Haplogroup E-V68
Haplogroup E-V68 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | c. 24,000 BP E-M78,[4] E-V1039 |
Defining mutations | V68, L539, PF2203[4] |
Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major
E-V68 is dominated by its longer-known subclade
Origins
E-M78, like its parent clade E-V68, is thought to have an African origin. Based on genetic
Prior to Cruciani et al. (2007), Semino et al. (2004) had proposed a place of origin for E-M78 further south in East Africa. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region of Ethiopia. However, Cruciani et al. (2007) were able to study more data, and concluded that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were dominated by relatively recent branches (see E-V32 below). They concluded that the region of Egypt was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity".
Cruciani et al. (2007) also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. Because Cruciani et al. (2007) also proposed that E-M35, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the Palaeolithic and subsequently spread to the region of Egypt. E-M78 in East Africa, is therefore the result of a back migration. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago".
Another probable migration to the south from Egypt was noted by Hassan et al. (2008) based upon their survey of Sudan. Specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".
Northwards from Egypt and Libya, E-M78 migrated into the Middle East, but additionally Trombetta et al. (2011) proposed that the earlier E-V68 carrying population may have migrated by sea directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, because they observed cases of E-V68* (without the M78 mutation) only in Sardinia, and not in the Middle Eastern samples. Concerning E-M78, like other forms of E-V68 there is evidence of multiple routes of expansion out of an African homeland.
On the other hand, while there were apparently direct migrations from North Africa to Iberia and Southern Italy (of people carrying E-V68*, E-V12, E-V22, and E-V65), the majority of E-M78 lineages found in Europe belong to the E-V13 subclade which appears to have entered Europe at some time undetermined from the Near East, where it apparently originated, via the Balkans.
Coming to similar conclusions as the Cruciani and Trombetta team,
The division of E-V68 into sub-clades such as E-V12, E-V13, etc. has largely been the work of an Italian team including Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Rosario Scozzari and others. They started on the basis of
Keita (2008) examined a published Y-chromosome dataset on Afro-Asiatic populations and found that a key lineage
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that all the male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13.[10] Martiniano et al. (2022) later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to EV13.[11]
Age
Battaglia et al. (2008) estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. And more recently, Lacan et al. (2011) found that human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dated to approximately 7000 years ago were in the E-V13 branch of E-M78.
In June 2015, the M78 mutation and the consequent beginning of the E-M78 and E-V68 family trees was dated by Trombetta et al. to approximately 20,300-14,800 years ago.[12]
Family tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG 2019 tree, as well as the FamilyTreeDNA™ tree.
V68 |
E-V68* (E1b1b1a*) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M78 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution
So far, three individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by Trombetta et al. (2011), when announcing the discovery of V68.
E-M78 is widely distributed in North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia (stretching as far as Southern Asia), and Europe.[2][7]
The most basal and rare E-M78* paragroup has been found at its highest frequencies in Egyptians from the Gurna Oasis (5.88%), with lower frequencies also observed in Moroccan Arabs, Sardinians and the Balkans.[2][3][13]
The highest frequencies of all the defined E-M78 sub-clades is primarily found amongst Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the large area stretching from the haplogroup's putative place of origin in Upper Egypt to the Sudan and the Horn of Africa.[6]
Outside of this core area of distribution (North Africa and the Horn of Africa), E-V68 is also observed in other parts of the continent at lower frequencies due to more recent dispersals. It is thus found today in pockets of the African Great Lakes and Southern Africa owing to early Afro-Asiatic-speaking settlers from the Horn region,[12] and as far west as Guinea-Bissau, where its presence has been tentatively attributed to trans-Saharan movements of people from North Africa.[14]
The distribution of E-V68 in Europe is dominated by its E-V13 subclade, except in Iberia. E-V13 has a frequency peak centered in parts of the Balkans (approximately 20% in southern areas; up to almost 50% is some particular places and populations[15][16]) and Italy. It today has lower frequencies toward the western, central and northeastern areas, though E-V13 has been found in a Neolithic burial in Catalonia. This is discussed in more detail below.
