Dvaravati

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This article is about a historical Mon kingdom. For the Dvaravati in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, see Dvārakā.
Dvaravati Kingdom
6th–11th century
Dharmacakra), art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th century CE.
Buddha, art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th-9th century CE.
Bronze double denarius of the Gallic Roman emperor Victorinus (269-271 AD) found at U Thong, Thailand.
Khao Khlang Nai was a Buddhist sanctuary. The central stupa, rectangular in shape and oriented toward the east, is characteristic of dvaravati architectural style, dated back around 6th-7th century CE.
Khao Khlang Nok, was an ancient Dvaravati-style stupa in Si Thep, dated back around 8th-9th century CE, at present, it is large laterite base.
Capital
Religion
Buddhism, Hinduism
Historical era6th-11th century
• Established
6th
• Disestablished
11th century
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mon city-states
Lavo
Hariphunchai
Ayutthaya
Suphanabhumi
Ku Bua, (Dvaravati culture), 650-700 C.E.. Three musicians in right are playing (from center) a 5-stringed lute, cymbals, a tube zither or bar zither
with a gourd resonator.

Dvaravati (Mon: ဒွါရဝတဳ) was an ancient Mon political principality from the 6th century to the 11th century that was located in the region now known as central Thailand.[3]: 234  It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named To-lo-po-ti situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia) and to the east of Sri Ksetra (Burma).[4]: 76 [5]: 37  Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration of principalities of Mon people. Archaeological research over the past two decades or so has revealed the presence of a "Proto-Dvaravati" period which spans the 4th to 5th centuries, and perhaps earlier.[2]

Dvaravati lost its importance after the rise of the Angkor in the lower Mekong basin around the 11th–13th centuries. In the 14th century, one of its main principalities, Si Thep, was almost left abandoned, while the remaining was split into the city-state confederation of Suphannabhumi in the west and the Lavo Kingdom in the east. However, a new kingdom, Ayutthaya, was subsequently founded southward on the bank of the Chao Phraya River in 1351, as the succeeded state,[1] as its capital's full name referred to the Kingdom of Dvaravati; Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya (Thai: กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา).[6][7][8][9] All former Dvaravati principalities, Lavo, the northern cities of the Sukhothai Kingdom, and Suphannabhumi, was later incorporated to the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1388, 1438, and the mid-15 century, respectively.[10]: 274 

According to an inscription on a bronze gun acquired by the Burmese in 1767, when Ayuthia, Siam's capital at the time, fell to an invading Burmese force, the Burmese still referred to Ayutthaya as Dvaravati.[11] Several genetic studies published in the 2020s also founded the relations between the Mon people and Siamese people (Central Thai people) who were the descendants of the Ayutthaya.[12][13]

History

The culture of Dvaravati was based around moated cities, the earliest of which appears to be

Hariphunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century, when it was incorporated into Lan Na.[15]

The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in

śrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit word dvāravatī literally means "that which has gates".[16]
: 301 

The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However, the results from excavations in

Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and many others.[18][19]

Government

Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering of

Si Thep.[16]
: 303–312 

Rulers

The excavation in several sites found silver coins dated the 7th century that mentioned the king and queen of the kingdom written in Sanskrit with Pallava script: śrīdvaravatīsvarapunya (King Sridvaravati, who has great merit) and śrīdvaravatīsvaradevīpuṇya (the goddess of the meritorious King Dvaravati).[20] In addition, the copper plate dating from the 6th–mid 7th centuries found at U Thong also mentions King Harshavarman (หรรษวรมัน), who was assumed by Jean Boisselier to be one of the kings of Dvaravati, while George Cœdès considered the plate was brought from the Khmer Empire, and the name mentioned might be the Khmer king as well.[21] However, the periods seem unrelated since King Harshavarman I of Khmer reigned from 910–923, 200 years later than the age of the inscription,[22][23] and Harshavarman I's grandfather was Indravarman I,[24][25][26] not Isanavarman as the inscription mentioned.[21]

Moreover, the inscription found in Ban Wang Pai, Phetchabun province (K. 978), dated 550 CE, also mentions the enthronement of the Dvaravati ruler, who was also a son of Prathivindravarman, father of Bhavavarman I of Chenla, which shows the royal lineage relation between Dvaravati and Chenla. However, the name of such a king was missing.[27] The other king was mentioned in the Nern Phra Ngam inscription, found in Nakhon Pathom province, dated mid 5th – mid 6th centuries CE but the name was missing as well.[28]

The following is a list of rulers of Dvaravati.

