E. H. Carr
Edward Hallett Carr Soviet history; outlining radical historiographical principles in his book What Is History? | |
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Spouse(s) | Anne Ward Howe Betty Behrens |
Children | 1 |
Edward Hallett Carr
Educated at the
Early life
Carr was born in London to a middle-class family, and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School in London and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a First Class Degree in Classics in 1916.[1][2] Carr's family had originated in northern England, and the first mention of his ancestors was a George Carr who served as the Sheriff of Newcastle in 1450.[2] Carr's parents were Francis Parker and Jesse (née Hallet) Carr.[2] They were initially Conservatives, but went over to supporting the Liberals in 1903 over the issue of free trade.[2] When Joseph Chamberlain proclaimed his opposition to free trade and announced in favour of Imperial Preference, Carr's father, to whom all tariffs were abhorrent, switched his political loyalties.[2]
Carr described the atmosphere at the Merchant Taylors School: "95% of my school fellows came from orthodox Conservative homes, and regarded
Diplomatic career
Like many of his generation, Carr found World War I to be a shattering experience as it destroyed the world he had known before 1914.
At first, Carr knew nothing about the Bolsheviks. He later recalled of having some "vague impression of the revolutionary views of Lenin and Trotsky" but of knowing nothing of
After the peace conference, Carr was stationed at the British Embassy in Paris until 1921, and in 1920 was awarded a
In an article entitled "Age of Reason" published in the Spectator on 26 April 1930, Carr attacked what he regarded as the prevailing culture of pessimism within the West, which he blamed on the French writer Marcel Proust.[21] In the early 1930s, Carr found the Great Depression to be almost as profoundly shocking as the First World War.[22] Further increasing Carr's interest in a replacement ideology for liberalism was his reaction to hearing the debates in January 1931 at the General Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, and especially the speeches on the merits of free trade between the Yugoslav Foreign Minister Vojislav Marinkovich and the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson.[6] It was at this time that Carr started to admire the Soviet Union.[22] In a 1932 book review of Lancelot Lawton's Economic History of Soviet Russia, Carr dismissed Lawton's claim that the Soviet economy was a failure, and praised the British Marxist economist Maurice Dobb's extremely favourable assessment of the Soviet economy.[23]
Carr's early political outlook was anti-Marxist and liberal.[24] In his 1934 biography of Marx, Carr presented his subject as a highly intelligent man and a gifted writer, but one whose talents were devoted entirely to destruction.[25] Carr argued that Marx's sole and only motivation was a mindless class hatred.[25] Carr labelled dialectical materialism gibberish, and the labour theory of value doctrinal and derivative.[25] He praised Marx for emphasising the importance of the collective over the individual.[26] In view of his later conversion to a sort of quasi-Marxism, Carr was to find the passages in Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism criticising Marx to be highly embarrassing, and refused to allow the book to be republished.[27] Carr was to later call it his worst book, and complained that he had written it only because his publisher had made a Marx biography a precondition for publishing the biography of Bakunin that he was writing.[28] In his books such as The Romantic Exiles and Dostoevsky, Carr was noted for his highly ironical treatment of his subjects, implying that their lives were of interest but not of great importance.[29] In the mid-1930s, Carr was especially preoccupied with the life and ideas of Bakunin.[30] During this period, Carr started writing a novel about the visit of a Bakunin-type Russian radical to Victorian Britain who proceeded to expose all of what Carr regarded as the pretensions and hypocrisies of British bourgeois society.[30] The novel was never finished or published.[30]
As a diplomat in the 1930s, Carr took the view that great division of the world into rival trading blocs caused by the American
International relations scholar
In 1936, Carr became the Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics at the
Carr's appointment as the Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics caused a stir when he started to use his position to criticise the League of Nations, a viewpoint which caused much tension with his benefactor, Lord Davies, who was a strong supporter of the League.[37] Lord Davies had established the Wilson Chair in 1924 with the intention of increasing public support for his beloved League, which helps to explain his chagrin at Carr's anti-League lectures.[37] In his first lecture on 14 October 1936 Carr stated that the League was ineffective.[38]
In 1936, Carr began to work for Chatham House, where he chaired a study group tasked with producing a report on nationalism. The report was published in 1939.[39]
In 1937, Carr visited the Soviet Union for a second time, and was impressed by what he saw.
