Royal Netherlands Navy

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Royal Netherlands Navy
Koninklijke Marine
Emblem of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Founded8 January 1488; 536 years ago (1488-01-08)
Country Kingdom of the Netherlands
TypeNavy
Size7,508 Active military personnel (2021)[1]
  • 40 other ships
    • 19 helicopters: NH-90
    Part of
    Patrol
    		NH90

    The Royal Netherlands Navy (Dutch: Koninklijke Marine) is the naval force of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[2] It is one of the four Netherlands Armed Forces.[3] It was founded on 8 January 1488,[4] making it the third-oldest naval force in the world.

    During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Franco-Dutch War, and wars against Spain and several other European powers. The Batavian Navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars, though mostly dominated by French interests.

    After the establishment of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, it served an important role in protecting

    Dutch colonial rule, especially in Southeast Asia, and would play a minor role in World War II, especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy
    . Since World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in expeditionary peacekeeping operations. It often participates in European Union and NATO operations.

    Ship prefixes

    An international prefix for ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy is HNLMS (His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship).

    better source needed] The Netherlands navy itself uses the prefixes Zr.Ms. (Dutch: Zijner Majesteits, lit. 'His Majesty's') when a King is on the throne, and Hr.Ms. (Dutch: Harer Majesteits, lit. 'Her Majesty's') when there is a Queen. This happens automatically at end of the monarch's reign.[6]

    History

    Main article: Naval history of the Netherlands

    The modern Netherlands Navy dates its founding to a "statute of admiralty" issued by Maximilian, King of the Romans and his son Philip the Fair, the ruler of Burgundian lands (a minor at that time) on 8 January 1488.[7][a]

    Netherlands Golden Age

    The Battle of Scheveningen in 1653 during the First Anglo-Dutch War

    The Netherlands navy was involved in several wars against other European powers from the late 16th century, initially for independence against Spain in European waters, later for shipping lanes, trade and colonies in many parts of the world, notably in four

    Friesland and Zeeland), each with its own ships, personnel, shipyards, command structures and revenues.[8]

    World War II

    HNLMS Java, ca. 1941
    Elements of the Royal Netherlands Navy on manoeuvres, 1936
    Piet de Jong, commanding officer of HNLMS Gelderland in 1958

    At the start of WW2 the Dutch had five cruisers, eight destroyers, 24 submarines, and smaller vessels, along with 50 aircraft. The Netherlands was conquered in 1940 by Nazi Germany in a matter of days, and two Dutch light cruisers and one destroyer leader and three destroyers that were under construction were captured in their shipyard.

    For the rest of the war, the Dutch navy was based in

    D-Day, they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets. Dutch submarines scored some victories, including one on a Kriegsmarine U-boat U-95 in the Mediterranean Sea, which was sunk by O 21
    , but during the war the Dutch Navy suffered heavy losses, particularly in the Pacific Theatre.

    A small force of submarines based in Western Australia sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks after Japan joined the war than the entire British and American navies together during the same period, an exploit which earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich".[9] The aggressive pace of operations against the Japanese was a contributing factor to both the heavy losses sustained and the greater number of successes scored as compared to the British and Americans in the region.

    But during the relentless Japanese offensive of February through April 1942 in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch navy in Asia was virtually annihilated, particularly in the

    Long Lance-torpedo, with which the cruiser Haguro sank the light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter.[11]

    Netherlands New Guinea

    After the war, the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies changed dramatically. The establishment of the

    Republic of Indonesia
    , two days after the Japanese surrender, thwarted the Dutch plans for restoring colonial authority. After four years of conflict the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia.

    Part of the Dutch Navy was next stationed in

    Indonesian government in 1962. This followed a campaign of infiltrations by the Indonesian National Armed Forces, supported by modern equipment from the Soviet Union, that was nevertheless successfully repulsed by the Dutch navy. These infiltrations took place after the order of President Sukarno
    to integrate the territory as an Indonesian province.

    European Union cooperation

    The Navy has participated in joint European Union naval operations and exercises. Ten separate Dutch vessels have contributed to the EU Naval Force Operation Atalanta, combating Somali piracy forces in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean since 2009. The last vessel was sent in 2018; since then the Navy has only contributed staff and advisors to the mission.[12][13]

    NATO cooperation

    Standing NRF Maritime Group 1 in 2007 with HNLMS Evertsen
    second from the right

    With the creation of the

    North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the military focus was on the army and air force; it was not until the Korean War (1950–53) that the navy got more recognition. The government allowed the creation of a balanced fleet consisting of two naval squadrons. Apart from the aircraft carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman the Dutch navy consisted of two light cruisers (two De Zeven Provinciën class), 12 destroyers (four Holland class, eight Friesland class), eight submarines, six frigates (van Speijk-class frigates), and a considerable number of minesweepers
    .