Region | Population | n | E-M78 | E-M78* | E-V12* | E-V13 | E-V22 | E-V32 | E-V65 | Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | Albanians | 55 | 25.46% = (14/55) | 1.82% = (1/55) | 23.64% = (13/55) | [17] | ||||
Europe | Macedonian Albanians |
64 | 35.94% = (23/64) | 1.56% = (1/64) | 34.38% = (22/64) | [17] | ||||
Europe | Macedonian Albanians |
55+ 64= 119 |
31.09% = (37/119) | 1.68% = (2/119) | 29.41% = (35/119) | [17] | ||||
Europe | Kosovar Albanians |
114 | 45.61% = (52/114) | 1.75% = (2/114) | 43.86% = (50/114) | Peričic et al. (2005) | ||||
Europe | Albanians | 96 | 32.29% = (31/96) | 32.29% = (31/96) | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Macedonian Albanians and Albanians |
119+ 114+ 96= 329 |
36.47% = (120/329) | 1.22% = (4/329) | 35.26% = (116/329) | [17] Peričic et al. (2005) Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Macedonian Aromanians | 57 | 29.82 | 29.82 | Peričic et al. (2005) | |||||
Europe | Serbians | 113 | 20.35 | 1.77 | 18.58 | Peričic et al. (2005) | ||||
Europe | Croatians | 108 | 5.60 | 5.60 | Peričic et al. (2005) | |||||
Europe | Crete | 193 | 6.7% = 13/193 | 6.7% = 13/193 | King et al. (2008) | |||||
Europe | Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia | 57 | 15.8% = 9/57 | 1.8% = 1/57 | 14.0% = 8/57 | King et al. (2008) | ||||
Europe | Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini | 57 | 38.6% = 22/57 | 3.5% = 2/57 | 35.1% = 20/57 | King et al. (2008) | ||||
Europe | Greeks from Lerna/Franchthi | 57 | 35.1% = 20/57 | 35.1% = 20/57 | King et al. (2008) | |||||
Europe | Greeks from Crete and Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini from Lerna/Franchthi |
193+ 57+ 57+ 57= 364 |
17.58% = 64/364 | 0.82% = 3/364 | 16.76% = 61/364 | King et al. (2008) | ||||
Europe | Continental Greeks | 147 | 19.05% = 28/147 | 17.69% = 26/147 | 0.68% = 1/147 | 0.68% = 1/147 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||
Europe | Greeks from Crete | 215 | 6.51% = 14/215 | 0.93% = 2/215 | 5.58% = 12/215 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Greeks from Aegean Islands | 71 | 16.9% = 12/71 | 15.49% = 11/71 | 1.41% = 1/71 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Continental Greeks Greeks from Crete Greeks from Aegean Islands |
147+ 215+ 71= 433 |
12.47% = 54/433 | 0.46% = 2/433 | 11.32% = 49/433 | 0.46% = 2/433 | 0.23% = 1/433 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Europe | Greeks from Crete and Greeks from Nea Nikomedeia Greeks from Sesklo/Dimini from Lerna/Franchthi Continental Greeks Greeks from Crete Greeks from Aegean Islands |
364+ 433= 797 |
14.81% = 118/797 | 0.38% = 3/797 | 0.25% = 2/797 | 13.8% = 110/797 | 0.25% = 2/797 | 0.13% = 1/797 | King et al. (2008) Cruciani et al. (2007) | |
Europe | Sicilians | 236 | 11.43 | 1.27 | 5.93 | 3.81 | 0.42 | Di Gaetano et al. (2009) | ||
Europe | Huelva Andalusians | 167 | 6.59 | 1.20 | 4.19 | 0.60 | 0.60 | Ambrosio et al. (2010) | ||
Europe | Macedonians | 99 | 18.18 | 17.17 | 1.01 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Bulgarians | 204 | 16.67 | 0.49 | 16.18 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Sicilians | 153 | 13.07 | 0.65 | 7.19 | 4.58 | 0.65 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Europe | Northern Italians | 94 | 7.45 | 5.32 | 2.13 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Central Italians | 356 | 7.87 | 0.28 | 5.34 | 1.97 | 0.28 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Europe | Southern Italians | 141 | 10.64 | 0.71 | 8.51 | 1.42 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||
Europe | Sardinians | 374 | 3.48 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 1.07 | 0.8 | 1.07 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |
Europe | Northern Portuguese | 50 | 4 | 4 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Southern Portuguese | 49 | 4.08 | 4.08 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Pasiegos from Cantabria | 56 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Europe | Asturians | 90 | 10 | 5.56 | 4.44 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | Southern Spaniards | 62 | 3.23 | 3.23 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Spanish Basques | 55 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Europe | French Basques | 16 | 6.25 | 6.25 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | French | 225 | 4.44 | 0.44 | 4 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Europe | English | 28 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Europe | Danish | 35 | 2.86 | 2.86 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Germans | 77 | 3.9 | 3.9 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Polish | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Czechs | 268 | 4.85 | 4.85 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Slovaks | 24 | 8.33 | 8.33 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Slovenians | 104 | 2.88 | 2.88 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Estonians | 74 | 4.05 | 4.05 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Belarusians | 40 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Europe | Northern Russians | 82 | 3.66 | 3.66 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Southern Russians | 92 | 2.17 | 2.17 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Ukrainians | 11 | 9.09 | 9.09 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Moldovians | 77 | 7.79 | 7.79 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Hungarians | 106 | 9.43 | 9.43 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Europe | Romanians | 265 | 7.55 | 7.17 | 0.38 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Northwestern Africa | Moroccan Arabs | 55 | 40 | 3.64 | 7.27 | 29.09 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||
Northwestern Africa | Asni Berbers | 54 | 3.7 | 3.7 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Northwestern Africa | Bouhria Berbers | 67 | 1.49 | 1.49 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Northwestern Africa | Moyen Atlas Berbers | 69 | 10.14 | 10.14 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Northwestern Africa | Marrakech Berbers | 29 | 6.9 | 3.45 | 3.45 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Northwestern Africa | Moroccan Jews | 50 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 8 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||
Northwestern Africa | Mozabite Berbers | 20 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Northeastern Africa | Libyan Jews | 25 | 8 | 4 | 4 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Northeastern Africa | Libyan Arabs | 10 | 20 | 20 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Northeastern Africa | Northern Egyptians (Delta) | 72 | 23.61 | 5.56 | 1.39 | 13.89 | 2.78 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Northeastern Africa | Egyptian Berbers | 93 | 6.45 | 2.15 | 4.3 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Northeastern Africa | Egyptians from Bahari | 41 | 41.46 | 14.63 | 2.44 | 21.95 | 2.44 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Northeastern Africa | Egyptians from Gurna Oasis | 34 | 17.65 | 5.88 | 8.82 | 2.94 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||
Northeastern Africa | Egyptians | 70 | 79 | 79 | Trombetta (2015) | |||||
Northeastern Africa | Southern Egyptians | 79 | 50.63 | 44.3 | 1.27 | 3.8 | 1.27 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||