In the 1930s, Carr was a leading supporter of
His famous work The Twenty Years' Crisis was published in July 1939, which dealt with the subject of international relations between 1919 and 1939. In that book, Carr defended appeasement on the ground that it was the only realistic policy option.[45] At the time the book was published in the summer of 1939, Neville Chamberlain had adopted his "containment" policy towards Germany, leading Carr to later ruefully comment that his book was dated even before it was published. In the spring and summer of 1939, Carr was very dubious about Chamberlain's "guarantee" of Polish independence issued on 31 March 1939.[46]
In The Twenty Years' Crisis, Carr divided thinkers on international relations into two schools, which he labelled the utopians and the realists.[25] Reflecting his own disillusion with the League of Nations,[47] Carr attacked as "utopians" those like Norman Angell who believed that a new and better international structure could be built around the League. In Carr's opinion, the entire international order constructed at Versailles was flawed and the League was a hopeless dream that could never do anything practical.[48] Carr described the opposition of utopianism and realism in international relations as a dialectic progress.[49] He argued that in realism there is no moral dimension, so that for a realist what is successful is right and what is unsuccessful is wrong.[45]
Carr contended that international relations was an incessant struggle between the economically privileged "have" powers and the economically disadvantaged "have not" powers.[45] In this economic understanding of international relations, "have" powers like the United States, Britain and France were inclined to avoid war because of their contented status whereas "have not" powers like Germany, Italy and Japan were inclined towards war as they had nothing to lose.[50] Carr defended the Munich Agreement as the overdue recognition of changes in the balance of power.[45] In The Twenty Years' Crisis, he was highly critical of Winston Churchill, whom Carr described as a mere opportunist interested only in power for himself.[45]
Carr immediately followed up The Twenty Years' Crisis with Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy From The Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, a study of British foreign policy in the inter-war period that featured a preface by the Foreign Secretary,
Some of the major themes of Carr's writings were change and the relationship between ideational and material forces in society.[14] He saw as a major theme of history the growth of reason as a social force.[14] He argued that all major social changes had been caused by revolutions or wars, both of which Carr regarded as necessary but unpleasant means of accomplishing social change.[14]
World War II
During World War II, Carr's political views took a sharp turn towards the left.
In March 1940, Carr resigned from the Foreign Office to serve as the writer of leaders (editorials) for
Carr served as the assistant editor of The Times from 1941 to 1946, during which time he was well known for the pro-Soviet attitudes that he expressed in his leaders.[57] After June 1941, Carr' s already strong admiration for the Soviet Union was much increased by the Soviet Union's role in defeating Germany.[16]
In a leader of 5 December 1940 entitled "The Two Scourges", Carr wrote that only by removing the "scourge" of unemployment could one also remove the "scourge" of war.
