East Asian people

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East Asian people (East Asians or Northeast Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[1] The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020.[2] However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian diasporas, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the number of East Asian people worldwide.[3]

The major ethnic groups[a] that form the core of traditional East Asia are the Han, Koreans, and Yamato.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Ainu, Bai, Hui, Manchus, Mongols and other Mongolic peoples, Nivkh, Qiang, Ryukyuans, Tibetans, and Yakuts.[12][13]

Culture

Main article:
East Asian culture

The major East Asian language families that form the traditional linguistic core of East Asia are the

Tai–Kadai, Austronesian, and Austroasiatic.[17]

Throughout the ages, the greatest

Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[24] Major characteristics exported by China towards Japan and Korea include shared vocabulary based on Chinese script, as well as similar social and moral philosophies derived from Confucianist thought.[25][23][26]

Han characters and Written Chinese became the fundamental linguistic basis as well as the unifying linguistic feature in East Asian writing system as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors.[26] Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia.[26] The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where Han characters acted as the major underlying fundamental linguistic basis constituent of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the fundamental linguistic basis for formulating the Korean language.[27] In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.[25] In Mongolia, the script used there is the Cyrillic script along with the Mongolian script
system.

Genetics

Main article: Genetic history of East Asians

A review paper by Melinda A. Yang (in 2022) summarized and concluded that a distinctive "Basal-East Asian population" referred to as 'East- and Southeast Asian lineage' (ESEA); which is ancestral to modern East Asians,

Northern China, but already differentiated and distinct from European-related and Australasian-related lineages, found in other regions of prehistoric Eurasia. The ESEA lineage trifurcated from an earlier "eastern non-African" (ENA) or "East-Eurasian" meta-population, which also contributed to the formation of Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI) as well as to Australasians.[28]

The majority of East Asians have the ABCC11 gene (80-95%), which greatly reduces body odor and codes for dry-type earwax. It is believed that this reduction in body odor may be an adaptation to colder climates by ancient Northeast Asian ancestors, although this is not definitively proven.

Health

Alcohol flush reaction

Main article: Alcohol flush reaction

Alcohol flush reaction is the characteristic physiological facial flushing response to drinking alcohol experienced by 36% of East Asians.

HapMap project, another allele responsible for the flush reaction, the rs671 (ALDH2*2) of the ALDH2 is rare among Europeans and Sub-Saharan Black Africans, while 30% to 50% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ALDH2*2 allele.[34] The reaction has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ethnic group" and "nationality". In the context of East Asian ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group, are mostly used interchangeably, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual core countries of traditional East Asia.[4]
  2. OED
    )

References

  1. ISBN 978-9812295941
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  2. ^ "East Asia Countries Total Population". Archived from the original on 2019-04-09. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  3. ^ "Large East Asian Diaspora figures" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  4. ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii–xx.
  5. ISBN 978-0765643223
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  6. ISBN 978-0765643223
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  7. ISBN 978-0415149006
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  8. ISBN 978-1137370549
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  9. ISBN 978-0415835138
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  10. ISBN 978-3447055123
    .
  11. ISBN 978-9812295941
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0415948081
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  13. ISBN 978-9004292925
    .
  14. ^ Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.
  15. ^ Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p. 66. at Google Books
  16. ^ Kim, Chin-Wu (1974). The Making of the Korean Language. Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i.
  17. ISBN 978-0765618221
    .
  18. ^ a b Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 2.
  19. ISBN 978-0765617866
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  20. ISBN 978-3447055123
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  21. ISBN 978-1567205251
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  22. ISBN 978-0231153195
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  23. ^
    ISBN 978-0674064010
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  24. ^ a b Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Sinic World in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 52.2 (January 1974): 341—348. JSTOR Archived 2017-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-9812295941
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  26. ^
    ISBN 978-1846143106
    .
  27. ^ "How was Hangul invented?". The Economist. 2013-10-08. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  28. ISSN 2770-5005
    . ...In contrast, mainland East and Southeast Asians and other Pacific islanders (e.g., Austronesian speakers) are closely related to each other [9,15,16] and here denoted as belonging to an East and Southeast Asian (ESEA) lineage (Box 2). …the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.
  29. S2CID 206059192
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  30. PMID 19320537
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  31. ISBN 978-1493913442
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  32. ^
    PMID 20089146
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  33. PMID 17718397
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  34. ^ "Rs671". Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
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