Order Name Reign Note Ref.
Romanized Thai
— Rulers before Chakravantin's reign are still unknown.
01 Chakravantin จักรวรรติน Unknown Also father of Prathivindravarman [27]
02 Prathivindravarman ปฤถิวีนทรวรมัน ?–550 Also father of Bhavavarman I of Chenla [27]
03 Unknown 550–? Son of Prathivindravarman [27]
04 Unknown c. 6th century [28]
05 Isanavarman อีสานวรมัน c. late 6th century [21]
06 Harshavarman หรรษวรมัน c. late 6th–mid 7th centuries Unrelated to the Ankorian king, Harshavarman I [21]
07 Suryavikrama 673–688 [4]: 86 
08 Harivikrama 688-695 [4]: 86 
09 Sihavikrama 695-718 [4]: 86 
— Rulers between 718 to 949 are still unknown
10 Vap Upendra วาป อุเปนทร 949-? Ancestor of Rajendravarman II of Ankor [28]

Art

Main article: Dvaravati art

Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced by

cymbals.[16]
: 306–308 

References

  1. ^ a b "หลักฐานฟ้อง! ทำไมจึงเชื่อได้ว่า "ศรีเทพ" คือศูนย์กลางทวารวดี". www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  2. ^
    S2CID 163844418
    .
  3. ^ Grant Evans (2014). "The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A Re-orientation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^
    OCLC 961876784.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  5. ^ Indrawooth, Phasook. Dvaravati: Early Buddhist Kingdom in Central Thailand (PDF).
  6. ^ Boeles, J.J. (1964). "The King of Sri Dvaravati and His Regalia" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 52 (1): 102–103. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  7. ^ Pongsripian, Winai (1983). Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline (PDF) (PhD). University of Bristol. p. 21. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  8. JSTOR 41559979
    . Retrieved 13 April 2023. TA-HTAUNG TA_YA HNIT-HSE SHIT-KHU DWARAWATI THEIN YA - 1128 year (= 1766 A.D) obtained at the conquest of Dwarawati (= Siam). One may note that in that year the Burmese invaded Siam and captured Ayutthaya, the capital, in 1767.
  9. ^ JARUDHIRANART, Jaroonsak (2017). THE INTERPRETATION OF SI SATCHANALAI (Thesis). Silpakorn University. p. 31. Retrieved 13 April 2023. Ayutthaya, they still named the kingdom after its former kingdom as "Krung Thep Dvaravati Sri Ayutthaya".
  10. ^ ฉันทัส เพียรธรรม (2017). "Synthesis of Suphannabhume historical Knowledge in Suphanburi Province by Participatory Process" (PDF) (in Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Bronze Gun - 12-pounder bronze Siamese - about early 18th century". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  12. PMID 33905512
    .
  13. PMID 29483671. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ^ "The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-central Southeast asia". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  15. ^ David K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo. The Chiang Mai Chronicle, p.33
  16. ^
    ISBN 9786167339443
  17. ^ Glover, I. (2011). The Dvaravati Gap-Linking Prehistory and History in Early Thailand. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 79-86.
  18. S2CID 53315185
    .
  19. Bangkok post
    . Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  20. ^ "จารึกเหรียญเงินทวารวดี (เมืองดงคอน 3)". sac.or.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d "จารึกแผ่นทองแดง" (PDF). finearts.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  22. ^ "Book Review: Voices from S-21" Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. The American Historical Review (October 2002).
  23. ^ SBS French program. Special Broadcasting Service (December 10, 2007).
  24. ^ Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (2009). A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia. In collaboration with Karl-Heinz Golzio. Center for Khmer Studies.
  25. ^ Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by Upendra Thakur. Page 37.
  26. ISBN 2-85539-617-4
    .
  27. ^ a b c d "จารึกบ้านวังไผ่". db.sac.or.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  28. ^ a b c Supitchar Jindawattanaphum (2020). "Evidences of Governors and Aristocrats' Existences in Dvaravati Period" (PDF) (in Thai). Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

Further reading

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