Carr's leaders were noted for their advocacy of a socialist European economy under the control of an international planning board, and for his support for the idea of an Anglo-Soviet alliance as the basis of the post-war international order.[22] Unlike many of his contemporaries in war-time Britain, Carr was against a Carthaginian peace with Germany, and argued for a post-war reconstruction of Germany along socialist lines.[14][62] In his leaders on foreign affairs, Carr was very consistent in arguing after 1941 that, once the war ended, it was the fate of Eastern Europe to come into the Soviet sphere of influence, and claimed that any effort to the contrary was both vain and immoral.[63]
Between 1942 and 1945, Carr was the Chairman of a study group at the Royal Institute of International Affairs concerned with Anglo-Soviet relations.[64] Carr's study group concluded that Stalin had largely abandoned Communist ideology in favour of Russian nationalism, that the Soviet economy would provide a higher standard of living in the Soviet Union after the war, and that it was both possible and desirable for Britain to reach a friendly understanding with the Soviets once the war had ended.[65] In 1942, Carr published Conditions of Peace, followed by Nationalism and After in 1945, in which he outlined his ideas about how the post-war world should look.[1] In his books, and his Times leaders, Carr urged for the creation of a socialist European federation anchored by an Anglo-German partnership that would be aligned with the Soviet Union against the United States.[66]
In his 1942 book Conditions of Peace, Carr argued that it was a flawed economic system that had caused World War II and that the only way of preventing another world war was for the Western powers to adopt socialism.[14] One of the main sources for ideas in Conditions of Peace was the 1940 book Dynamics of War and Revolution by the American Lawrence Dennis.[67] In a review of Conditions of Peace, the British writer Rebecca West criticised Carr for using Dennis as a source, commenting: "It is as odd for a serious English writer to quote Sir Oswald Mosley".[68] In a speech on 2 June 1942 in the House of Lords, Viscount Elibank attacked Carr as an "active danger" for his views in Conditions of Peace about a magnanimous peace with Germany and for suggesting that Britain turn over all of her colonies to an international commission after the war.[62]
The next month, Carr's relations with the Polish government were further worsened by the storm caused by the discovery of the
In December 1944, when fighting broke out in
In contrast to his support for EAM/ELAS, Carr was strongly critical of the legitimate Polish government in exile and its
In a May 1945 leader, Carr blasted those who felt that an Anglo-American "special relationship' would be the principal bulwark of peace.[73] As a result of Carr's leaders, the Times became popularly known during World War II as the three-pence Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker being one penny).[22] Commenting on Carr's pro-Soviet leaders, the British writer George Orwell wrote in 1942 that "all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin".[17]
Reflecting his disgust with Carr's leaders in the Times, the British civil servant Sir Alexander Cadogan, the Permanent Undersecretary at the Foreign Office, wrote in his diary: "I hope someone will tie Barrington-Ward and Ted Carr together and throw them into the Thames."[66]
During a 1945 lecture series entitled The Soviet Impact on the Western World, which was published as a book in 1946, Carr argued that "The trend away from individualism and towards totalitarianism is everywhere unmistakable", that Marxism was the by far the most successful type of totalitarianism as proved by Soviet industrial growth and the Red Army's role in defeating Germany, and that only the "blind and incurable ignored these trends".[74] During the same lectures, Carr called democracy in the Western world a sham, which permitted a capitalist ruling class to exploit the majority, and praised the Soviet Union as offering real democracy.[66] One of Carr's leading associates, the British historian R. W. Davies, was later to write that Carr's view of the Soviet Union as expressed in The Soviet Impact on the Western World was a rather glossy and idealised picture.[66]
Cold War
In 1946, Carr started living with Joyce Marion Stock Forde, who was to remain his common law wife until 1964.
In May–June 1951, Carr delivered a series of speeches on British radio entitled The New Society, that advocated a commitment to mass democracy, egalitarian democracy, and "public control and planning" of the economy.[80] Carr was a reclusive man whom few knew well, but his circle of close friends included Isaac Deutscher, A. J. P. Taylor, Harold Laski and Karl Mannheim.[81] Carr was especially close to Deutscher.[16]: 78–79 In the early 1950s, when Carr sat on the editorial board of Chatham House, he attempted to block the publication of the manuscript that eventually became The Origins of the Communist Autocracy by Leonard Schapiro on the ground that the subject of repression in the Soviet Union was not a serious topic for a historian.[82] As interest in the subject of Communism grew, Carr largely abandoned international relations as a field of study.[83] In 1956, Carr did not comment on the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Uprising, while at the same time condemning the Suez War.[84]
In 1966, Carr left Forde and married the historian Betty Behrens.[14] That same year, Carr wrote in an essay that in India, where "liberalism is professed and to some extent practised, millions of people would die without American charity. In China, where liberalism is rejected, people somehow get fed. Which is the more cruel and oppressive regime?"[85] One of Carr's critics, the British historian Robert Conquest, commented that Carr did not appear to be familiar with recent Chinese history, because, judging from that remark, Carr seemed to be ignorant of the millions of Chinese who had starved to death during the Great Leap Forward.[85] In 1961, Carr published an anonymous and very favourable review of his friend A. J. P. Taylor's contentious book The Origins of the Second World War, which caused much controversy. In the late 1960s, Carr was one of the few British professors to be supportive of the New Left student protestors, whom, he hoped, might bring about a socialist revolution in Britain.[86] Car was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1967.[87] In 1970, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[88]
Carr exercised wide influence in the field of Soviet studies and international relations. The extent of Carr's influence could be seen in the 1974
In a 1978 interview in
History of Soviet Russia
After the war, Carr was a fellow and tutor in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1953 to 1955, when he became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death in 1982. During this period he published most of A History of Soviet Russia as well as What Is History?.
