea. 122 soldiers were killed in action, 3 soldiers went missing in action.[32]

State Secretary of Defense Calmeyer, opens the new armored infantry education center in Veldhoven in 1963, after which light tanks of the type AMX-13 and AMX-VCI tracked vehicles move by in a procession.

The

I (Netherlands) Corps stood watch alongside its NATO allies in Germany during the Cold War. The corps consisted of three divisions during the 1980s, the 1st, 4th, and 5th (reserve) divisions.[33] It was part of the NATO Northern Army Group. The corps's war assignment, as formulated by Commander, Northern Army Group (COMNORTHAG), would be to:[34]

  • Assume responsibility for its corps sector and relieve 1st German Corps forces as soon as possible.
  • Fight the covering force battle in accordance with COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.
  • In the main defensive battle: (1) hold and destroy the forces of the enemy's leading armies conventionally as far east as possible, maintaining cohesion with 1 (GE) Corps; (2) in the event of a major penetration affecting 1 (NL) Corps sector, be prepared to hold the area between the roads A7 and B3 and to conduct a counterattack according to COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.
  • Maintain cohesion with LANDJUT and secure NORTHAG's left flank in the Forward Combat Zone.

Dutch army troops have deployed to Lebanon as part of an international protection force since 1979 War in Lebanon, 1979–1985

UNIFIL. Of the 9,084 soldiers who served in Lebanon, 9 soldiers were killed in action.[35]

Dutch Leopard 2 main battle tank on the beach of Scheveningen, 2008.

Recent history (1991–present)

The

I. German/Dutch Corps, and consequently the division headquarters itself was disbanded.[36] In addition, the army increasingly concentrated on peace-keeping and peace-enforcing operations and has been involved in several operations in the former Yugoslavia (1991–present), but also in Cambodia (1992–1994), Haiti (1995–1996), Cyprus (1998–1999), Eritrea and Ethiopia (2001), and most recent in Iraq (2003–2005), Afghanistan (2002–present), Chad (2008–2009) and Mali (2014–2019).[5]

As mentioned,

rise of the Islamic State, resulting in the defence budget seeing an increase of over 50 percent between 2014 and 2020, amounting to 11.04 billion euros (1.35% of GDP) in 2020.[43]

Bosnia

Dutch army personnel was deployed to

war crimes in 2017,[46] invaded the enclave of Srebrenica and subsequently deported and massacred a large share of the present Bosniak men and boys.[47]

Iraq

A contingent of 1,345 troops (comprising Army and

Multinational force in Iraq.[48] On 1 June 2004, the Dutch government renewed their stay through 2005.[49] The Netherlands pulled its troops out of Iraq in March 2005, leaving half a dozen liaison officers until late 2005.[50] The Netherlands lost two soldiers in separate attacks.[49]

From 2015 until the spring of 2018, Dutch

battle against ISIL, as part of the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.[52] The Netherlands currently deploy approximately 60 troops to Iraq.[53]

Afghanistan

Between 2001 and 2003, a reinforced army company was deployed to Afghanistan to provide support in maintaining public order, and providing security in and around the capital

Afghan National Army and to local security troops. The troops were deployed under the command of NATO's International Security Assistance Force
mission.

Uruzgan
, Afghanistan in 2009.

Between 2006 and 2010, the Netherlands deployed personnel to southern Afghanistan.

ISAF Task Force Uruzgan and were involved in some of the more intensive combat operations in southern Afghanistan, including Operation Medusa and the Battle of Chora.[59][58] On 18 April 2008, the second day of his command, the son of the Commander of the Royal Netherlands Army Lieutenant-general Peter van Uhm, Lieutenant Dennis van Uhm, was one of two servicemen killed by a road side explosion.[60] As of 1 September 2008, the Netherlands had a total of 1,770 troops in Afghanistan excluding special forces troops.[61] In total, 25 Dutch servicemen were killed in action during the deployment.[62] All Dutch troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan by August 2010.[63]

Since 2015, 160 Dutch troops from the

Mazar-e-Sharif as part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission.[64] Dutch troops co-operate with personnel of the German Kommando Spezialkräfte as part of the German-Dutch lead Special Operations Advisory Team (SOAT). The SOAT provides advice and assistance during operations to an Afghan police tactical unit, the Afghan Territorial Force-888 (ATF-888).[65] The SOAT has been granted authority to deploy in the entirety of Afghanistan.[66]

Mali

CH-47 Chinook helicopter during a long-range reconnaissance patrol, north of Gao
, Mali.

