ERV3
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HERV-R_7q21.2 provirus ancestral envelope (Env) polyprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERV3 gene.[2][3][4]
Function
The human
higher primates with the exception of gorillas. Taken together, the observation of genome conservation, the detection of transcript expression, and the presence of conserved ORFs is circumstantial evidence for a functional role. Similar endogenous retroviral Env genes like syncytin-1 have important roles in placental formation and embryonic development by enabling cell-cell fusion.[6][7] Despite its origin as an Env gene, ERV3 has a premature stop codon that precludes any cell-cell fusion functionality.[8] However, it does have an immunosuppressive function that helps the fetus evade a damaging maternal immune response, which may explain its high expression in the placenta.[9]
There is speculation that ERV3 originally did have cell-cell fusion functionality in the placenta, but that it was eventually supplanted by other Env genes like syncytin, leading to a loss of this function.[10]
Another functional role is suggested by the observation that downregulation of ERV3 is reported in choriocarcinoma.[4]
References
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 2115127.
- PMID 6495650.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ERV3 endogenous retroviral sequence 3 (includes zinc finger protein H-plk/HPF9)".
- S2CID 9254616.
- PMID 19616006.
- PMID 14757826.
- PMID 9525678.
- PMID 18077339.
- PMID 23873343.
Further reading
- Sasaki T (November 1991). "[Integration and expression of human endogenous retrovirus]". [Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi] the Hokkaido Journal of Medical Science. 66 (6): 794–803. PMID 1783368.
- Kato N, Pfeifer-Ohlsson S, Kato M, Larsson E, Rydnert J, Ohlsson R, Cohen M (July 1987). "Tissue-specific expression of human provirus ERV3 mRNA in human placenta: two of the three ERV3 mRNAs contain human cellular sequences". Journal of Virology. 61 (7): 2182–91. PMID 2884330.
- Kato N, Larsson E, Cohen M (March 1988). "Absence of expression of a human endogenous retrovirus is correlated with choriocarcinoma". International Journal of Cancer. 41 (3): 380–5. S2CID 46353425.
- Cohen M, Kato N, Larsson E (February 1988). "ERV3 human endogenous provirus mRNAs are expressed in normal and malignant tissues and cells, but not in choriocarcinoma tumor cells". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 36 (2): 121–8. S2CID 24591624.
- Cohen M, Powers M, O'Connell C, Kato N (December 1985). "The nucleotide sequence of the env gene from the human provirus ERV3 and isolation and characterization of an ERV3-specific cDNA". Virology. 147 (2): 449–58. PMID 3840930.
- O'Connell CD, Cohen M (December 1984). "The long terminal repeat sequences of a novel human endogenous retrovirus". Science. 226 (4679): 1204–6. PMID 6505687.
- Venables PJ, Brookes SM, Griffiths D, Weiss RA, Boyd MT (August 1995). "Abundance of an endogenous retroviral envelope protein in placental trophoblasts suggests a biological function". Virology. 211 (2): 589–92. PMID 7645262.
- Larsson E, Andersson AC, Nilsson BO (1995). "Expression of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV3 HERV-R) in human reproductive and embryonic tissues--evidence for a function for envelope gene products". Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 99 (2): 113–20. PMID 7716822.
- Andersson AC, Merza M, Venables P, Pontén F, Sundström J, Cohen M, Larsson E (January 1996). "Elevated levels of the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 in human sebaceous glands". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 106 (1): 125–8. PMID 8592062.
- Larsson E, Venables P, Andersson AC, Fan W, Rigby S, Botling J, Oberg F, Cohen M, Nilsson K (April 1997). "Tissue and differentiation specific expression on the endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) in normal human tissues and during induced monocytic differentiation in the U-937 cell line". Leukemia. 11 (Suppl 3): 142–4. PMID 9209323.
- Sibata M, Ikeda H, Katumata K, Takeuchi K, Wakisaka A, Yoshoki T (April 1997). "Human endogenous retroviruses: expression in various organs in vivo and its regulation in vitro". Leukemia. 11 (Suppl 3): 145–6. PMID 9209324.
- Andersson AC, Svensson AC, Rolny C, Andersson G, Larsson E (February 1998). "Expression of human endogenous retrovirus ERV3 (HERV-R) mRNA in normal and neoplastic tissues". International Journal of Oncology. 12 (2): 309–13. PMID 9458354.
- de Parseval N, Heidmann T (April 1998). "Physiological knockout of the envelope gene of the single-copy ERV-3 human endogenous retrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population". Journal of Virology. 72 (4): 3442–5. PMID 9525678.
- Rasmussen HB, Clausen J (November 1998). "Large number of polymorphic nucleotides and a termination codon in the env gene of the endogenous human retrovirus ERV3". Disease Markers. 14 (3): 127–33. PMID 10427470.
- Lin L, Xu B, Rote NS (January 2000). "The cellular mechanism by which the human endogenous retrovirus ERV-3 env gene affects proliferation and differentiation in a human placental trophoblast model, BeWo". Placenta. 21 (1): 73–8. PMID 10692254.
- Kim H, Crow TJ, Hyun BH (2000). "Assignment of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-R (ERV3) to human chromosome 7q11.2 by radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (1–2): 10. S2CID 85042388.
- Andersson AC, Venables PJ, Tönjes RR, Scherer J, Eriksson L, Larsson E (June 2002). "Developmental expression of HERV-R (ERV3) and HERV-K in human tissue". Virology. 297 (2): 220–5. PMID 12083821.
External links
- ERV3+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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