Towards the end of 1944, Carr decided to write a complete history of Soviet Russia from 1917 comprising all aspects of social, political and economic history to explain how the Soviet Union withstood the German invasion.[95] The resulting work, his 14-volume History of Soviet Russia (14 vol., 1950–78), took the story up to 1929.[96] Like many others, Carr argued that the emergence of Russia from a backward peasant economy to a leading industrial power was the most important event of the 20th century.[97] The first part of the History of Soviet Russia comprised three volumes entitled The Bolshevik Revolution, published in 1950, 1952, and 1953, and traced Soviet history from 1917 to 1922.[98] The second part was originally intended to comprise three volumes called The Struggle for Power, covering 1922–28, but Carr instead decided to publish a single volume labelled The Interregnum that covered the events of 1923–24, and another four volumes entitled Socialism in One Country, which took the story up to 1926.[99] Carr's final volumes in the series were entitled The Foundations of the Planned Economy, and covered the years until 1929. Carr had planned to take the series up to Operation Barbarossa in 1941 and the Soviet victory of 1945, but died before he could complete the project. Carr's last book, 1982's The Twilight of the Comintern, examined the response of the Comintern to fascism in 1930–1935. Although it was not officially a part of the History of Soviet Russia series, Carr regarded it as completing it. Another related book that Carr was unable to complete before his death, and was published posthumously in 1984, was The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War.[100]
Another book that was not part of the History of Soviet Russia series, though closely related due to common research in the same archives, was Carr's 1951 German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939. In it, Carr blamed British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.[101] In 1955, a major scandal that damaged Carr's reputation as a historian of the Soviet Union occurred when he wrote the introduction to Notes for a Journal, the supposed memoir of the former Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov that was shortly thereafter exposed as a KGB forgery.[102][103]
Carr was well known in the 1950s as an outspoken admirer of the Soviet Union.[5] His friend and close associate, the British historian R. W. Davies, was to write that Carr belonged to the anti-Cold-War school of history, which regarded the Soviet Union as the major progressive force in the world, and the Cold War as a case of American aggression against the Soviet Union.[40]: 59 The volumes of Carr's History of Soviet Russia were received with mixed reviews. It was "described by supporters as 'Olympian' and 'monumental' and by enemies as a subtle apologia for Stalin".[104]
What Is History?
Carr is also famous today for his work of historiography, What Is History? (1961), a book based upon his series of G. M. Trevelyan lectures, delivered at the University of Cambridge in January-March 1961. In this work, Carr argued that he was presenting a middle-of-the-road position between the empirical view of history and R. G. Collingwood's idealism.[105] Carr rejected as nonsense the empirical view of the historian's work being an accretion of "facts" that he or she has at their disposal.[105] Carr divided facts into two categories: "facts of the past", that is, historical information that historians deem unimportant, and "historical facts", information that historians have decided is important.[105][106] Carr contended that historians quite arbitrarily determine which of the "facts of the past" to turn into "historical facts", according to their own biases and agendas.[105][107]
Contribution to the theory of international relations
Carr contributed to the foundation of what is now known as
Selected works
- Dostoevsky (1821–1881): A New Biography, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
- The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait Gallery, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
- Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism, London: Dent, 1934.