Special forces of the Korps Commandotroepen have been deployed to Mali since 2014 as part of the UN-mission MINUSMA.[67] The primary task of the Dutch forces has been to gather intelligence concerning local Islamist groups and to protect the people of Mali against radical Islamist groups.[68] Since 2016, personnel of 11th Airmobile Brigade and 13th Light Brigade have been included in rotations. On 6 July 2016, two servicemen of 11 Airmobile Brigade were killed during a mortar firing exercise, a third serviceman was severely wounded.[69] The incident lead to the resignation of the minister of Defence Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert and Chief of Defence Tom Middendorp after a critical report by the Dutch Safety Board found that the safety-standards were subpar.[70][71] The Netherlands have ended their troop contribution to the peacekeeping mission in May 2019 to send troops to Afghanistan instead.[72]

Lithuania

The

self-propelled howitzers.[76]

Structure

Main article: Structure of the Royal Netherlands Army

The core fighting element of the army consists of three brigades: 11 Airmobile Brigade, 13 Light Brigade and 43 Mechanised Brigade.[77] The number of full-time professional personnel is 22,850, in addition to around 4,000 reservists.[1] The Royal Netherlands Army is a volunteer force; compulsory military service has not been abolished but has been suspended.[78] The other three services, (the Royal Netherlands Navy, Royal Netherlands Air Force and Royal Marechaussee), are fully volunteer forces as well.

class=notpageimage|
Brigade locations in 2020

Traditions

Besides the hierarchical organisation, the Royal Netherlands Army upholds a traditional organisation in which a distinction exists between arms of services. This organisation is purely ceremonial. Generally speaking, combat and combat support units are organised in arms, and support units are organised in services.[79] There are two exceptions: the Engineers and the Signals Service.

The arms and services can in turn be further divided into one, or multiple regiments. These administrative organisations safeguard the traditions of the operational units. Before the

esprit de corps.[80]

Arms

The Royal Netherlands Army consists of the following arms, and subsequent regiments and corps:[79]

AH-64 Apache
during an exercise.

Infantry

Each infantry regiment of the Royal Netherlands Army consists of a single battalion. The current order of battle includes a total of seven infantry battalions – of these, two are classed as foot guards and the remainder as line infantry.[81]

The staff support companies of

Garderegiment Fusiliers Prinses Irene and Regiment Infanterie Johan Willem Friso
, respectively.

Cavalry

The cavalry arm currently consists of two active regiments – the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel and the Regiment Huzaren Prinses Catharina-Amalia. One has responsibility for the army's active reconnaissance units, while the other has been formed as the parent regiment for units equipped with main battle tanks (MBTs).

Prior to 2012, the army also included full armoured regiments equipped with MBTs. One of these, the

Regiment Huzaren Van Sytzama (former 1st Hussar Regiment) and the Regiment Huzaren Prins van Oranje (former 2nd Hussar Regiment) were disbanded, along with the army's full armoured capability, in 2012 as a result of further cuts to the Dutch defence budget.[82]

In 2016, a

414 Panzer Battalion, was attached to the Dutch 43 Mechanised Brigade, at the same time becoming a combined German-Dutch unit, with one of the three tank companies and part of the staff and support companies manned with Dutch troops.[83]

Services

The services (Dienstvakken) consist of the logistical service, which comprises four regiments, and four stand-alone support services. The Royal Netherlands Army consists of the following services and regiments:[79]

Uniforms

The Royal Netherlands Army uniform has multiple categories, ranging from ceremonial uniforms to combat dress to evening wear. In addition, the (special) service dress uniform and mess dress uniform can both be worn in a tropics colourway.[84]

There are four main uniform categories:

Combat uniform

The

Dutch flag
and the wearer's regiment or corps are worn on the left arm. To optimise the effectiveness of the uniform, multiple camouflage patterns are in use:

  • Woodland: Further developed version of the British Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) camouflage pattern. Optimised for use in wooded terrain in Western Europe and the standard pattern for personnel in the Netherlands.
  • Desert: Increasing amount of deployments in desert like environments, such as Iraq and Afghanistan, lead to the implementation of the Desert combat uniform. The desert combat uniform uses the regular combat uniform, while using the American Desert Camouflage Pattern.
  • Jungle: The jungle combat uniform utilises the regular combat uniform, in a five-coloured camouflage pattern which is optimised for deployments in tropical environments. The jungle uniform is often used by personnel undergoing jungle training, and units stationed in the Dutch Caribbean.
  • MultiCam: Since the regular combat uniform no longer always qualifies for contemporary operations, personnel deploying to foreign countries is provided with interim combat uniforms in the MultiCam camouflage pattern.[85] In addition, the Korps Commandotroepen has implemented uniforms in MultiCam as their standard uniform since 2017.[86] Regular units use the interim uniforms until combat clothing in the newly developed Netherlands Fractal Pattern is distributed, between 2020 and 2022.
Service dress uniform

The

neck tie and headgear (beret, peaked cap or side cap), in a gray-green fabric. The special dress uniform (Gelegenheidstenue, GLT) is worn for certain formal occasions. It consists of the garments of the service dress uniform, differing by the white dress shirt, black neck tie, white gloves, decorations worn in Prussian arrangement, while officers wear an orange sash
around the waist.