Eastern Africa | Dinka | 26 | 15.38 | 3.85 | 11.54 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Shilluk | 15 | 13.33 | 13.33 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Nuer | 12 | 16.67 | 16.67 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Borgu | 26 | 15.38 | 3.85 | 11.54 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Nuba | 28 | 25 | 3.57 | 3.57 | 7.14 | 10.71 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||
Eastern Africa | Masalit | 32 | 71.88 | 3.13 | 15.63 | 53.13 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||
Eastern Africa | Fur | 32 | 59.38 | 18.75 | 40.63 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Nubians | 39 | 15.38 | 12.82 | 2.56 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Fulani from Sudan | 26 | 34.62 | 30.77 | 3.85 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Hausa from Sudan | 32 | 3.13 | 3.13 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Egyptian Copts from Sudan | 33 | 15.15 | 15.15 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Beja | 42 | 35.71 | 4.76 | 30.95 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Gaalien | 50 | 18.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||
Eastern Africa | Meseria | 28 | 14.29 | 3.57 | 10.71 | Hassan et al. (2008) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Arakien | 24 | 16.67 | 8.33 | 4.17 | 4.17 | Hassan et al. (2008) | |||
Eastern Africa | Amhara | 34 | 8.82 | 8.82 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Ethiopian Jews | 22 | 9.09 | 9.09 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Mixed Ethiopians | 12 | 33.33 | 25 | 8.33 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Borana/Oromo (Kenya/Ethiopia) | 32 | 40.63 | 40.63 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Wolayta | 12 | 16.67 | 8.33 | 8.33 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Saho from Eritrea | 94 | 88.3 | 88.3 | Trombetta (2015) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Somali from Ethiopia | 12 | 33.3 | 8.3 | 25 | Trombetta (2015) | ||||
Eastern Africa | Somali from Somalia | 5 | 80 | 80 | Trombetta (2015) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Somali from Kenya | 6 | 80 | 80 | Trombetta (2015) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Nilotic from Kenya | 18 | 11.11 | 11.11 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Bantu from Kenya | 28 | 3.57 | 3.57 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Western Africa | 123 | 0.81 | 0.81 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Central Africa | 150 | 0.67 | 0.67 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Eastern Africa | Southern Afric | 105 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Western Asia | Istanbul Turkish | 35 | 8.57 | 2.86 | 5.71 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Western Asia | Southwestern Turkish | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Northeastern Turkish | 41 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Western Asia | Southeastern Turkish | 24 | 4.17 | 4.17 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Erzurum Turkish | 25 | 4 | 4 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Central Anatolian | 61 | 6.56 | 1.64 | 4.92 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Western Asia | Turkish Cypriots | 46 | 13.04 | 10.87 | 2.17 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Western Asia | Samaritan Levites | 2 | 100 | 100 | [18] | |||||
Western Asia | Sephardi Turkish | 19 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Western Asia | Palestinians | 29 | 10.34 | 3.45 | 6.9 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | ||||
Western Asia | Druze Arabs | 28 | 10.71 | 10.71 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Bedouin | 28 | 3.57 | 3.57 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Syrians | 100 | 2 | 2 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Kurds from Iraq | 20 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Western Asia | Arabs from United Arab Emirates | 40 | 2.5 | 2.5 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Omanite | 106 | 0.94 | 0.94 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||
Western Asia | Adygei | 18 | Cruciani et al. (2007) | |||||||
Western Asia | Azeri | 97 | 2.06 | 2.06 | Cruciani et al. (2007) |
Subclades of M78
Listed here are the main subclades of M78 as of June 2015. Within the E-M78 subclade, Trombetta et al. 2015 allocated most of the former E-M78* chromosomes to three new distinct branches: E-V1083*, E-V1477 and E-V259. The first is a paragroup sister to clades E-V22 and E-V13. The mutation V1477 defines a new basal branch observed only in one northern African sample. Finally, a sister clade of E-V12, defined by V264, includes E-V65 and a new central African lineage defined by V259.[12] The rare M78 subhaplogroup E1b1b1a1-PF2186 has been found at highest frequencies among the Toubou population inhabiting Chad (21%).[20]
- E-M78 (E1b1b1a1) North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe (formerly E1b1b1a).
- E-M78*
- E-V1477 Found in Tunisian Jews.
- E-V1083
- PF2186 Found among Toubou in Lake Chad area.
- E-V1083* Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
- E-V13 (E1b1b1a1b)
- E-V22 (E1b1b1a1s)
- E-V1129
- E-V12 (E1b1b1a1a)
- E-V12*
- E-V32 (E1b1b1a1a2)
- E-V264
- E-V259 Found in Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) speakers from Northern Cameroon.
- E-V65 (E1b1b1a1d)
- E-V12 (E1b1b1a1a)
E-V12
This subclade of E-M78 is the one which appears to have split from the others first (it arose c. 13.7-15.2 kya[21]). According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the E-V12 sublineage likely originated in North Africa.
Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages
Undifferentiated E-V12* lineages (not E-V32 or E-M224, so therefore named "E-V12*") peak in frequency among Southern Egyptians (up to 74.5%).[22] The subclades are also scattered widely in small amounts in both Northern Africa and Europe, but with very little sign in Western Asia, apart from Turkey.[2] These E-V12* lineages were formerly included (along with many E-V22* lineages[Note 1]) in Cruciani et al.'s original (2004) "delta cluster", which he had defined using Y-STR profiles. With the discovery of the defining SNP, Cruciani et al. (2007) reported that V12* was found in its highest concentrations in Egypt, especially Southern Egypt. Hassan et al. (2008) report a significant presence of E-V12* in neighboring Sudan, including 5/33 Copts and 5/39 Nubians. E-V12* made up approximately 20% of the Sudanese E-M78. They propose that the E-V12 and E-V22 sub-clades of E-M78 might have been brought to Sudan from their place of origin in North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago. Sudden climate change might have forced several Neolithic cultures/people to migrate northward to the Mediterranean and southward to the Sahel and the Nile Valley.[23] The E-V12* paragroup is also observed in Europe (e.g. amongst French Basques) and Eastern Anatolia (e.g. Erzurum Turks).[2]
The non-basal subhaplogroup E1b1b-V12/E3b1a1 has been found at highest frequencies among various Afroasiatic-speaking populations in eastern Africa, including Garreh (74.1%), Gabra (58.6%), Wata (55.6%), Borana (50.0%), Sanye (41.7%), Beja (33.3%) and Rendille (29.0%).[24]
Sub-clades of E-V12
E-M224
E-M224 has been found in Israel among Yemeni population (5%) and appears to be a minor subclade.