- Michael Bakunin, London: Macmillan, 1937.
- International Relations Since the Peace Treaties, London: Macmillan, 1937, revised edition 1940.
- The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939: an Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939, revised edition, 1946.
- Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.
- Conditions of Peace, London: Macmillan, 1942.
- Nationalism and After, London: Macmillan, 1945.
- The Soviet Impact on the Western World, 1946.
- A History of Soviet Russia, London: Macmillan, 1950–1978. Collection of 14 volumes: The Bolshevik Revolution (3 volumes), The Interregnum (1 volume), Socialism in One Country (4 volumes), and The Foundations of a Planned Economy (6 volumes).
- Studies in revolution, London: Macmillan, Abingdon-on-Thames: Routlegde, 1950.
- The New Society, London: Macmillan, 1951.
- German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1952.
- The October Revolution: Before and After, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.
- What Is History?, London: Macmillan, 1961; revised edition ed. R.W. Davies, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
- 1917 Before and After, London: Macmillan, 1969; American edition: The October Revolution Before and After, New York: Knopf, 1969.
- The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin (1917–1929), London: Macmillan, 1979.
- From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
- The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935, London: Macmillan, 1982.
- The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War, New York: Pantheon, 1984.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Hughes-Warrington, p. 24
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 475
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 476
- ^ a b c d Haslam, "We Need a Faith", p. 36
- ^ a b c Haslam, "We Need a Faith", p. 39
- ^ a b Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 481
- ^ a b c Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 477
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 30
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 28
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 27
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 29
- ^ Zamoyski, Adam The Polish Way, London: John Murray, 1989 p. 335
- ^ Haslam, "E.H. Carr's Search for Meaning" pp. 21–35 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, Palgrave: London, 2000 p. 27
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cobb, Adam "Carr, E.H." pp. 180–181 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999 p. 180
- ^ Haslam, "We Need a Faith", pp. 36–37
- ^ a b c d e Deutscher, Tamara (January–February 1983). "E. H. Carr—A Personal Memoir". New Left Review. I (137): 78–86.
- ^ a b c Collini, Stefan (5 March 2008). "E. H. Carr: historian of the future". Times. London. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Mount, Ferdinand Communism A TLS Companion, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p. 321
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 41-42
- Davies, R.W."Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp. 91–108 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000 p. 95
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 47
- ^ a b c d e Haslam, "We Need a Faith", p. 37
- Davies, R.W."Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp. 91–108 from E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000 p. 98
- ^ Laqueur, pp. 112–113
- ^ a b c d Laqueur, p. 113
- ^ Halliday, Fred, "Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E.H. Carr", pp. 258–279 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000 p. 262
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", pp. 478–479
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 478
- ^ Laqueur, p. 112
- ^ a b c Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 479
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 59
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 59–60
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 79
- ^ a b Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 483
- ^ a b c Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 484
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", pp. 481–482
- ^ a b Porter, pp. 50–51
- ^ Porter, p. 51
- ISSN 0020-5850.
- ^ Davies, R.W. (May–June 1984). "'Drop the Glass Industry': collaborating with E.H. Carr". New Left Review. I (145): 56–70.
- ^ a b c Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 76
- ^ Pryce-Jones, David December 1999). "Unlimited nastiness". The New Criterion. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 78
- ^ Laqueur, pp. 113–114
- ^ a b c d e Laqueur, p. 114
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 79–80
- ^ "E.H Carr and The Failure of the League of Nations". E-International Relations. 8 September 2010.
