East Godavari district

Coordinates: 16°57′N 82°15′E / 16.950°N 82.250°E / 16.950; 82.250
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East Godavari district
District of Andhra Pradesh
Clockwise from top-left: Kovvur Shivalayam, Golingeshwara Temple near Biccavole, Godavari bridges near Rajamahendravaram
NH 216, NH 516E, NH 216A, NH-365BB, NH-516D.
Websiteeastgodavari.ap.gov.in

East Godavari is a district in the

Rajamahendravaram
.

In the Madras Presidency, the District of

West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari.[7][8] In November 1956, Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State. In 1959, the Bhadrachalam revenue division, consisting of Bhadrachalam and Naguru Taluqs (2 Taluqas in 1959 but later subdivided into Wajedu, Venkatapruram, Charla, Dummugudem, Bhadrachalam, Nellipaka, Chinturu, Kunavaram, and Vara Rama Chandra Puram Mandals) of the East Godavari district were merged into the Khammam district.[9] After June 2014's reorganisation and division of Andhra Pradesh, the mandals of Bhadrachalam (with the exception of Bhadrachalam Temple), Nellipaka, Chinturu, Kunavaram and Vara Rama Chandra Puram were re-added back to the East Godavari district.[10]

Geography

This district is surrounded by:

History

East Godavari has many important Buddhist sites.

Early kingdoms

The district, like the rest of the

Mauryan Empire, the district was under the Satavahanas until the 3rd century under the famous poet king Haala. Coins found during excavations have revealed the rule of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vaasisthi-puttra Pulumaavi and Yajna Sri Satakarni. Gupta emperor Samudragupta invaded during the rule of both Pishtapura and Avamukta in the district in 350 AD Samudragupta's invasion was followed by the rule of the Mathara dynasty
from 375 to 500. The earliest known ruler of the dynasty was Saktivarman.

The district passed into the hands of Vishnukundinas during the rule of Vikramendra Varma I during the 5th century. The records indicate that their domain extended over Visakhapatnam, West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in addition to East Godavari. Indra Bhattaraka defeated the rulers of Vasistha Kula and re-established Vihsnukundina authority, but was shortly defeated by Kalinga armies. Indra Bhattaraka was followed to the throne by a few others, including Madhava Varma III and Manchana Bhattaraka, who tried to restore their kingdom. Madhava Varma III was the last important ruler of this family.

Chalukyas and Cholas

The

Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
did not like the Chola influence in Vengi and the area witnessed many wars between the Cholas and Chalukyas. After the death of Vijaya Aditya VII in 175 AD, the Eastern Chalukya dynasty came to an end.

Haihayas of Kona, Gonka II and Rudra of the Kakatiya dynasty
.

Kakatiyas and Delhi Sultanate

Inscriptions at this region including the ones at

Cholas with the help of Nellooru Chodas. The Kakatiya power remained undisturbed in the Godavari region throughout the reign of Ganapati and her daughter Rudrama devi. Pratapa Rudra ascended the throne in 1295 and faced many attacks from Sultans of Delhi. After his defeat by Muhammad bin Tughluq
in 1323, the district came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq divided South India into five provinces and appointed governors.

Nayakas, Reddi, Telagas (Kapus) and other kingdoms

Delhi sultans faced rebellions from the confederacy of local chiefs under the authority of Prolaya of the

Rajamahendravaram
. He was succeeded by Anavema Reddi and Kumaragiri of the same dynasty.

Kumaragiri fought many wars with the Recharlas of Rachakonda and the Kalinga rulers. He sent his general Kataya Vema along with Prince Anavota to conquer the eastern region. This resulted in the annexation of a large tract in the north as far as

Simhachalam
. The newly acquired territory was annexed to the Reddi Kingdom and constituted into a separate province called the eastern kingdom. Prince Anavota ruled this province with Raja-Mahendra-Varam as his capital. He died a premature death around 1395 and Kataya Vema, the general and brother-in-law of Kumara Giri, was given Raja Mahendra Rajya in appreciation of the services rendered by him to the State. Kataya Vema's departure to Raja Mahendra Varam led to the seizure of the throne of Kondaveedu by force by Peda Komati Vema.