Its discovery was announced in Underhill et al. (2001) and Shen et al. (2004) found 1 out of their 20 Yemeni Israelis they tested. Cruciani et al. (2006) called M224 "rare and rather uninformative" and they found no exemplars.
E-V32
The STR data from Cruciani et al. (2007) concerning E-V12 can be summarized as follows.
Haplotype | description | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
E-V12* | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
min | 18 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
max | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 14 | |
number | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
E-V32 | modal | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 13 |
min | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
max | 20 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | |
number | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | |
All E-V12 | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 13 |
min | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
max | 20 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 14 | |
number | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | |
E-V13
The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in Cruciani et al. (2004), and was first defined by the SNP V13 in Cruciani et al. (2006). Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in Cruciani et al. (2007). All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.
Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. In fact, it represents about 85% of the European E-M78 chromosomes with a clinal pattern of frequency distribution from the southern Balkan peninsula (19.6%) to western Europe (2.5%). The same haplogroup is also present at lower frequencies in Anatolia (3.8%), the Near East (2.0%), and the Caucasus (1.8%). In Africa, haplogroup E-V13 is rare, being observed only in northern Africa at a low frequency (0.9%).
Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the Balkans and some parts of Italy. In different studies, particularly high frequencies have been observed in
Within Italy, frequencies tend to be higher in Southern Italy,[2] with particularly high results sometimes seen in particular areas; for example, in Santa Ninfa and Piazza Armerina in Sicily.[31] High frequencies appear to exist also in some northern areas[Note 3] for example around Venice,[Note 4] Genoa[32] and Rimini,[33] as well as on the island of Corsica[34] and the region of Provence in south France,[35] and is also found in scattered and small amounts in Libyan Jews and Egypt, but this is most likely a result of migration from Europe or the Near East.[2]
E-V13 and ancient migrations
The apparent movement of E-M78 lineages from the Near East to Europe, and their subsequent rapid expansion, make its E-V13 subclade a particularly interesting subject for speculation about ancient human migrations.
It was concluded that northeastern Africa, rather than eastern Africa, was where the E-M78 chromosomes began dispersing to other regions.
Before then, the SNP mutation, V13 apparently first arose in West Asia around 10 thousand years ago, and although not widespread there, it is for example found in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze Arab lineages.[2] The Druze are considered a genetically isolated community, and are therefore of particular interest.[37] The STR DNA signature of some of the E-V13 men amongst them was actually originally classified in the delta cluster in Cruciani et al. (2004). This means that Druze E-V13 clustered together with most E-V12 and E-V22, and not with European E-V13, which was mostly in the alpha cluster.
haplotype | description | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
All E-V13 | modal | 19 | 21 | 23 | 24 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 13 |
Druze V13 | 1 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 12 |
Druze V13 | 2 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
All E-V22 | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
All E-V12* | modal | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 13 |
Early migration from the Middle East to Europe
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the Neolithic expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans.[15] The haplogroup J2b (J-M12) has also frequently been discussed in connection with V13, as a haplogroup with a seemingly very similar distribution and pre-history.[3][6][15] (There is no consensus regarding the circumstances or timing of its evolution.)
Cruciani et al. (2007) says there were at least four major demographic events which have been envisioned for this geographic area:
- The "post-Last Glacial Maximum expansion (about 20 kya)"
- The "Younger Dryas-Holocene reexpansion (about 12 kya)"
- The "population growth associated with the introduction of agricultural practices (about 8 kya)"
- The "development of Bronze technology (about 5kya)"
The last two seem within the timespan possible for V13 given its STR age of arise putatively in the Middle East. In favor of the agricultural connection, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup.[38]
However, earlier entry into Europe is also possible. Battaglia et al. (2008), for example, propose that the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, in the wetter conditions of the early Holocene; arrived in the Balkans with only Mesolithic technologies and then only subsequently integrated with Neolithic cultures which arrived later in the Balkans.
E-V13 is in any case often described in
After its initial entry in Europe, there was then a dispersal from the Balkans into the rest of Europe. Also for this movement, a wide range of possibilities exists.
In contrast, Cruciani et al. (2007) suggest that the movement out of the Balkans may have been more recent than 5300 years ago. The authors suggest that for the most part, modern E-V13 descends from a population which remained in the Balkans until the Balkan Bronze Age. They consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe". Peričic et al. (2005) propose the Vardar-Morava-Danube rivers as a possible route of Neolithic dispersal into central Europe. Bird (2007) proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire.
According to
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) found one skeleton, at the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco, which carried haplogroup E1b1b1a1b1 predecessor to EV13. The skeleton has been directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present.[10] Martiniano et al. (2022) later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to EV13.[11] Fernandes et al. (2016) and Lipson et al. (2017) detected haplogroup E-L618 in two individuals from Hungary and Croatia ascribed to the Lengyel culture.[43][44]
Greek soldiers in Pakistan
Both E-M78 and J-M12 have also been used in studies seeking to find evidence of a remaining Greek presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan, going back to the time of Alexander the Great.