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 68–69
- ^ a b Laqueur, p. 115
- ^ Jones, Charles E.H. Carr and International Relations: A Duty to Lie, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 p. 29
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 80
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", pp. 48–484
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 80–82
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 81
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 84
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 93
- ^ Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992 p. 9
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 487
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 90
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 90–91
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, pp. 91–93
- ^ a b Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 100
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 488
- ^ Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992 p. 8
- ^ Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992 pp. 9–10
- ^ a b c d e Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 489
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 97
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 99
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 104
- ^ Porter, pp. 57–58
- ^ Porter, p. 60
- ^ a b c Conquest, Robert "Agit-Prof" pp. 32–38 from The New Republic, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999 p. 33
- ^ Jones, Charles "'An Active Danger': Carr at The Times" pp. 68–87 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000 p. 77
- ^ Laqueur, p. 131
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 491
- ^ John Ezard (21 June 2003). "Blair's babe". The Guardian.
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 152
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 153
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 151
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 490
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 474
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity pp. 158–164
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 252
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity p. 177
- ^ a b Conquest, Robert "Agit-Prof" pp. 32–38 from The New Republic, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999 p. 36
- ^ Haslam, "We Need a Faith", pp. 36–39 from History Today, Volume 33, August 1983 p. 39
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ "Edward Hallett Carr". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ Ambramsky, C. & Williams, Beryl Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr pp. v–vi
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 508
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 289
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 509
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 509-510
- ^ Haslam, The Vices of Integrity, p. 290
- ^ Hughes-Warrington, pp. 24–25
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 493
- ^ Hughes-Warrington, p. 25
- ^ Laqueur, pp. 116–117
- ^ Laqueur, p. 118
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 507
- ^ Carr, German-Soviet Relations, p. 136
- ^ Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 504
- ^ Andrew, Christopher & Mitrokhin, Vasili The Mitrokhin Archive The KGB in Europe and the West, London: Penguin Books, 1999, 2000 p. 602
- ^ Cox, Michael "Introduction" pp. 1–20 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000 p. 3
- ^ a b c d Huges-Warrington, p. 26
- ^ Carr, What Is History?, pp. 12–13
- ^ Carr, What Is History?, pp. 22–25;
- ISSN 0047-1178.
- ^ S2CID 154943102.
References
- Abramsky, Chimen & Williams, Beryl J. (editors) Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr, London: Macmillan, 1974, ISBN 0-333-14384-1.
- A. K. Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 244–245 from Books Abroad, Volume 12, Issue # 2 Spring 1938.
- Barber, John "Carr, Edward Hallett" pp. 191–192 from Great Historians of the Modern Age ed. Lucian Boia, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
- Barghoorn, Frederick Review of The Interregnum, 1923–1924 pp. 190–191 from Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 302, November 1955.
- Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992.
- Beloff, Max "Review: The Foundation of Soviet Foreign Policy" Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pp. 151–158 from Soviet Studies, Volume 5, Issue # 2, October 1953.
- Bernstein, Samuel Review of Michael Bakunin pages 289–291 from Political Science Quarterly, Volume 54, Issue # 2, June 1939.
- Call, M. S. Review of International Relations Since the Peace Treaties page 122 from World Affairs, Volume 101, Issue # 2, June 1938.
- Campbell, John Review of The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 p. 1207 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 61, Issue # 5, Summer 1983.
- Carr, E. H. German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, Harper & Row: New York, 1951, 1996
- Carr, E. H. The Twilight of the Comintern New York : Pantheon Books, 1982
- Carr, E. H. What Is History? London: Penguin Books, 1961, 1987.
- Carsten, F. L. A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of the Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Parts 1–2 pp. 141–144 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 56, Issue # 1, January 1978.
- Carsten, F. L. Review of A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Part 3 pp. 138–140 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 58, Issue # 1, January 1980.
- Carsten, F. L. Review of The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 629–631 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 61, Issue # 4, October 1983.
- Cobb, Adam "Economic Security: E.H. Carr and R.W. Cox-The Most Unlikely Bedfellows" from Cambridge Review of International Studies, Volume 9, 1995.
- Cobb, Adam "Carr, E.H." pp. 180–181 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing ed. Kelly Boyd, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999, ISBN 1-884964-33-8.