Peda Komati Vema's authority was defined by Kataya Vema. Kataya Vema was also involved in a conflict with Eruva chief Annadeva Choda, who managed to occupy a large portion of the Raja Mahendra Rajya. He was, however, defeated and driven back by Kataya Vema. Later, Kataya Vema died in a battle with Anna Deva Choda. After his death, Allada Reddi placed Kataya Vemas' son Komaragiri on the throne of Rajamahendravaram and ruled the kingdom as his regent. Komarigiri died a premature death. Allada Reddi ruled this region until his death in 1420. About 1423, the Vijayanagara ruler Deva Raya II defeated Veera Bhadra, who was then ruling this kingdom and reduced it to subjection.

After the death of

Bahmanis but he could not retain it for long. Purushottama overthrew Hamveera and tried to reconquer Rajamahendravaram and other places. But Muhammad Shah III led the forces to Rajamahendravaram. This battle, however, ended with the conclusion of a peace treaty. After the death of Muhammad Shah III, Purushottama Gajapati overran the whole of the Godavari-Krishna do-ab and drove the Bahmani forces as far south as Kondaveedu. Purushottama was succeeded by his son Pratapa Rudra. The Vijayanagar monarch Krishnadevaraya
invaded his kingdom and brought Rajamahendravaram under subjugation. However, a treaty was concluded wherein Pratapa Rudra agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Krishna Deva Raya in return of the territory north of the Krishna conquered by Krishna Deva Raya.

Muslim kingdoms

See also:
Rajamundry Sarkar

Taking advantage of the disturbed conditions, the

Golkonda
, Sultan Quli Qutab Shah, invaded the coastal region and took possession of Rajamahendravaram and the neighboring kingdoms. Sultan Quli was murdered and he was succeeded to the throne by his son Jamshid Qutab Shah and then by his grandson Subhan Qutab Shah. During his reign, Ibrahim Qutab Shah had to ward off challenges from Shitab Khan and Vidyadhar. The last ruler of this dynasty was Abdul Hasan Tana Shah, who ruled from 1672 to 1687.

Nizam-ul-Mulk (viceroy of Golaconda) looked after the administration through military officers called Fauzdars. Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, the new Raja of Vizianagaram, invited the French to occupy the Northern Circars
. The tussle that ensued between the French and the English ended with the French losing all possessions in Northern Circars except Yanam.

Salabat Jung was subsequently deposed by his brother

British East India Company in August 1765, but it was kept a secret until March 1766. The fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British, and General Cillaud was sent to Machilipatnam
to undertake military operations, if necessary. The Nizam also made brisk preparations for war. War was prevented by the signing of a treaty on 12 November 1766 by which the company, in return for occupying the Circars, undertook to maintain troops for the Nizam's assistance.

British rule (1768–1947)

By a second treaty, signed on 1 March 1768 the Nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the company, receiving as a mark of friendship an annuity of 50,000. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the Nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the company, and they became a British possession. In the Madras Presidency, the District of

Rajamahendravaram was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari.[citation needed
]

In 1839 during the

Coringa and toppled buildings, therefore over 300,000 people were killed.[11][12][13]

Post-independence

After India's independence in 1947, the former

British India became India's Madras State. In 1953, the northern districts of Madras state, including the Godavari district, became the new state of Andhra. Yanam was relinquished by the French in 1954, but one condition of the cession treaty was the retention of the district's separate and distinct identity, which also applied to the other South Indian enclaves constituting today's Puducherry
state.

Early history

The "Godavari district" was formed with its headquarters at

Rajamundry.[citation needed
]

Geography and climate

Districts of Andhra Pradesh

East Godavari occupies an area of 12,805 square kilometres (4,944 sq mi),

Papikondalu part of Eastern Ghats is the hilly terrain in located the north western part of this district, it consists of hills running on both the sides of river Godavari until Bhadrachalam, Telangana. The temperature remains humid for most of the months as it is located in the coastal belt. This district is referred as the green belt of Andhra due to its greenery spread all around. There are abundant deciduous forests in the Northwest part near Maredumilli and to the east near Kakinada there are mangrove forests.[citation needed
]

Demographics

According to the

640 districts) and 1st in the state.[17] The district has a population density of 477 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,240/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.1%. East Godavari has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.35%.[17]

East Godavari has a total population of 5,151,549; 2,569,419 and 2,582,130 male and female respectively. There was a change of 5.10 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001 census. The census data states a density of 477 in 2011 compared to 454 in 2001.[18] Average literacy rate of East Godavari in 2011 was 71.35% compared to 65.48% in 2001. On a gender basis, male and female literacy was 74.91% and 67.82% respectively. With regards to sex ratio in East Godavari, it stood at 1005 per 1000 males compared to the 2001 census figure of 993. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per the 2011 census.[17]