An extensive analysis of Y diversity within Greeks and three Pakistani populations – the
Pathan – who claim descent from Greek soldiers allowed us to compare Y lineages within these populations and re-evaluate their suggested Greek origins. This study as a whole seems to exclude a large Greek contribution to any Pakistani population, confirming previous observations. However, it provides strong evidence in support of the Greek origins for a small proportion of Pathans, as demonstrated by the clade E network and the low pairwise genetic distances between these two populations.
This study however tested only for M78, and not V13, the typical type of M78 from the Balkans. More recent and detailed analyses of E-V13 in this region have however concluded that this hypothesis is incorrect, and that the variants found there are not the types typical of the Balkans.[45] Instead "Afghanistan's lineages are correlated with Middle Easterners and Iranians but not with populations from the Balkans"[46]
Ancient Britain
Significant frequencies of E-V13 have also been observed in towns in Wales, around Chester (ancient Deva Victrix) in England, and Scotland. The old trading town of Abergele on the northern coast of Wales in particular showed 7 out of 18 local people tested were in this lineage (approximately 40%), as reported in Weale et al. (2002).
Some scholars (e.g.
It is also notable that E-V13 appears to be absent in modern central England, especially the
Sub-clades of E-V13
Although most E-V13 individuals do not show any known downstream SNP mutations, and are therefore categorized as E-V13* there are several recognized sub-clades, all of which may be very small. These are one of two cases where Karafet et al. (2008) remarked that at the time of that article, it was not certain that the two clades were truly separate ("the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at V27").
- E-V27. Defined by V27. Cruciani et al. (2007) found one case in Sicily.
- E-P65. Defined by P65.
- E-L17. Defined by L17.
- E-L143. Defined by L143.
- E-M35.2. Defined by M35.2.
- E-L241. Defined by L241.
- E-L250. Defined by L250, L251, and L252.
E-V22
This clade comprises most of those classified in the "delta cluster" of Cruciani et al. (2004). Cruciani et al. (2006) later noted that "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes".
The highest frequency of E-V22 has thus far been observed among the Samaritan Levites at 100% frequency,[18]
Other frequencies reported by
Sub-clades of E-V22
There are two recognized sub-clades, which are apparently separate, although Karafet et al. (2008) remarked that at the time of that article, "the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at [...] V19".
- E-M148 Defined by M148. Underhill et al. (2000) found 1 example in the Indian subcontinent. Cruciani et al. (2006) calls M148 "rare and rather uninformative".
- E-V19 Defined by V19. Cruciani et al. (2007) found 2 exemplars in Sardinia.
E-V65
This subclade, equivalent to the previously classified "beta cluster", is found in high levels in the
E-V65 | YCAIIa | YCAIIb | DYS413a | DYS413b | DYS19 | DYS391 | DYS393 | DYS439 | DYS460 | DYS461 | A10 |
modal | 19 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 |
min | 19 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 12 |
max | 21 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
number | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
Capelli et al. (2009) studied the beta cluster in Europe. They found small amounts in Southern Italy, but also traces in Cantabria, Portugal and Galicia, with Cantabria having the highest level in Europe in their study, at 3.1% (5 out of 161 people). Next to Cantabria, Rodriguez et al. (2021) found high frequencies of E-V65 among Basque autochthonous inhabitants of Alava province (17.3%), Vizcaya province (10.9%), and Guipuzcoa province (3.3%).
E-M521
This subclade's discovery was announced in Battaglia et al. (2008) They found 2 out of 92 Greeks to have this mutation.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to move quickly between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) |
(α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 | YCC 2005 | YCC 2008 | YCC 2010r | ISOGG | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Longhand) | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |||||||||||
E-P29 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E* | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
E-M33 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1* | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1 | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a |
E-M44 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 |
E-M75 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2a | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 |
E-M54 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2b | E2b | E2b | E2b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E-P2 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E3* | E3 | E1b | E1b1 | E3 | E3 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 |
E-M2 |
8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a* | E3a | E1b1 | E1b1a | E3a | E3a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 |
E-M58 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1a1a | E1b1a1a1a |
E-M116.2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E1ba12 | removed | removed |
E-M149 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a1a1c | E1b1a1a1c |
E-M154 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a1a1g1c | E1b1a1a1g1c |
E-M155 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a1a1d | E1b1a1a1d |
E-M10 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a1a1e | E1b1a1a1e |
E-M35 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b* | E3b | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E3b1 | E3b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | removed | removed |
E-M78 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1* | E3b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1 |
E-M148 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E3b1a3a | E3b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E1b1b1a1c1 |
E-M81 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2* | E3b2 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E3b1b | E3b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a |
E-M107 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2a | E3b2a | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E3b1b1 | E3b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E1b1b1b1a1 |
E-M165 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2b | E3b2b | E1b1b1b2 | E1b1b1b1b1 | E3b1b2 | E3b1b2 | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b1a2a |
E-M123 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3* | E3b3 | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E3b1c | E3b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1b2a |
E-M34 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3a* | E3b3a | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1b2a1 |
E-M136 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3ba1 | E3b3a1 | E1b1b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E3b1c1a | E3b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1b2a1a1 |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
See also
Genetics
- African admixture in Europe
- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogenetics
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA E subclades
- Haplogroup E-L485 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M180 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M33 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M96 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P147 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P177 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-P2 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V12 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V13 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V22 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V65 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M75 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-V68 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-Z820 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-Z827 (Y-DNA)
- Haplogroup E-M521 (Y-DNA)
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
- ^ Cruciani et al. (2004): "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes". In Cruciani et al. (2007) the same authors show that a branch of E-V13 found amongst the Druze Arabs is also in the delta cluster. (Contrast the data tables of Cruciani et al. (2007) and Cruciani et al. (2004).)
- ^ Cruciani et al. (2007): Fig. 2/C
- ^ Genetic surveys do not all test the same markers.