    As a member of

    Standing Naval Force Atlantic
    .

    Structure

    Vice-Admiral René Tas is the current Commander of the Royal Netherlands Navy.

    The constituent parts of the Royal Netherlands Navy are:

    Naval squadron

    Contains all surface combatants, replenishment ships, and amphibious support ships.

    Submarine service

    Main article: Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service

    Houses the submarines and a support vessel.

    Mine Detection and Clearing Service

    Main article: Mine Service

    Contains various minehunters.

    Hydrographic Survey

    The Dienst der Hydrografie (Hydrographic Service) is responsible for relevant hydrographic surveys.

    Naval aviation

    Main article: Netherlands Naval Aviation Service

    Two squadrons equipped with NH90 helicopter based at De Kooy Airfield.

    Netherlands Marine Corps

    Main article: Netherlands Marine Corps

    Netherlands & Dutch Caribbean Coastguard

    Although the Netherlands Coastguard is not an official part of the Navy, it is under its operational control. Also the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard is under the operational control of the Navy and is commanded by the commander of the Navy in the Caribbean.


    Coastguard aircraft
    Aircraft Origin Type Coastguard Base In service Notes
    Patrol Aircraft
    Bombardier Dash 8 MPA
    		 Canada SAR / patrol Schiphol - The Netherlands 2[14]
    Bombardier Dash 8 MPA
    		 Canada SAR / patrol HATO - Curaçao Dutch Caribbean 2
    AgustaWestland AW169 Italy SAR / transport HATO - Curaçao Dutch Caribbean 2
    AgustaWestland AW189 Italy SAR Den Helder & Midden Zeeland - The Netherlands 3[15] operated by
    Bristow Group

    Bases

    The main naval base, Nieuwe Haven Naval Base is situated in Den Helder, North Holland. Secondary bases are situated around Den Helder, as well as in Amsterdam, and Willemstad on the Caribbean island of (Curaçao), Usage rights are also in place for port facilities in Rotterdam, Vlissingen and Eemshaven. The Netherlands Marine Corps has barracks in Rotterdam, Doorn, Texel and Den Helder, as well as in the Caribbean at Suffisant on Curaçao, and Savaneta on Aruba.[16][17]

    Officer training

    Officers of the Nederland Navy are trained at the Royal Naval Institute (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine), which is part of the Netherlands defence academy (Nederlandse Defensie Academie) in Den Helder.[18] Around 100–120 people start training every year.

    Equipment

    Ships

    Main article: List of active Royal Netherlands Navy ships

    The Royal Netherlands Navy currently operates 7 main classes of vessels: Note: in the Royal Netherlands Navy frigates are interchangeable with destroyers as there is no separate class

    Type ship Defensenote 1974 Defensenote 1984 Priority Document 1993 Navy study 2005 Economize 2011 Defensenote 2018
    LC frigates 4 4 4
    M frigates 4 8 8 2 2 2
    GW frigates 2 2 2
    L frigates 1 2 2
    S frigates 12 10 6
    MLM frigates 6
    Frigates 25 22 18 6 6 6
    Patrol ships 4 4 4
    Submarine 6 6 4 4 4 4
    Supply ships 2 2 2 1 1
    LPD 1 2 2 2
    JSS 1 1 1
    Minehunters 15 15 15 10 6 6
    Minesweepers 11 11
    Total ships 59 56 40 28 23 24
    LRMP Aircraft 21 13 13
    Helicopters 36 30 20 20 20 20
    Total aircraft 57 43 33 20 20 20

    The Royal Netherlands Navy classifies the De Zeven Provinciën-class as frigates, but internationally they are most comparable to destroyers (due to their size and weapon capability) platform for Sea Based Anti-Ballistic Missile defence

    Naval aviation – maritime helicopters

    Royal Netherlands Navy NH-90 NFH at De Kooy Naval Air Station

    Since the retirement of the Westland Lynx, the Royal Netherlands Air Force fills the gap of the Lynx's amphibious task with Airbus AS-532U2 Cougar helicopters. The Cougar's main task is to support the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps on board of the LPD's and JSS. Other tasks are to provide Medical air transport to and from these ships, but also support SOF units in amphibious missions and trainings.