Mess dress uniform

The

ball
and consists of a black smoking, complemented with a peaked cap and miniature medals.

Full dress uniform

Each regiment and corps within the army has its own full dress uniform (Ceremonieel tenue, CT), which is a traditional uniform that is worn during ceremonies and special occasions.

Military bands

Royal Military Band "Johan Willem Friso" musicians during the annual Prinsjesdag parade in The Hague, 2018.

In past eras, music was used as a means of communication on the battlefield, and today

military music retains an important role during military ceremonies such as enlistments and changes of command, and national events such as Prinsjesdag and the annual Remembrance of the Dead ceremony on 4 May. In addition, military bands provide the musical accompaniment during the presentation of letters of credence. Currently,[when?] there are four active military bands and fanfare orchestras within the Royal Netherlands Army:[87]

Colours and standards

King Willem-Alexander attaching the lanyard of the Military Order of William to the colour of the Korps Commandotroepen
in 2016.

All regiments and corps are granted a colour (vaandel) or standard (standaard), including (since 2002) the artillery corps, which at the time was a breach with tradition. The colours and standards form the embodiment of the history and character of the respective regiment or corps. The standards are smaller in size because of a historical reason: horseback units would often struggle with the large sized poles of the regular colours, and therefore chose to wield a shorter version. To this day, the mounted units of the Royal Netherland Army, such as cavalry, field artillery and horse artillery, use the smaller sized standards. The Royal Marechaussee, which used to be a mounted unit of the Royal Netherlands Army, owns a standard as well.[88]

In contrast to the functional use of colours and standards in the past, during which they served as landmarks on the battlefield, their contemporary role has been greatly reduced. Nonetheless, they continue to play an important role during various military ceremonies. For example, soldiers swear the oath of enlistment while holding the respective colour or standard. Moreover, the colours and standards constitute an important connection between military units and the

esprit de corps, uphold the collective memory and serve as inspiration for future actions of the respective unit.[88]

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Military ranks of the Netherlands armed forces

The ranks of the Royal Netherlands were established by royal decree of

Queen Juliana in 1956.[89] Each regiment and corps has a distinctive cap badge and beret. Many units also call soldiers of different ranks by different names, for example a NATO OR-1 private is called a hussar (huzaar) in cavalry regiments and a cannoneer (kannonier) in artillery units.[90]

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of

commissioned officers
.

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
 Royal Netherlands Army[90]
Generaal
 		Luitenant-generaal Generaal-majoor Brigadegeneraal Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor
Ritmeester
 		Eerste luitenant Tweede luitenant

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO rank scale OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
 Royal Netherlands Army[90]
Adjudant-onderofficier Sergeant-majoor/
Opperwachtmeester 		Sergeant der 1e klasse/
Wachtmeester der 1e klasse 		Sergeant/
Wachtmeester 		Korporaal der 1e klasse Korporaal Soldaat/
Huzaar/
Kanonier der 1e klasse 		Soldaat/
Huzaar/
Kanonier der 2e klasse 		Soldaat/
Huzaar/
Kanonier der 3e klasse

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Royal Netherlands Army

Infantry

The Royal Netherlands Army's basic weapon is the

Glock 17 pistol.[93]

Sniper groups (Schutter Lange Afstand) are equipped with

general purpose machine gun (GPMG), FN M2 QCB heavy machine gun (HMG) and the H&K GMG automatic grenade launcher, while indirect fire support is provided by M6 60mm or L16 81mm mortars.[97][98][99][100]

Armor

The army's

Boxer MRAV armoured fighting vehicles.[102][103] Reconnaissance units use the light armoured Fennek reconnaissance vehicle.[104]

PzH 2000NL of the 41st Artillery Battalion in Lithuania.

Artillery and air defence

The

TRML-3D [de] radar systems. These systems are operated combinedly in the Army Ground Based Air Defence System (AGBADS).[108]

(Protected) mobility

For environments that require protection against

special operations.[114]

Engineers and utility

Engineer regiments employ several specialist engineering vehicles based on

CBRN defence units operate the TPz Fuchs armoured personnel carrier.[118] In addition, during operations that require a high degree of mobility, army personnel have access to Luchtmobiel Speciaal Voertuig, KTM motorcycles and Suzuki quads.[119][120][121]

Unmanned vehicles

Multiple types of

unmanned ground vehicles, including the THeMIS produced by Milrem Robotics and the Mission Master of Rheinmetall
.

See also

  • Military ranks of the Dutch armed forces

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