- ^ Scozzari et al. 2001. See clade 25.1. The same data set was later used in Cruciani et al. (2004) and Cruciani et al. (2007).
- ^ Doubts about this line of reasoning have been expressed because: (a.) new data appearing in King et al. (2008) indicates that there were also high concentrations of E-V13 in Greece and (b.) the data in Peričic et al. (2005) show that the area with the highest frequency does not have the highest diversity, implying that V13 arrived there more recently than in Greece.
- ^ Bird uses three sources: Weale et al. (2002), Capelli et al. (2003) and Sykes (2006). Neither Capelli nor Weale have data from the area in the English Midlands where Bird suggests that there is a lack of E1b1b [editor E-M243]. In 2006 Bird mentioned that there were 193 Central English haplotypes in Sykes.
- ^ However, in the E3b distribution maps published in Bird's own paper – the Norfolk area is shown as having a high percentage of E3b. Norfolk is part of the epicentre of the supposed Anglian invasion.
- ^ a b "E-L539 YTree".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cruciani et al. (2007)
- ^ a b c Battaglia et al. (2008)
- ^ a b c ISOGG, Copyright 2016 by. "ISOGG 2017 Y-DNA Haplogroup E". isogg.org. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Cruciani et al. (2007) Table 1
- ^ a b c d Cruciani et al. (2004)
- ^ a b Cruciani et al. (2006)
- ISBN 978-9027232526.
- ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6.
- ^ PMID 29545507.
- ^ PMID 35084493.
- ^ a b c Trombetta (2015)
- ^ Ambrosio et al. (2010)
- ^ Rosa et al. (2007)
- ^ a b c Semino et al. (2004)
- ^ a b Peričic et al. (2005)
- ^ a b c d e Battaglia et al. 2008.
- ^ S2CID 1571356.
- ^ PMID 29433568.
- ^ See Figure 1.
- PMID 26108492.
- ^ Hassan et al. (2008)
- ^ Hirbo, Jibril Boru. "Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations" (PDF). University of Maryland, College Park. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ Peričic et al. 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f Cruciani et al. 2007, "The Haplogroup E-V13: Migrations and Demographic Expansions in Western Eurasia".
- ^ King et al. 2008.
- ^ Semino et al. (2004). suggest that there might be levels of E-M78 in the Peloponnese above 40%. They found 17 out of 36 there (47%), but justified drawing conclusions from this small sample by referring also to Di Giacomo et al. (2003)
- ^ Rosser et al. 2000
- ^ King et al. (2008)
- ^ Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
- ^ Di Giacomo et al. (2003)
- ^ Pelotti et al. 2007
- ^ Francalacci et al. 2003
- PMID 21401952.
- ^ Cruciani et al. 2007, "Locating the Origin of Haplogroup E-M78".
- ^ Shlush et al. (2008)
- ^ Lacan et al. (2011)
- ^ Semino (2000)
- ^ King & Underhill (2002)
- ^ Underhill (2002)
- ^ Underhill & Kivisild (2007)
- ^ Lipson 2017.
- ^ Fernandes 2016.
- ^ Lacau et al. (2012)
- ^ Haber et al. (2012)
- S2CID 32386262.
Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. PMID 11420360.
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. S2CID 21432405.
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. PMID 11481588.
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, PMID 11073453
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. S2CID 12893406.
References
- Ambrosio, B; Dugoujon, JM; Hernández, C; De La Fuente, D; González-Martín, A; Fortes-Lima, CA; Novelletto, A; Rodríguez, JN; Calderón, R; et al. (2010), "The Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y-DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E: Identifying human male movements within the Mediterranean space", Annals of Human Biology, 37 (1): 86–107, S2CID 1667431
- Adams, Susan M; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; et al. (2008), "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 83 (6): 725–36, PMID 19061982
- Alvarez; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009), "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution", American Journal of Human Biology, 21 (3): 407–409, S2CID 7041905
- Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004), "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa", PMID 15202071
- Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (6): 820–830, PMID 19107149
- Behar, Doron M.; Thomas, Mark G.; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F.; Bulygina, Ekaterina; Rosengarten, Dror; Jones, Abigail L.; Held, Karen; et al. (October 2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries", Am. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 768–779,
- Behar; Garrigan; Kaplan; Mobasher; Rosengarten (November 2004), "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations" (PDF), Hum. Genet., vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 354–365, S2CID 10310338, archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-11-10, retrieved 2012-01-14
- Beleza, Sandra; Gusmao, Leonor; Lopes, Alexandra; Alves, Cintia; Gomes, Iva; Giouzeli, Maria; Calafell, Francesc; Carracedo, Angel; Amorim, Antonio (2006), "Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages", Annals of Human Genetics, 70 (2): 181–194, ]
- Bird, Steven (2007), "Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin", Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 3 (2), archived from the original on 2016-04-22, retrieved 2009-07-15
- Bortolini; Thomas, Mark G.; Chikhi, Lourdes; Aguilar, Juan A.; Castro-De-Guerra, Dinorah; Salzano, Francisco M.; Ruiz-Linares, Andres (2004), "Ribeiro's typology, genomes, and Spanish colonialism, as viewed from Gran Canaria and Colombia" (PDF), Genetics and Molecular Biology, 27 (1): 1–8,
- Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2001), "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between north-western Africa and the Iberian Peninsula", Am J Hum Genet, 68 (4): 1019–1029, PMID 11254456
- Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; et al. (2006), "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns", Annals of Human Genetics, 70 (4): 459–487, S2CID 23156886, archived from the originalon 2012-12-10
- Cadenas; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 1–13, PMID 17928816
- Capelli, Cristian; Redhead, Nicola; Abernethy, Julia K.; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Moen, Torolf; Hervig, Tor; Richards, Martin; et al. (2003), "A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles" (PDF), Current Biology, 13 (11): 979–84,
- Caratti; Gino, S.; Torre, C.; Robino, C. (2009), "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application", International Journal of Legal Medicine, 123 (4): 357–360, S2CID 5657112
- Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; et al. (2009), "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (6): 848–852, PMID 19156170
- Cinnioğlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia", Hum Genet, 114 (2): 127–48, S2CID 10763736
- Contu, Daniela; Morelli, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Foster, Jamie W.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2008), "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans", PLOS ONE, 3 (1): e1430, PMID 18183308
- Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", PMID 11910562
- Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" (PDF), PMID 15042509, archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-06-26, retrieved 2009-07-15
- Cruciani; La Fratta; Torroni; Underhill; Scozzari (2006), "Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers", Human Mutation, 27 (8): 831–2, S2CID 26886757
- Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007), "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (6): 1300–1311, .
- Di Gaetano; Cerutti, Francesca; Crobu, Carlo; Robino (2009), "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (1): 91–99, PMID 18685561
- Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Anagnou, N.; Ciavarella, G.; Corbo, R.M.; Cresta, M.; Cucci, F.; Di Stasi, L.; Agostiano, V.; Giparaki, M.; Loutradis, A.; Mammi’, C.; Michalodimitrakis, E.N.; Papola, F.; Pedicini, G.; Plata, E.; Terrenato, L.; Tofanelli, S.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A. (September 2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–395. PMID 12927125.
- Ehret, C.; Keita, SO; Newman, P (2004), "The Origins of Afroasiatic", Science, 306 (5702): 1680, S2CID 8057990
- El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; Izaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; et al. (2009), "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast", Annals of Human Genetics, 73 (6): 568–581, PMID 19686289
- Fernandes, Daniel (2016). "Preliminary results of a prehistoric human ancient DNA time series from coastal and hinterland Croatia". ResearchGate. .
- Firasat; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", European Journal of Human Genetics, 15 (1): 121–126, PMID 17047675
- Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004), "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography", European Journal of Human Genetics, 12 (10): 855–863, S2CID 16765118
- Flores; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Karadsheh, Naif; Gonzalez, Ana M. (2005), "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan", J Hum Genet, 50 (9): 435–441, PMID 16142507
- Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Lillie, A.S.; Passarino, G.; Useli, A.; Madeddu, R.; Paoli, G.; et al. (2003), "Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 121 (3): 270–279, PMID 12772214
- Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009), "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1): 181, PMID 19650893
- Gérard; Berriche, S; Aouizérate, A; Diéterlen, F; Lucotte, G (2006), "North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes", Human Biology, 78 (3): 307–316, S2CID 13347549
- Gonçalves, R; Freitas, A; Branco, M; Rosa, A; Fernandes, AT; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Kivisild, T; Brehm, A (2005), "Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry", Annals of Human Genetics, 69 (Pt 4): 443–454, ]
- Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2012), "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", PLOS ONE, 7 (3): e34288, PMID 22470552
- Hammer (2003), "Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation", PMID 12930755
- Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008), "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History" (PDF), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137 (3): 316–23, PMID 18618658, archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-04
- Henn, B. M.; Gignoux, C.; Lin, Alice A; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, P.; Scozzari, R.; Cruciani, F.; Tishkoff, S. A.; Mountain, J. L.; Underhill, P. A. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa", PNAS, 105 (31): 10693–8, .
- ISOGG (2013), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2013, International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG"
- Jobling, M.A.; Tyler-Smith, C. (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection", Trends Genet., 16 (8): 356–362, PMID 10904265
- Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (May 2008), "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, PMID 18385274. Published online April 2, 2008. See also Supplementary Material.
- ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6
- Keita, S. O. Y.; Boyce, A. J. (Anthony J.) (2005), "Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation", History in Africa, 32: 221–246, S2CID 163020672
- King, R. J.; Özcan, S. S.; Carter, T.; Kalfoğlu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Kouvatsi, A.; Lin, A. A.; et al. (2008), "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic" (PDF), Annals of Human Genetics, 72 (2): 205–214, S2CID 22406638, archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05
- King; Underhill (2002), "Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages", Antiquity, 76 (293): 707–14, S2CID 160359661
- Kujanova; Pereira; Fernandes; Pereira; Cerný (2009), "Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140 (2): 336–346, PMID 19425100
- Lacan, Marie; Keyser, Christine; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Brucato, Nicolas; Tarrús, Josep; Bosch, Angel; Guilaine, Jean; Crubézy, Eric; Ludes, Bertrand (2011), "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination", PNAS, 108 (45): 18255–9, PMID 22042855
- Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph; Herrera, Rene (2012), "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective", European Journal of Human Genetics, 20 (10): 1063–70, PMID 22510847
- Lancaster, Andrew (2009), "Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M243" (PDF), Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-06, retrieved 2009-07-15
- Lipson, Mark (November 16, 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". PMID 29144465.
- Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" (PDF), )
- Maca-Meyer, N.; Sánchez-Velasco, P.; Flores, C.; Larruga, JM; González, AM; Oterino, A; Leyva-Cobián, F; et al. (2003), "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)", Annals of Human Genetics, 67 (Pt 4): 329–339, S2CID 40355653.
- Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Gayden, Tenzin; Moschonas, Nicholas K; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Conti, Simon; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Herrera, Rene (April 1, 2007), "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau", European Journal of Human Genetics, 15 (4): 485–493, PMID 17264870
- Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008), "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba", BMC Evol. Biol., 8 (1): 213, PMID 18644108
- Nebel; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, P; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (2001), "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East", PMID 11573163
- Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Buscemi, Loredana; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2006), "Development of multiplex PCRs for evolutionary and forensic applications of 37 human Y chromosome SNPs" (PDF), Forensic Science International, 157 (1): 23–35, ]
- Paracchini; Pearce, CL; Kolonel, LN; Altshuler, D; Henderson, BE; Tyler-Smith, C (2003), "A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study", J Med Genet, 40 (11): 815–819, PMID 14627670
- Pelotti; Ceccardi, S; Lugaresi, F; Trane, R; Falconi, M; Bini, C; Willuweit, S; Roewer, L (2007), "Microgeographic genetic variation of Y chromosome in a population sample of Ravenna's area in the Emilia-Romagna region (North of Italy)", Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 1 (1): 242–243,
- Pereira, Luísa; Černý, Viktor; Cerezo, María; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; Vašíková, Alžběta; Kujanová, Martina; Brdička, Radim; Salas, Antonio (2010), "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" (PDF), European Journal of Human Genetics, 18 (8): 915–923, PMID 20234393, archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-05-28
- Peričic, M.; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijevic, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I; et al. (2005), "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations", Mol. Biol. Evol., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1964–75, ].
- Ramos-Luisa, E.; Blanco-Verea, A.; Brión, M.; Van Huffel, V.; Carracedo, A.; Sánchez-Diz, P. (2009), "Phylogeography of French male lineages (unpublished data 23rd International ISFG Congress)", Forensic Science International, 2: 439–441, ]
- Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006), "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration", Hum Hered, 61 (3): 132–143, S2CID 7017701
- Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008), "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample", Journal International Journal of Legal Medicine, 122 (3): 251–5, S2CID 11556974
- Rodriguez, Javier; Palencia-Madrid, Leire; Mendoza, Vivian C; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph; Pancorbo, Mirian M de; Herrera, Rene J (2021), "The Y chromosome of autochthonous Basque populations and the Bronze Age replacement", Scientific Reports, 11:5607 (1): 5607, PMID 33692401
- Rosa, Alexandra; Ornelas, Carolina; Jobling, Mark A; Brehm, António; Villems, Richard (2007), "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7 (1): 124, PMID 17662131
- Rosser, Z; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; et al. (2000), "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language", PMID 11078479, archived from the originalon 2008-05-06
- Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Gorlin, RJ (2005), "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males", European Journal of Human Genetics, 13 (7): 856–866, PMID 15756297. Published online 9 March 2005
- Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, F; Pangrazio, A; Santolamazza, P; Vona, G; Moral, P; Latini, V; Varesi, L; et al. (2001), "Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region" (PDF), Human Immunology, 62 (9): 871–884, PMID 11543889
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" (PDF), Science, vol. 290, no. 5494, pp. 1155–59, PMID 11073453, archived from the original(PDF) on 2003-11-25.
- Semino; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002), "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny" (PDF), Am J Hum Genet, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 265–268, PMID 11719903, archived from the original(PDF) on 2006-03-15
- Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area", PMID 15069642
- Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004), "Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation" (PDF), Human Mutation, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 248–60, S2CID 1571356, archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05, retrieved 2009-07-15
- Silva; Carvalho, Elizeu; Costa, Guilherme; Tavares, Lígia; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor (2006), "Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio De Janeiro population", American Journal of Human Biology, 18 (6): 829–837, S2CID 23778828, archived from the originalon 2012-10-18
- Shlush; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev; Skorecki, Karl (2008), Gemmell, Neil John (ed.), "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East", PLOS ONE, 3 (5): e2105, PMID 18461126
- Sykes, Bryan (2006), Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-593-05652-3
- Thomas; Stumpf, M. P.H; Harke, H. (2006), "Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England" (PDF), Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273 (1601): 2651–2657, PMID 17002951, archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-05
- Tillmar, Andreas O.; Montelius, Kerstin (December 2009). "Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 413–415. .
- Trombetta, Beniamino; Cruciani, Fulvio; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011), MacAulay, Vincent (ed.), "A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms", PLOS ONE, 6 (1): e16073, PMID 21253605
- Trombetta (2015), "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent", Genome Biology and Evolution, 7 (7): 1940–1950, PMID 26108492
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations", Nat Genet, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 358–361, S2CID 12893406
- Underhill; Passarino, G.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Mirazon Lahr, M.; Foley, R. A.; Oefner, P. J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2001), "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations", Ann Hum Genet, vol. 65, no. Pt 1, pp. 43–62, S2CID 9441236
- Underhill (2002), "Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes", in Bellwood, Peter; Renfrew, A. Colin (eds.), Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, ISBN 978-1-902937-20-5
- Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas (2007), "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annu. Rev. Genet., 41: 539–64, PMID 18076332
- Weale, M. E.; Weiss, D. A.; Jager, R. F.; Bradman, N.; Thomas, M. G. (2002), "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration" (PDF), Mol. Biol. Evol., vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1008–1021, PMID 12082121, archived from the original(PDF) on 2005-10-29.
- Weale; Shah, T; Jones, AL; Greenhalgh, J; Wilson, JF; Nymadawa, P; Zeitlin, D; Connell, BA; et al. (September 1, 2003), "Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography", Genetics, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 229–234, PMID 14504230
- Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002), "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups", Genome Research, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 339–348, PMID 11827954
- Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Yali; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Debiane, Labib; Platt, Daniel E.; Royyuru, Ajay K.; Herrera, Rene J.; et al. (2008), "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events", American Journal of Human Genetics, 82 (4): 873–882, PMID 18374297
- Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008), "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 83 (5): 633–642, PMID 18976729
- Zerjal (1999), The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 91–101
- Zhao; Khan, Faisal; Borkar, Minal; Herrera, Rene; Agrawal, Suraksha (2009), "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes", Annals of Human Biology, 36 (1): 1–14, PMID 19058044