EFF DES cracker

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The EFF's US$250,000 DES cracking machine contained 1,856 custom chips and could brute force a DES key in a matter of days — the photo shows a two-sided DES Cracker circuit board fitted with 64 Deep Crack chips
The EFF's DES cracker "Deep Crack" custom microchip

In

key space – that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key. The aim in doing this was to prove that the key size
of DES was not sufficient to be secure.

Detailed technical data of this machine, including

OCR by readers.[1]

Background

DES uses a 56-bit key, meaning that there are 256 possible keys under which a message can be encrypted. This is exactly 72,057,594,037,927,936, or approximately 72 quadrillion possible keys. One of the major criticisms of DES, when proposed in 1975, was that the key size was too short. Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie of Stanford University estimated that a machine fast enough to test that many keys in a day would have cost about $20 million in 1976, an affordable sum to national intelligence agencies such as the US National Security Agency.[2] Subsequent advances in the price/performance of chips kept reducing that cost until, twenty years later, it became affordable for even a small nonprofit organization such as the EFF to mount a realistic attack.[3]

The DES challenges

DES was a federal standard, and the

US government encouraged the use of DES for all non-classified data. RSA Security wished to demonstrate that DES's key length was not enough to ensure security, so they set up the DES Challenges in 1997, offering a monetary prize. The first DES Challenge was solved in 96 days by the DESCHALL Project led by Rocke Verser in Loveland, Colorado. RSA Security set up DES Challenge II-1, which was solved by distributed.net in 39 days in January and February 1998.[4]

In 1998, the EFF built Deep Crack (named in reference to IBM's Deep Blue chess computer) for less than $250,000.[5] In response to DES Challenge II-2, on July 15, 1998, Deep Crack decrypted a DES-encrypted message after only 56 hours of work, winning $10,000. The brute force attack showed that cracking DES was actually a very practical proposition. Most governments and large corporations could reasonably build a machine like Deep Crack.

Six months later, in response to RSA Security's DES Challenge III, and in collaboration with distributed.net, the EFF used Deep Crack to decrypt another DES-encrypted message, winning another $10,000. This time, the operation took less than a day – 22 hours and 15 minutes. The decryption was completed on January 19, 1999. In October of that year, DES was reaffirmed as a federal standard, but this time the standard recommended Triple DES.

The small key space of DES and relatively high computational costs of Triple DES resulted in its replacement by AES as a Federal standard, effective May 26, 2002.

Technology

Deep Crack was designed by Cryptography Research, Inc., Advanced Wireless Technologies, and the EFF. The principal designer was Paul Kocher, president of Cryptography Research. Advanced Wireless Technologies built 1,856 custom ASIC DES chips (called Deep Crack or AWT-4500), housed on 29 circuit boards of 64 chips each. The boards were then fitted in six cabinets and mounted in a Sun-4/470 chassis.[6]

Paul Kocher of Cryptography Research posing in front of Deep Crack

The search was coordinated by a single PC which assigned ranges of keys to the chips. The entire machine was capable of testing over 90 billion keys per second. It would take about 9 days to test every possible key at that rate. On average, the correct key would be found in half that time.

In 2006, another

COPACOBANA (COst-optimized PArallel COdeBreaker) is able to crack DES at considerably lower cost.[7] This advantage is mainly due to progress in integrated circuit
technology.

In July 2012, security researchers David Hulton and

MS-CHAPv2 protocol by recovering the protocol's DES encryption keys by brute force. This tool effectively allows members of the general public to recover a DES key from a known plaintext–ciphertext pair in about 24 hours.[8]

References

  1. ISBN 1-56592-520-3. Archived from the original
    on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  2. ^ "DES (Data Encryption Standard) Review at Stanford University – Recording and Transcript". 1976. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  3. EFF.org. Archived from the original
    on June 22, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  4. ^ David C. McNett (February 24, 1998). "The secret message is..." distributed.net. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  5. ^ "DES Cracker Project". EFF. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2007. On Wednesday, July 17, 1998 the EFF DES Cracker, which was built for less than $250,000, easily won RSA Laboratory's "DES Challenge II" contest and a $10,000 cash prize.
  6. ISBN 1-56592-520-3
    .
  7. ^ "COPACOBANA – Special-Purpose Hardware for Code-Breaking". www.sciengines.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  8. ^ "Divide and Conquer: Cracking MS-CHAPv2 with a 100% success rate". CloudCracker.com. July 29, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.

External links

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