There were total 492,446 children under the age of 0–6 against 613,490 of 2001 census. Of total 492,446 male and female were 250,086 and 242,360 respectively. The child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 969 compared to 978 in 2001. In 2011, children under 0-6 formed 9.56% of East Godavari compared to 12.52% in 2001.[17]

Religions in East Godavari district (2011)[19]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 95.62%
Islam
 
 2.47%
Christianity
 
 1.58%
Other or not stated
 
 0.33%
Distribution of religions

After reorganization, the district had a population of 18,32,332, of which 560,349 (30.58%) lived in urban areas. East Godavari district had a sex ratio of 1010 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 365,972 (19.97%) and 19,702 (1.08%) of the population respectively.[3]: 81–85 [4]: 85–90 

Languages of East Godavari district (2011)[20]

  Telugu (97.36%)
  Urdu (1.84%)
  Others (0.80%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.36% of the population spoke Telugu and 1.84% Urdu as their first language.[20]

Household indicators

In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1019 households in 38 villages across the district.[21] They found that 92.5% had access to electricity, 96.7% had drinking water, 50.4% toilet facilities, and 30.9% lived in a pucca (permanent) home.[21] 28.6% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 79% of interviewees carried a BPL card.[21]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19011,339,029—    
19111,511,222+1.22%
19211,536,868+0.17%
19311,756,747+1.35%
19411,976,743+1.19%
19512,301,822+1.53%
19612,608,375+1.26%
19713,087,262+1.70%
19813,701,040+1.83%
19914,541,222+2.07%
20014,901,420+0.77%
20115,154,296+0.50%
source:[22]

Administrative divisions

The district has two revenue divisions namely, Rajamahendravaram and Kovvur with 19 mandals.[23]

Parliament segment

Rajamahendravaram

Assembly segments

Rajamahendravaram Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:[24]

Constituency number Name Reserved for
(SC/ST/None) 		Parliament
40
Anaparthy
 None Rajamahendravaram
49
Rajanagaram
 None
50
Rajamahendravaram City
 None
51
Rajamahendravaram Rural
 None
54
Kovvur
 SC
55
Nidadavole
 None
66
Gopalapuram
 SC

Mandals

East Godavari District
Satellite view of East Godavari District Mandals

East Godavari has the following mandals:[25]

# Rajamahendravaram Division Kovvur Division
1 Rajamahendravaram Urban Kovvur
2 Rajamahendravaram Rural Chagallu
3 Kadiam Tallapudi
4 Rajanagaram Nidadavole
5 Seethanagaram Undrajavaram
6 Korukonda Peravali
7 Gokavaram Devarapalle
8 Anaparthi Gopalapuram
9 Biccavolu Nallajerla
10 Rangampeta

Erstwhile Talukas

Before the formation of Mandals, administration was done through the Taluka system. The erstwhile Talukas in the district are given below.

In 1978, the number of Talukas in East Godavari district was increased from 14 to 19. Later, in 1985, these 19 Talukas were divided into 60 Mandals.

In 2014, as per the Polavaram Ordinance, 4 Mandals from Telangana were merged with East Godavari District. Thus, the number of Mandals increased to 64.

S.No. Talukas in

East Godavari in 1971

Newly formed talukas

in East Godavari in 1978

Newly formed mandals in 1985
1 Kakinada Kakinada Kakinada Urban, Kakinada Rural, Samarlakota, Pedapudi,
Tallarevu [15] Tallarevu, Karapa, Kajuluru,
2 Amalapuram Amalapuram Amalapuram, Ambajipeta, Ainavilli, Uppalaguptam, Allavaram,
3 Mummidivaram Mummidivaram Mummidivaram, I.Polavaram, Katrenikona,
4 Razole Razole Razole, Sakhinetipalli, Malikipuram
5 Kothapeta Kothapeta Kothapeta, Atreyapuram, Ravulapalem,
P. Gannavaram [16] P. Gannavaram, Mamidikuduru
6 MANDAPETA MANDAPETA Alamur, Mandapeta, Kapileswarapuram,
7 Ramachandrapuram Ramachandrapuram Ramachandrapuram, Pamarru,
8 Rajamahendravaram Rajamahendravaram Rajamahendravaram Urban, Rajamahendravaram Rural, Rajanagaram, Kadiam
Korukonda [17] Korukonda, Seethanagaram, Gokavaram,
9 Rampachodavaram Rampachodavaram Rampachodavaram, Maredumilli, Devipatnam,
Rayavaram [18] Anaparthy, Rayavaram, Biccavolu,
10 Yellavaram Yellavaram Yellavaram, Addateegala, Y.Ramavaram, Rajavommangi, Gangavaram,
11 Peddapuram Peddapuram Peddapuram, Kirlampudi,
Rangampeta [19] Rangampeta, Jaggampeta, Gandepalle,
12 Prathipadu Prathipadu Prathipadu, Kotananduru, Shankavaram, Prathipadu, Yeleswaram
13 Tuni Tuni Tuni, Thondangi
14 Pithapuram Pithapuram Pithapuram, Gollaprolu, Kothapalle

Cities and towns

 
 
Largest cities or towns in East Godavari district
As per the 2011 Census
Rank Division Pop.
Rajamahendravaram
 1
Rajamahendravaram
 Rajamahendravaram Division 476,873
2 Nidadavolu Kovvur division 43,809
3 Kovvur Kovvur Division 39,667
4 Anaparthi Rajamahendravaram Division 26,790
5 Nallajerla Kovvur Division 13,457
6
·
·
 ·
7
·
·
 ·
8
·
·
 ·
9
·
·
 ·
10
·
·
 ·

Villages

Culture

The culture of East Godavari and West Godavari districts is a rich traditional one in all parts of the district and reflects the true culture of Andhra Pradesh. It is known for Veda-pandits, the Godavari River and the hospitality of the people. Rajamahendravaram city is known as the "Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh". Durga Cinetone is the first South Indian film studio constructed in the city of Rajamahendravaram. The government of Andhra Pradesh is constructing film studios in Kakinada and Rajamahendravaram cities on PPP mode.[citation needed] East Godavari has produced several stalwarts in an area of culture, music, art, and cinema.[26]

Economy

Agriculture and its allied activities is the backbone of East Godavari district's economy. Rajamahendravaram is a major business centre and Kakinada are the major industrial zone. It is the largest producer of

fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, unorganised trade and transport.[16]

Floriculture

East Godavari is also famous for flowers. Various varieties of flowers are cultivated here. Nurseries here are spread more than 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres) in

Kadiam, Rajamahendravaram Rural Mandals in Rajamahendravaram. Floriculture is expanding to Mandapeta, Alamuru, Atreyapuram, and Ravulapalem mandals. Floriculture Institute and Research Centre is in construction at Vemagiri in Rajamahendravaram. The government is trying to export these flowers from Rajamahendravaram Airport
through cargo planes.

Transport

Rajamahendravaram Railway station is a major station in the district

Roadways

The total road length of

Razole, Narasapuram. The National Highway NH-516E connects Rajamahendravaram with Vizianagaram via Rampachodavaram, Addateegala, Rajavommangi. The National Highway NH-216A connects Rajamahendravaram with Gundugolanu near Eluru via Ravulapalem, Tanuku, Tadepalligudem. National Highways NH-365BB, NH-516D connects Rajamahendravaram with Suryapet in Telangana via Jangareddygudem, Aswaraopeta, Khammam. ADB (Asian Development Bank) Road and SH-40 (Canal Road) connect Rajamahendravaram and Kakinada. Rajamahendravaram–Kakinada Canal Road is being developed on PPP (Public Private Partnership) mode. NHAI is constructing Kakinada-Annavaram Highway along the coast under Sagaramala Project. SH-41 connects Rajamahendravaram with Chinturu, Bhadrachalam, Malkangiri, Jagdalpur.[citation needed
]

Railways

Rajamahendravaram, Dwarapudi, Anaparti, Samalkot Junction, Pithapuram, Annavaram, Tuni, and Kakinada Town are the Major Railway stations in the district. The Chennai to Howrah rail line also passes through this district.

Narsapur, 2nd lane on Godavari Arch Bridge, Kovvur-Bhadrachalam, Rajamahendravaram–Raipur
railway lines are important railway projects in district. Indian Railway Department is developing Kakinada, Rajamahendravaram Railway Stations commercially like construction of malls, multiplexes, hotels, lounges, parks, new platforms.