    In 2012 an Boeing AH-64 Apache attack helicopter from the Royal Netherlands Air Force made a deck landing on board HNLMS Rotterdam for the first time as part of an initial study into the possibilities for wider use of the helicopters as these will be upgraded to the AH-64E standard which has specific features for maritime operations.

    The Dutch amphibious support ship

    Chinook helicopters
    but still require additional anti corrosion measures (part of the ongoing upgrade of the CH-47F).

    Autonomous underwater vehicles

    Vehicles

    Name Origin Type Number Photo Notes
    Defenture VECTOR
    		  Netherlands Multipurpose wheeled vehicle 75 Used by Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces.[21]
    DAF YAM 4442  Netherlands Truck Unknown Phased replacement with new Scania trucks.
    Bushmaster  Australia Infantry mobility vehicle 20
    Leopard 1 BARV  Germany
     Netherlands     		Beach armoured recovery vehicle 4 Recovery vehicle built on a Leopard 1 tank.
    Bv 206S  Sweden Armoured personnel carrier 96 156 originally purchased. 96 vehicles have been given a mid-life update, the rest of the vehicles have been cannibalised, sold or disposed of.
    BvS10
    		  Sweden Armoured personnel carrier 74 74 vehicles in use. 46 personnel carriers, 20 command vehicles, 4 recovery vehicles and 4 ambulances. The Vikings are part of the Armoured All Terrain Vehicle (AATV) Troops.
    Scania R-series  Sweden Palletized Load System Unknown Various versions in use.
    DMV Anaconda 4x4  Italy
     Netherlands     		Off-road vehicle 60 Non-armoured vehicle based on an Iveco Daily chassis, modified by Dutch Military Vehicles (DMV) for use by marines. 46 vehicles in use in the Dutch Caribbean, 14 vehicles in use with the Anti-Armour Troop.
    Volkswagen Amarok  Germany Off-road vehicle 194 Non-armoured vehicles, replacement of the Mercedes-Benz 290GD.
    Land Rover Defender 110XD  United Kingdom Off-road vehicle 140 Non-armoured vehicle, to be replaced by new armoured vehicles in 2023.

    Weaponry

    Name Type Caliber Notes
    L16 Mortar 81mm
    M6 C-640 Mortar 60mm mortar
    Colt Canada C7NLD
    		 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO
    Colt Canada C8NLD
    		 Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO
    Heckler & Koch HK416 Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO
    Glock 17M
    		 Pistol 9×19mm Parabellum
    FN MAG General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm
    M2HB-QCB
    		 Heavy machine gun .50 BMG
    Accuracy International AWM Sniper rifle .338 Lapua Magnum
    Barrett M82A1
    		 Anti-materiel rifle .50 BMG
    FN P90 Personal defense weapon
    FN 5.7x28mm
    Mossberg M590A1
    		 Shotgun
    12 gauge
    Panzerfaust 3
    Anti-tank weapon
    GILL
    Anti-tank weapon

    Inventory

    In 2023 the fleet of the Royal Netherlands Navy consists of these ships:

    Class Photo Type Number Dates Details
    Walrus class Submarine 3 1994 Multi-purpose diesel-electric powered hunter-killer submarines for deep ocean, brown water & special forces operations. SLEP 2015–2019, two being phased out early (Walrus decommissioned in 2023); entire class to be replaced by 4 new subs starting in 2034.[22][23][24][25]
    De Zeven Provinciën class Frigate 4 2002 Mainly anti-air warfare with BMD capability with extensive command & communication facilities.
    Karel Doorman class Frigate 2 1994 8 initially built for the Royal Netherlands Navy, pairs of ships subsequently sold to the Belgian, Portuguese and Chilean navies. Belgian and Dutch M-Class frigates recently received extensive upgrades such as an extended helicopter deck and new advanced sensors and improvements in stealthiness. Will be replaced in Dutch- & Belgian Navy in 2028–2030
    Holland class
    Offshore patrol vessel
    		 4 2011 Ocean patrols
    Alkmaar class Minehunter 5 1989 Originally a class of 15 ships, will be replaced starting 2025[26]2 will be donated to Ukraine Navy in 2024 and 2025
    Karel Doorman class
    		 Joint logistic support ship 1 2014 Combined amphibious operations/seabased helicopter platform & fleet replenishing, capable of supporting CH-47/AH-64/NH-90 operations
    Rotterdam & Johan de Witt class Landing platform dock 2 1998/2007 Troop & equipment transport, helicopter platform with command & communication & hospital facilities.
    Cerberus class Diving support vessel 4 1992 Multi-purpose diving support vessels & harbour protection, will be replaced by 2026
    Soemba class Diving support vessel 1 1989 Diving training- & support vessel, will be replaced 2026
    Pelikaan class Multi-purpose logistic support vessel 1 2006 Multi-purpose logistic & amphibious support vessel based in Dutch Caribbean, will be replaced in 2030
    Mercuur class
    		 Submarine support vessel 1 1987 Submarine support vessel & MCM command, upgraded in 2017 and will be replaced in 2028
    Snellius class Hydrographic survey vessel 2 2004 Multi-purpose hydrographic survey vessel, will be replaced in 2030
    Van Kinsbergen Training Vessel Training Vessel 1 1999 Training vessel, will be replaced in 2026
    Geosea Mine countermeasures vessel 1 2020 Civilian ship that the RNN leased from the company N-Sea to test, and make personnel familiar with, components of the new Mine Countermeasures-toolbox that will be used on the future Vlissingen class.[27][28][29]
    Damen StanPatrol 2005 Training & Patrol 3 2014 Multifunctional ships
    Noordzee class Coastal & Harbour Tug 3 2016 Damen ASD2810 Hybrid

    The total tonnage will be approx. 140,000 tonnes. Next to these ships a lot of other smaller vessels remain in the navy.

    With these changes the Royal Netherlands Navy will have 10 large oceangoing vessels ranging from medium/low to high combat action ships. The renewed Dutch Navy will be a green-water navy, having enough frigates and auxiliaries to operate far out at sea, while depending on land-based air support, and, with the large amphibious squadron, they will have significant brown-water navy capabilities.

    Future changes

    Main article: Future of the Royal Netherlands Navy

    In April 2018, the Dutch Government approved a multi-year investment program and allocated funds for the 2018–2030 period, including;

    • The
      Naval Group (SSK version of Barracuda) proposal. In 2019 the S-80 option was dropped, originally with plans to place an order for the winning design in 2022 and having the first boat in service in 2028 and the first two by 2031.[30][24] However, in October 2021 it was reported that this timeline was no longer feasible. Instead, the Dutch Ministry of Defence signalled that the envisaged dates would have to be "substantially adjusted".[25] In April 2022 it was announced that the revised schedule for the construction of the new replacement boats would likely see the first two replacement vessels entering service in the 2034 to 2037 timeframe.[22] On 15 March 2024 State Secretary for Defence Christophe van der Maat officially announced that Naval Group has been selected as the winning bid.[31]
    • Upgrading the De Zeven Provinciën-class LCF frigates Theatre Ballistic Missile Defense, acquisition of RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3), a new OtoMelara 127/64 LW canon, ESSM-2 and SLCM BGM-109 Tomahawk and expanding the Mk41 VLS with an additional 8 cell unit.[32]
    • Replacement of the
      Future Surface Combatant
      for more information.
    • Replacement of the 6 Alkmaar-class MCM ships from 2025[26] including MCM Drones. 6 units each will be built for both the Belgian and Dutch navies for a total of 12 ships.[34] The contract was won by Naval Group on 15 March 2019 for the construction of 12 City-class mine countermeasures vessels.[35][36]
    • Increasing the size of the
      Royal Netherlands Marine Corps
      to remain highly integrated with the British Royal Marines. In 2017 the Ministry of Defence announced the formation of a Fleet Marine Squadron for the protection of merchant ships.
    • In June 2023, the British and Dutch governments announced that the two countries would "explore opportunities" to jointly develop new specialist amphibious warships which for the Royal Netherlands Navy would likely replace the Rotterdam-class landing platform docks.[37]
    • The German Navy Seebatallion (Marines) will be integrated into the
      Royal Netherlands Marine Corps
      .
    • Cooperation with the German Navy regarding Submarine & Amphibious Operations.
    • Acquisition of a new Combat Support Ship to replace the former Zr.Ms. Amsterdam, designed & build by Damen Shipyards.[38] This ship will be based on the JSS Karel Doorman design to improve type commonality (architecture & components) and is expected to be delivered in 2024.[39] The ship will be named Zr.Ms. Den Helder after the city of Den Helder, with the pennant A834. First steel was cut in December 2020[40] and the ship was launched in October 2022.[41]
    • Replacement of Zr.Ms. Mercuur, Zr.Ms. Pelikaan, the four diving support vessels, the diving training vessel Zr.MS. Soemba, the hydographic vessels Zr.Ms. Snellius en Zr.Ms. Luymes and the training vessel Van Kinsbergen from 2024 onwards.
    • Acquisition of new landing craft from 2025 with additional capacity to support amphibious operations and the integration of the German Navy Marines (Seebatallion). In March 2023, a report to the Dutch Parliament outlined a plan for 12 Littoral Assault Craft (LAC) and 8 Littoral Craft Mobility (LCM) to replace the 12 existing light landing craft (Landing Craft Vehicles and Personnel - LCVP) and improve on their capability.[42]
    • Main Naval Ship Based Weapons will be replaced by acquiring ESSM-2, new 127mm canons, Harpoon ASuW replacement, SM-3, SM-2 IIIC SAM, Goalkeeper CIWS replacement, MK 46 & MK 48 Torpedo replacement and SLCM.

    Theater ballistic missile defence

    Together with the United States and several other NATO members, the Dutch Navy is testing and updating its ships for Tactical ballistic missile defense capability. Although tests conducted concerning the capability of the APAR (Active Phased Array Radar) have been very successful, in 2018 the Dutch Government approved plans to acquire the SM-3 missiles for integration into the existing weapon suite of the LCF frigates. The four LCF ships will be fitted out with eight SM-3 missiles each (they are provisioned for this VLS extension) through Foreign Military Sales (under discussion between the US and The Netherlands).

    Historic ships

    Surviving historic ships


    Ranks and insignia

    Officers
    NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
     Royal Netherlands Navy[43]
    Luitenant-Admiraal
         		Vice-Admiraal
    Schout-bij-Nacht
         		Commandeur Kapitein ter zee Kapitein-luitenant ter zee Luitenant ter zee der 1ste klasse Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse oudste categorie Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse Luitenant ter zee der 3de klasse
    Abbreviation (stnd) LAdm VAdm SBN Cdr KTZ KLTZ LTZ1 LTZ2OC LTZ2 LTZ3 SgtADB KplADB ADB


    Enlisted ranks
    NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
     Royal Netherlands Navy[43]
    Adjudant onderofficer/
    Opperschipper     		Sergeant-majoor/
    Schipper     		Sergeant/
    Bootsman     		Korporaal/
    Kwartiermeester     		Matroos/
    Marinier der 1e klasse     		Matroos/
    Marinier der 2e klasse     		Matroos/
    Marinier der 3e klasse

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ This is also the date accepted by Wragg.[44] Richard Ernest Dupuy and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy consider this as the founding date of the administrative foundations of the Dutch navy.[45] Sicking opines that the 1488 Ordinance marked a departure point from previous policies by establishing a centralized structure, although the objectives of the Ordinance initially could not be carried out because of strong opposition and unfavourable political climate (for example, the first central Admiral, Philip of Cleves, sided with the rebels against Maximilian since 1488). The situation improved with the appointment of Philip of Burgundy-Beveren in 1491, and especially since the tenures of Adolf and Maximilian of Burgundy. A true permanent central navy only emerged after the 1550-1555 period, under the governorship of Mary of Hungary, with Cornelis de Schepper also playing a major role.[46][47][48][49] Jaap R. Bruijn traces the origins of an independent Dutch navy to the early stages of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) while the formation of a "national" navy is dated to the establishment of the Dutch Republic in 1597.[50]

    Citations

    1. ^ "Aantallen personeel". defensie.nl (in Dutch). 1 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
    2. ^ "The Royal Netherlands Navy in Focus". Government of the Netherlands. November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
    3. ^ Defensie, Ministerie van (13 February 2014). "Organisation - Defensie.nl". english.defensie.nl. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
    4. ^ Defensie, Ministerie van (16 September 2019). "Geschiedenis marine - Koninklijke Marine - Defensie.nl". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
    5. ^ "List of Acronyms Preceding the Name of a Ship". Corporation of Lower St. Lawrence Pilots. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
    6. Volkskrant
      . 29 January 2013.
    7. ^ "Geschiedenis marine". defensie.nl. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
    8. ^ Rodger, N. A. M. (2004) Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. Penguin Books, London; pp. 9–10
    9. ^ "World Battlefronts: Dutchman's Chance". Time. 23 February 1942. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
    10. ^ Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The War at Sea". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign, 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
    11. ^ Dr. L. de Jong, Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Dutch), 14 parts, part 11a-I-second half, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1975
    12. ^ "European Union Naval Force Operation ATALANTA". eunavfor.eu. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
    13. ^ "Missie in Somalië – Antipiraterij" [Mission in Somalia – Anti-piracy]. Defensie.nl (Ministry of Defence). Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
    14. ^ "Eerste nieuwe Kustwachtvliegtuig aangekomen - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl". 10 September 2022.
    15. ^ @Nicole_Kuipers3 (28 October 2022). "De nieuwe SAR-helikopters van @kustwacht_nl zijn aangekomen op Den Helder Airport! Voordat ze operationeel worden,…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
    16. ^ "Locaties Defensie". Defensie.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Defensie. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
    17. ^ "Eenheden en locaties". Defensie.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Defensie. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
    18. ^ "Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine". defensie.nl. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
    19. ^ "Royal Netherlands Navy Takes Delivery of a Mission Planning System for the NH90 NFH Fleet". 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
    20. ^ "RNLN Integrates SeeByte's Neptune into its AUVs". marinetechnologynews.com. Marine Technology News. 28 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
    21. ^ "Vector-terreinwagen (SOF)". www.defensie.nl. Ministerie van Defensie. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
    22. ^ a b c "Netherlands to extend the life of Walrus class submarines". 3 April 2022.
    23. ^ a b "Dutch Navy Walrus-class submarine replacement project in progress". June 2021.
    24. ^ a b Gain, Nathan (8 November 2019). "Another short delay for the Dutch Navy Walrus-class submarine replacement program".
    25. ^ a b "Netherlands' Walrus-Class Submarine Replacement Program Facing Delays". 31 October 2021.
    26. ^ a b "First Steel Cutting Ceremony for Dutch-Belgian MCM program". 20 July 2021.
    27. ^ Robbie Warmerdam (14 February 2020). "Marine tekent contract voor civiel testschip voor mijnenbestrijding". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch).
    28. ^ "MV Geosea onderdeel van de marinevloot". Stichting Regio omroep Noordkop (in Dutch). 5 March 2020.
    29. ^ Martin Manaranche (23 August 2021). "Royal Netherlands Navy Started Evaluation of its Future Mine Warfare Toolbox". Naval News.
    30. ^ Kuper, Stephen (10 January 2020). "Dutch Navy confirms three corner fight for future sub program". www.defenceconnect.com.au.
    31. ^ "Bouw nieuwe onderzeeboten voorlopig gegund aan Naval" (in Dutch). Dutch Ministry of Defense. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
    32. ^ "Defensie zet in op meer maritieme slagkracht en inzetbaarheid - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl". 17 May 2023.
    33. ^ "Dutch MoD clears path for the M-frigates replacement, expects delays". 24 June 2020.
    34. ^ a b Marine krijgt nieuwe schepen, Dutch Ministry of Defence, 3 May 2018, archived from the original on 3 May 2018, retrieved 3 May 2018
    35. ^ "France's Naval Group clinches Belgian-Dutch minehunter replacement contract". Naval Today. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
    36. ^ Scott, Richard (15 March 2019). "Naval Group team selected for BE/NL MCM programme". Jane's 360. London. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
    37. ^ "UK and Netherlands to explore opportunities around new ships for amphibious operations". Royal Navy. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
    38. ^ Karremann, Jaime. "Marine wil bevoorrader 'in de geest van Zr.Ms. Amsterdam'". marineschepen.nl. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
    39. ^ Karremann, Jaime. "Nieuw bevoorradingsschip komt in 2022". marineschepen.nl. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
    40. ^ "First steel cuts of Combat Support Ship CSS den Helder for Dutch Navy Netherlands".
    41. ^ "Damen "Launches" Royal Netherlands Navy's Combat Support Ship". Naval News. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
    42. ^ "Dutch marines to procure 20 new landing craft to replace LCVPs". Janes. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
    43. ^ a b "De rangonderscheidingstekens van de krijgsmacht" (PDF) (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence (Netherlands). 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    44. ISBN 978-1-78303-558-8
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    45. ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    46. ISBN 978-90-04-13850-6
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    47. ISBN 978-90-04-16429-1
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    48. ISBN 978-1-84832-157-1
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    49. ISBN 978-3-593-50979-2
      . Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    50. ^ Jaap R. Bruijn, "Dutch Navy" in Bruce, Anthony & Cogar, William (editors) An Encyclopedia of Naval History. Facts on File, New York. 1998; p. 121

    References

    External links

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