- Conolly, Violet Review of 1917: Before and After pp. 735–736 from International Affairs, Volume 45, Issue # 4, October 1969.
- Conquest, Robert "Agit-Prof" pp. 32–38 from The New Republic, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999.
- Corbett, P. E. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis pp. 237–238 from Pacific Affairs, Volume 14, Issue # 2, June 1941.
- Cox, Michael "Will the Real E. H. Carr Please Stand up?" pages 643–653 from International Affairs, Volume 75, Issue # 3, July 1999.
- ISBN 0-333-72066-0.
- Cox, Michael "Introduction" pp. 1–20.
- Davies, R.W. "Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp. 91–108.
- Halliday, Fred "Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E.H. Carr" pp. 258–279.
- Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr's Search for Meaning" pp. 21–35.
- Jones, Charles "'An Active Danger': Carr at The Times" pp. 68–87.
- Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp. 36–67.
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- Gellner, Ernest "Nationalism Reconsidered and E. H. Carr" pages 285–293 from Review of International Studies, Volume 18, Issue # 4, October 1992.
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- Gruber, Helmut Review of Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 195–200 from New German Critique, Volume 30, Autumn, 1983.
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- Haslam, Jonathan "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pp. 36–39 from History Today, Volume 33, Issue # 8, August 1983.
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- Hughes-Warrington, Marnie Fifty Key Thinkers on History, London: Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-415-16982-8.
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- Keeton, G. W. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 156–157 from The Modern Law Review, Volume 4, Issue # 2, October 1940.
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- Jenkins, Keith On 'What Is History?': From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White, London: Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09725-8.
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- Manning, C. A. W. "Review: Conditions of Peace by E. H. Carr" pp. 443–444 from International Affairs Review Supplement, Volume 19, Issue # 8, June 1942.
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- Rauch, Georg von Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 376–380 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 178, Issue #2, 1954.
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- Rowse, A. L. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 92–95 from The Economic Journal, Volume 51, Issue # 201, April 1941.
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- Schlesinger, Rudolf "The Turning Point" from Soviet Studies, Volume XI, Issue No. 4, April 1960.
- Seton-Watson, Hugh The Bolshevik Revolution, Volume II pp. 569–572 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 31, Issue # 77, June 1953.
- Smith, Keith. "The realism that did not speak its name: EH Carr's diplomatic histories of the twenty years' crisis." Review of International Studies 43.3 (2017): 475. online Archived 21 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 128–129 from International Journal, Volume 8, Issue # 2, Spring 1953.
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- Struve, Gleb Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 726–728 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 16, Issue # 48, April 1938
- Trevor-Roper, Hugh "E.H. Carr's Success Story" pp. 69–77 from Encounter, Volume 84, Issue No. 104, 1962.
- Walsh. W. H. Review of What Is History? pp. 587–588 from The English Historical Review, Volume 78, Issue # 308, July 1963.
- Willetts, H. Review of A History of Soviet Russia Volume VI pages 266–269 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 40, Issue # 94, December 1961.
- Wolfe, Bertram "Professor Carr's Wave of the Future Western Academics and Soviet Realities" from Commentray, Volume XIX, Issue # 3, March 1955.
- Woodward, E. L. Review of Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism page 721 from International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue # 5, September – October 1934.
- Review of The Conditions of Peace pages 164–167 from The American Economic Review, Volume. 34, Issue # 1 March 1944.
External links
- The Vices of Integrity: E H Carr
- E. H. Carr: historian of the future
- Review of What Is History?
- The Two Faces of E.H. Carr by Richard J. Evans
- E.H. Carr Studies in Revolutions
- E. H. Carr and Isaac Deutscher: A Very Special Relationship
- E.H. Carr The Historian As A Marxist Partisan
- Review of The Vices of Integrity
- Review of E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal by Alun Munslow
- E.H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On by John Mearsheimer
- Papers of E. H. Carr held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections