Royal Netherlands Army
Royal Netherlands Army | |
---|---|
Koninklijke Landmacht | |
Utrecht | |
Engagements | List of engagements
|
Commanders | |
Lt Gen Martin Wijnen[2] | |
Deputy commander | Maj Gen Rob Jeulink |
Army Adjutant | WO Ad Koevoets[3] |
Insignia | |
Flag | |
Flag used on government buildings | |
Logo |
The Royal Netherlands Army (
Since 1990, the army has been sent into the
The tasks of the Royal Netherlands Army are laid out in the
Dutch army doctrine strongly emphasises international co-operation.[8] The Netherlands are a founding member of, and strong contributor to NATO, while closely co-operating with fellow member states during European Union-led missions as well. Moreover, the successful Dutch-German military co-operation is seen as a harbinger of European defence integration, facing fewer linguistic and cultural issues than the comparable Franco-German Brigade.[9] In 2014, the 11 Airmobile Brigade was integrated into the Rapid Forces Division;[10] in 2016, the Dutch-German 414 Tank Battalion was integrated into the 43rd Mechanised Brigade, which was in turn integrated into the 1st Panzer Division.[9][11] In 2023, the final brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army, the 13th Light Brigade, was integrated into the 10th Panzer Division of the German Bundeswehr.[12][13]
Additionally, the German Air Defence Missile Group 61 (German: Flugabwehrraketengruppe 61) was integrated into the Dutch Joint Ground-based Air Defence Command in 2018.[14]
History
Origins
The Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814, but its origins date back to the founding of the Staatse Leger (the Army of the Dutch States) in 1572: the creation of one of the first modern standing armies. Under the command of famous commanders such as Maurice of Orange and William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, the army developed into one of the best-organised and best-trained armies of the 17th and early 18th centuries.[15][4] The innovative army underwent a thorough process of professionalisation under their command including revolutionary foot drill and siege tactics, proven effective during sieges such as the Battle of Nieuwpoort.[16][17]
The
French period (1795–1814)
With the French conquest of the Netherlands, the Staatse Leger was replaced by the army of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814–1914)
In 1814, a year after the return of
During the
World wars (1914–1945)
The Netherlands continued the policy of
At the beginning of the
The Royal Netherlands army was disbanded during the German occupation, however army personnel continued the battle against the German occupiers during the war. Army resistance began to rise again with the formation of the
Decolonisation and Cold War (1945–1991)
Dutch East Indies
Between 1945 and 1949, the Royal Netherlands Army, which originally used mainly
Cold War
During the Korean War, 4,748 members of the army, the Royal Netherlands Navy and the Netherlands Marine Corps formed the Nederlands Detachement Verenigde Naties and were dispatched to East Asia to fight against the troops of the People's Republic of China and North Korea. 122 soldiers were killed in action, 3 soldiers went missing in action.[32]
The
- Assume responsibility for its corps sector and relieve 1st German Corps forces as soon as possible.
- Fight the covering force battle in accordance with COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.
- In the main defensive battle: (1) hold and destroy the forces of the enemy's leading armies conventionally as far east as possible, maintaining cohesion with 1 (GE) Corps; (2) in the event of a major penetration affecting 1 (NL) Corps sector, be prepared to hold the area between the roads A7 and B3 and to conduct a counterattack according to COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.
- Maintain cohesion with LANDJUT and secure NORTHAG's left flank in the Forward Combat Zone.
Dutch army troops have deployed to Lebanon as part of an international protection force since 1979 War in Lebanon, 1979–1985
Recent history (1991–present)
The
As mentioned,
Bosnia
Dutch army personnel was deployed to
Iraq
A contingent of 1,345 troops (comprising Army and
From 2015 until the spring of 2018, Dutch
Afghanistan
Between 2001 and 2003, a reinforced army company was deployed to Afghanistan to provide support in maintaining public order, and providing security in and around the capital
Between 2006 and 2010, the Netherlands deployed personnel to southern Afghanistan.
Since 2015, 160 Dutch troops from the
Mali
Special forces of the Korps Commandotroepen have been deployed to Mali since 2014 as part of the UN-mission MINUSMA.[67] The primary task of the Dutch forces has been to gather intelligence concerning local Islamist groups and to protect the people of Mali against radical Islamist groups.[68] Since 2016, personnel of 11th Airmobile Brigade and 13th Light Brigade have been included in rotations. On 6 July 2016, two servicemen of 11 Airmobile Brigade were killed during a mortar firing exercise, a third serviceman was severely wounded.[69] The incident lead to the resignation of the minister of Defence Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert and Chief of Defence Tom Middendorp after a critical report by the Dutch Safety Board found that the safety-standards were subpar.[70][71] The Netherlands have ended their troop contribution to the peacekeeping mission in May 2019 to send troops to Afghanistan instead.[72]
Lithuania
The
Structure
The core fighting element of the army consists of three brigades: 11 Airmobile Brigade, 13 Light Brigade and 43 Mechanised Brigade.[77] The number of full-time professional personnel is 22,850, in addition to around 4,000 reservists.[1] The Royal Netherlands Army is a volunteer force; compulsory military service has not been abolished but has been suspended.[78] The other three services, (the Royal Netherlands Navy, Royal Netherlands Air Force and Royal Marechaussee), are fully volunteer forces as well.
- Utrecht
- Schaarsbergen
- 13 Light Brigade, in Oirschot
- 43 Mechanised Brigade, in Havelte
- Korps Commandotroepen, in Roosendaal
- 1 (GE/NL) Corps, in Münster(Germany)
- Joint Ground-based Air Defence Command, in Vredepeel
- Operational Support Command Land, in Apeldoorn
- Army Materiel Logistic Command, in Utrecht
- Education and Training Command, in Amersfoort
Traditions
Besides the hierarchical organisation, the Royal Netherlands Army upholds a traditional organisation in which a distinction exists between arms of services. This organisation is purely ceremonial. Generally speaking, combat and combat support units are organised in arms, and support units are organised in services.[79] There are two exceptions: the Engineers and the Signals Service.
The arms and services can in turn be further divided into one, or multiple regiments. These administrative organisations safeguard the traditions of the operational units. Before the
Arms
The Royal Netherlands Army consists of the following arms, and subsequent regiments and corps:[79]
Regiment | Unit | Year | Insignia | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infantry Arm (Foot guards) | ||||||
Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers |
11 Infantry Battalion | 1995 | Established in 1995 through amalgamation of two regiments which were formed in 1829. | |||
Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene | 17 Armoured Infantry Battalion | 1941 | Established in 1941. | |||
Infantry Arm (Line infantry) | ||||||
Regiment Infanterie Johan Willem Friso | 44 Armoured Infantry Battalion | 1813 | Former 1st and 9th Infantry Regiment, established in 1813. | |||
Regiment Infanterie Oranje Gelderland | 45 Armoured Infantry Battalion | 1813 | Former 5th and 8th Infantry Regiment, established in 1813. | |||
Regiment Limburgse Jagers | 42 Armoured Infantry Battalion | 1813 | Former 2nd, 6th and 11th Infantry Regiment, established in 1813. | |||
Regiment Van Heutsz |
12 Infantry Battalion | 1832 | Maintains traditions of the disbanded Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and the Netherlands Detachment United Nations which fought in the Korean War, established in 1832 although origins date back to 1814. | |||
Korps Nationale Reserve |
• 10 National Reserve Battalion • 20 National Reserve Battalion • 30 National Reserve Battalion |
1914 | Maintains traditions of the Volunteer Landstorm, established in 1914. | |||
Korps Commandotroepen | Korps Commandotroepen | 1942 | Successor to No. 2 (Dutch) Troop and Korps Speciale Troepen, established in 1942. | |||
Regiment Stoottroepen Prins Bernhard | 13 Infantry Battalion | 1944 | Established in 1944 by amalgation of several resistance groups. | |||
Regiment Infanterie Menno van Coehoorn | Disbanded | 1950 | Former 3rd Infantry Regiment, disbanded in 1997. | |||
Regiment Infanterie Chassé | Disbanded | 1950 | Former 7th and 10th Infantry Regiment, disbanded in 1995. | |||
Cavalry Arm | ||||||
Regiment Huzaren Van Boreel |
• 11 Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron • 42 Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron • 43 Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron • 104 JISTARC Reconnaissance Squadron |
1813 | Former 4th Hussars Regiment. Established in 1813 while its origins date back to 1585. – Reconnaissance/ISTAR | |||
Regiment Huzaren Prins Alexander | Disbanded | 1950 | Former 3rd Hussar Regiment, the regiment was disbanded in November 2007. The maintenance of regimental traditions was transferred to the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel. The regiment was permanently disbanded by royal decree on 2 June 2016. | |||
Regiment Huzaren Van Sytzama |
Disbanded | 1951 | Former 1st Hussar Regiment, disbanded in May 2011. The maintenance of regimental traditions was transferred to the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel. The regiment was formally re-established by royal decree on 2 June 2016. Disbanded 2020. | |||
Regiment Huzaren Prins van Oranje | Disbanded | 1979 | Former 2nd Hussar Regiment, disbanded in September 2012. The maintenance of regimental traditions was transferred to the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel. The regiment was formally re-established by royal decree on 2 June 2016. Disbanded 2020 | |||
Regiment Huzaren Prinses Catharina-Amalia | 4th Tank Company, 414 Tank Battalion | 2020 | The regiment was formally established by royal decree on 20 November 2020. At the same time Regiment Huzaren Prins Alexander, Regiment Huzaren Van Sytzama and Regiment Huzaren Prins van Oranje have been disbanded. | |||
Artillery Arm | ||||||
Korps Veldartillerie | • A Battery of 41 Artillery Battalion • B Battery of 41 Artillery Battalion • D Battery of 41 Artillery Battalion |
1677 | self-propelled howitzers .
| |||
Korps Rijdende Artillerie | • Staff Battery of 41 Artillery Battalion • C Battery of 41 Artillery Battalion |
1793 | Horse artillery corps, established in 1793. Currently operates 120mm Rayé Tracté heavy mortars. | |||
Korps Luchtdoelartillerie | 13th Air Defense Battery | 1917 | , and TRML systems. | |||
Engineer Arm | ||||||
Regiment Genietroepen | • 11 Engineer Company • 41 Armoured Engineer Battalion • 11 Armoured Engineer Battalion • 101 Engineer Battalion |
1748 | Established in 1748. | |||
Signals Arm | ||||||
Regiment Verbindingstroepen | • Command & Control Support Command • 102 Electronic Warfare Company |
1874 | Established in 1874. | |||
Information Manoeuvre Arm | ||||||
Korps Inlichtingen & Veiligheid Prinses Alexia | • Joint ISTAR Command • Defense Intelligence and Security Institute |
2020 | Established in 2020. Successor of 101 MI Coy (est. 1954). | |||
Korps Communicatie & Engagement Prinses Ariane | • 1 CMI Command |
2020 | Established in 2020. |
Infantry
Each infantry regiment of the Royal Netherlands Army consists of a single battalion. The current order of battle includes a total of seven infantry battalions – of these, two are classed as foot guards and the remainder as line infantry.[81]
The staff support companies of
Cavalry
The cavalry arm currently consists of two active regiments – the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel and the Regiment Huzaren Prinses Catharina-Amalia. One has responsibility for the army's active reconnaissance units, while the other has been formed as the parent regiment for units equipped with main battle tanks (MBTs).
Prior to 2012, the army also included full armoured regiments equipped with MBTs. One of these, the
In 2016, a
Services
The services (Dienstvakken) consist of the logistical service, which comprises four regiments, and four stand-alone support services. The Royal Netherlands Army consists of the following services and regiments:[79]
Uniforms
The Royal Netherlands Army uniform has multiple categories, ranging from ceremonial uniforms to combat dress to evening wear. In addition, the (special) service dress uniform and mess dress uniform can both be worn in a tropics colourway.[84]
There are four main uniform categories:
- Combat uniform
The
- Woodland: Further developed version of the British Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) camouflage pattern. Optimised for use in wooded terrain in Western Europe and the standard pattern for personnel in the Netherlands.
- Desert: Increasing amount of deployments in desert like environments, such as Iraq and Afghanistan, lead to the implementation of the Desert combat uniform. The desert combat uniform uses the regular combat uniform, while using the American Desert Camouflage Pattern.
- Jungle: The jungle combat uniform utilises the regular combat uniform, in a five-coloured camouflage pattern which is optimised for deployments in tropical environments. The jungle uniform is often used by personnel undergoing jungle training, and units stationed in the Dutch Caribbean.
- MultiCam: Since the regular combat uniform no longer always qualifies for contemporary operations, personnel deploying to foreign countries is provided with interim combat uniforms in the MultiCam camouflage pattern.[85] In addition, the Korps Commandotroepen has implemented uniforms in MultiCam as their standard uniform since 2017.[86] Regular units use the interim uniforms until combat clothing in the newly developed Netherlands Fractal Pattern is distributed, between 2020 and 2022.
- Service dress uniform
The
- Mess dress uniform
The
- Full dress uniform
Each regiment and corps within the army has its own full dress uniform (Ceremonieel tenue, CT), which is a traditional uniform that is worn during ceremonies and special occasions.
-
Soldier wearing the Field Artillery Corps ceremonial uniform during the firing of salute shots on Prinsjesdag.
-
Hussar of 414 Tank Battalion wearing a tank overall in the new Netherlands Fractal Pattern.
-
Jungle combat uniform worn by 11 Airmobile Brigade servicemen as part of the contingent in the Dutch Caribbean.
-
Standard combat uniform in the Disruptive Pattern Material camouflage pattern.
-
Knights of theMilitary William Order Kenneth Mayhew, Major Marco Kroon and Lieutenant Colonel Gijs Tuinman, the last both wearing the special dress uniform.
Military bands
In past eras, music was used as a means of communication on the battlefield, and today
- Royal Military Band "Johan Willem Friso"
- National Reserve Corps Fanfare Brass
- Regimental Fanfare Orchestra of the Grenadiers' and Rifles' Guards
- Fanfare Orchestra "Bereden Wapens" of the RNA Cavalry
Colours and standards
All regiments and corps are granted a colour (vaandel) or standard (standaard), including (since 2002) the artillery corps, which at the time was a breach with tradition. The colours and standards form the embodiment of the history and character of the respective regiment or corps. The standards are smaller in size because of a historical reason: horseback units would often struggle with the large sized poles of the regular colours, and therefore chose to wield a shorter version. To this day, the mounted units of the Royal Netherland Army, such as cavalry, field artillery and horse artillery, use the smaller sized standards. The Royal Marechaussee, which used to be a mounted unit of the Royal Netherlands Army, owns a standard as well.[88]
In contrast to the functional use of colours and standards in the past, during which they served as landmarks on the battlefield, their contemporary role has been greatly reduced. Nonetheless, they continue to play an important role during various military ceremonies. For example, soldiers swear the oath of enlistment while holding the respective colour or standard. Moreover, the colours and standards constitute an important connection between military units and the
Ranks and insignia
The ranks of the Royal Netherlands were established by royal decree of
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | Student officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Netherlands Army[90] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generaal
|
Luitenant-generaal | Generaal-majoor | Brigadegeneraal | Kolonel | Luitenant-kolonel | Majoor | Ritmeester
|
Eerste luitenant | Tweede luitenant |
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
NATO rank scale | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Netherlands Army[90] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjudant-onderofficier | Sergeant-majoor/ Opperwachtmeester |
Sergeant der 1e klasse/ Wachtmeester der 1e klasse |
Sergeant/ Wachtmeester |
Korporaal der 1e klasse | Korporaal | Soldaat/ Huzaar/ Kanonier der 1e klasse |
Soldaat/ Huzaar/ Kanonier der 2e klasse |
Soldaat/ Huzaar/ Kanonier der 3e klasse |
Equipment
Infantry
The Royal Netherlands Army's basic weapon is the
Sniper groups (Schutter Lange Afstand) are equipped with
Armor
The army's
Artillery and air defence
The
(Protected) mobility
For environments that require protection against
Engineers and utility
Engineer regiments employ several specialist engineering vehicles based on
Unmanned vehicles
Multiple types of
-
Defenture VECTOR
-
Colt C8NLD
See also
- Military ranks of the Dutch armed forces
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