Early life of Augustus
Gaius Octavius Thurinus | |||||
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Livia Drusilla 25 BC to AD 14 | |||||
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Gaius Octavius; adopted by Julius Caesar | |||||
Mother | Atia |
The early life of Augustus, the first
Childhood (63 BC – 48 BC)
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius in
In 61 BC, the elder Octavius was elected praetor. Following his praetorship, he would serve for two years as governor of Macedonia.[2] There, he proved himself a capable administrator. Upon returning to Italy in 59 BC, before he could stand for the consulship, he suddenly died in Nola. This left the young Octavius, then four years old, without a father.
Octavius' mother Atia took over his education in the absence of his father. He was taught as the average Roman aristocratic boy was, learning both
At this time, the
With Crassus dead, Caesar and Pompey began to fight each other for supremacy and power. In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to return to Rome from Gaul and to disband his army. The Senate had forbidden Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Without the consulship, Caesar would be without legal immunity and without the power of his army. Left with no other options, on 10 January 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war.
The Senate and Pompey fled to Greece. Despite outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, Pompey had no intention of fighting in Italy. Leaving
Family tree of the Octavii Rufi
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Emperor |
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Consul |
Cn. Octavius Rufus q. c. 230 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cn. Octavius cos. 165 BC | C. Octavius tr. mil. 216 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C. Octavius magistr. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
tr. pl. | C. Octavius procos. MAC. 60 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L. Octavius cos. 75 BC | Cn. Octavius cos. 76 BC | C. Octavius (Augustus) imp. ROM. 27 BC–AD 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M. Octavius aed. 50 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Early career (48 BC – 44 BC)
The same year as Caesar’s ultimate victory against Pompey, Octavius turned 15 and donned the toga virillis on 18 October.[6] Shortly after, Octavius began his first official business upon being elected a pontiff in the College of Pontiffs.[6] It was Caesar who had nominated Octavius for this position, the first of many to come from Caesar. While it is unknown if Caesar took the time to explain the current military or political situation, he did take an interest in Octavius. While celebrating the Festival of the Latins, Caesar appointed Octavius the praefectus urbi until his return. While the position was solely honorary and possessed no authority, it allowed Octavius a place in the public eye.
From 46 BC on, Octavius was very close to Caesar and attended theatres, banquets, and other social gatherings with him. In September 46 BC, when Caesar celebrated his multiple triumphs, Octavius took part in the procession and was accorded military honors despite never having served in combat.[7] Soon, Octavius had built up considerable influence with Caesar to such a point that others would ask him to intercede with him on their behalf.
Following in the normal path of young Romans, Octavius needed experience with military affairs. Caesar proposed that Octavius join him in Africa even though Octavius had fallen ill. Though he was now legally a man, his mother Atia was still a dominating figure in his life. According to Nicolaus of Damascus, Atia protested Octavius joining Caesar, and the latter recognized the necessity of protecting Octavius’ health.[8] Though she consented for him to join Caesar in Hispania, where he planned to fight the remaining forces under Pompey’s lieutenants, but Octavius again fell ill and was unable to travel.
As soon as he was well, Octavius, accompanied by a few friends (including
Caesar and Octavius stayed in Hispania until June 45 BC, after which they returned to Rome.
Hoping to continue Octavius’ education, at the end of 45 BC Caesar sent him, along with his friends Agrippa,
However, the war with the Parthians never came nor did Octavius’ promotion. While still in Apollonia, word reached Octavius that Caesar had been assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BC. It was then made public that Caesar had adopted Octavius as his son and main heir. In response, Octavius changed his name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Though modern scholars to avoid confusion commonly refer to him at this point as Octavian, he called himself "Caesar", which is the name his contemporaries also used. Rejecting the advice of some army officers to take refuge with his troops in Macedonia, Octavian sailed to Italy to claim his inheritance.
See also
- Adoption in Rome
References
- ^ a b Suetonius, Augustus 5–6.
- ^ Suetonius, Augustus 1–4.
- ^ Suetonius, Augustus 4–8; Nicolaus of Damascus, Augustus 3.
- ^ Suetonius, Augustus 8.1; Quintilian, 12.6.1.
- ^ Tamsyn Barton (1995). "Augustus and Capricorn: Astrological Polyvalency and Imperial Rhetoric". The Journal of Roman Studies. 85. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 47.
- ^ a b Suetonius, Augustus 8.1
- ^ Fagan, Garrett G., "Augustus (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.)", 1999
- ^ Nicolaus of Damascus, Augustus 6.
- ^ Suetonius, Augustus 68, translated by John Carew Rolfe.
- ^ Velleius Paterculus 2.59.3.
- ^ Suetonius, Julius 83 Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today.
- ^ Eck, 9–10