Airways

Rajamahendravaram Airport, situated at Rajamahendravaram. The airport's runway is the biggest runway in the state. People here are requesting to develop this airport as an international airport. The state government is very keen in developing the airport as an international airport. The government is constructing IAF base in this airport. This airport plays a crucial role in the economy of the Godavari districts. The government of Andhra Pradesh is keen in exporting flowers through this airport from nurseries in Kadiam mandal in Rajamahendravaram and agricultural products from the district. Heli tourism has been introduced in the airport to see tourist places in both the Godavari districts. This airport is used by Oil Companies like ONGC, GAIL, IOCL, Reliance etc. It is playing major role in industrialisation of Godavari districts.[28]

Waterways

Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam.[30] Kakinada Port is a major port. GMR is constructing new commercial port at Kona area in Thondangi mandal of Kakinada which consists of 1200acre land.[citation needed
]

Education

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[31][32] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 5,986 schools. They include, 29 government, 3,452 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 1688 private, 2 model, 12 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 285 municipal and 517 other types of schools.[33] The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 722,123.[34]

The district has universities located at Rajamahendravaram such as

Postgraduate colleges etc. Some of the notable universities, colleges are Rangaraya Medical College in Kakinada and Government Pithapuram Rajah College, Kakinada.[citation needed
]

National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI), National Academy of Constructions are established in Rajamahendravaram.[citation needed]

Central Floriculture Research Centre and Institute is in construction at Vemagiri in Rajamahendravaram. Science City is being established at Kakinada, Rajamahendravaram.[citation needed]

After the Reorganization of Andhra Pradesh State the following institutes are sanctioned for district:[citation needed]

  1. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), Kakinada
  2. Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP), Kakinada
  3. National Institute of Drama (NID), Rajamahendravaram
  4. National Civil Aviation Academy, Rajamahendravaram
  5. AP State Forest Academy, Rajamahendravaram

Tourism

Vakalapudi beach at Kakinada

East Godavari has many places worth visiting, such as temples and nurseries.[citation needed]

  • Historical temples are located at:
    • Someswaram
    • Amalapuram
    • Annavaram
    • Antarvedi
    • Draksharamam
    • Kotipalli
    • Pithapuram
    • Rajamahendravaram
    • Samarlakota [citation needed]

are located in Kakinada.

  • Kadiam Mandal in Rajamahendravaram is the location of many plant nurseries.
  • Sir Arthur Cotton Museum
  • Dowleswaram Barrage
  • Havelock Bridge

are located at Rajamahendravaram.

People from East Godavari district

See also

References

  1. ^ "District – East Godavari". Andhra Pradesh Online Portal. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  2. ^ "Collectors, SPs appointed for new districts in Andhra Pradesh". The Hindu. 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b "District Census Hand Book – West Godavari" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  4. ^ a b "District Census Hand Book – East Godavari" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  5. ^ "New 'AP 39&40' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  6. ^ a b Bhaskar, B. v s (8 June 2014). "Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  7. ^ "District Profile". East Godavari District Webportal. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  8. ISBN 9780199397709
    . Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  9. ISBN 9780883861189
    .
  10. ^ "Post division, who will get Bhadrachalam?". The Times of India. 21 August 2013.
  11. ^ Reid, William (1849). The progress of the development of the law of storms... J. Weale. p. 105.
  12. ^ Balfour, Edward (1885). The cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia. Vol. 2. B. Quaritch. p. 125.
  13. ^ Chambers, William (1851). Chambers's Papers for the people. p. 15.
  14. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7
    .
  15. United Nations Environment Program. 18 February 1998. Archived from the original
    on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Sumba 10,711
  16. ^ a b c d "Economy of East Godavari District". Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  17. ^ a b c d e "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  18. ^ "Indian Districts by Population, Growth Rate, Sex Ratio 2011 Census". Census2011.co.in. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  19. ^ "Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  20. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  21. ^
    Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    . 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  22. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  23. ^ "6 new districts carved out from Godavari districts". The Hans India. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). The Election Commission of India. p. 30.
  25. ^ "Here's How the New AP Map Looks Like After Districts Reorganization". Sakshi. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  26. ^ Augustine, Seline (13 April 2017). "She blazed a trail". The Hindu.
  27. ^ "Existing State Highways" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  28. ^ "Rajamahendravaram airport terminal operational". The Hindu Business Line. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  29. ^ Ministry of Shipping (Government of India). "National waterways Declaration". Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  30. ^ Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2 August 2010). "Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India". Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  31. ^ "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  32. ^ "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  33. ^ "School Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  34. ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  35. ^ "Tourist Places". East Godavari District Webportal. Retrieved 16 July 2014.

External links

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