East Pakistan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Province of East Pakistan
পূর্ব পাকিস্তান (
Urdu
)

masẖriqī Pākistān
1955–1971
Emblem of East Pakistan
Emblem
Anthem: 
Dacca
Official languagesBengali
Demonym(s)Pakistani, East Pakistani
Government
Chief Ministers
 
• 1955–1956, Twice in 1958
Abu Hussain Sarkar
• 1956–1958, Twice again in 1958
Ataur Rahman Khan
Governors
 
• 1955–1956
Amiruddin Ahmad
• 1956–1958
A. K. Fazlul Huq
• 1958–1960
Zakir Husain
• 1962
Ghulam Faruque Khan
• 1971
Abdul Motaleb Malik
Administratora 
• 1960–1962
Zakir Husain
• 1962–1969
• 1969–1971
V/ADMPN Syed Mohammad Ahsan
• 1971
Tikka Khan, PA
• 1971
Lt Gen, A. A. K. Niazi, PA
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
History 
14 October 1955
1 July 1970
• Disestablished
16 December 1971
Area
• Total
148,460 km2 (57,320 sq mi)
CurrencyPakistani rupee
Time zoneUTC+06:00
Preceded by
Succeeded by
East Bengal
Provisional Government of Bangladesh
Today part ofBangladesh[a]

East Pakistan was the eastern provincial exclave of

Burma, with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis"; to distinguish this region from India's state West Bengal (which is also known as "Indian Bengal"), East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of Bengal" or "country of Bengalis" in Bengali language
.

East Pakistan was renamed from

. East Pakistan seceded with the help of India.

The East Pakistan Provincial Assembly was the legislative body of the territory, it was the largest provincial legislature in Pakistan and elections were held only twice in 1954 and 1970. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, most Bengali members elected to the Pakistani National Assembly and the East Pakistani provincial assembly became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh.

Due to the strategic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani union was a member of the

Dacca was declared as the second capital of Pakistan and planned as the home of the national parliament. The government recruited American architect Louis Kahn to design the national assembly complex in Dacca.[2]

Etymology

Bangalistan". The word Mashriqi implies as Eastern. Kazim, in his book of reviews, Kal ki Baat (Readings Lahore, 2010), tells us that Aurangzeb's minister Abul Fazl had opined that Bangla was actually Bangal and that 'al' in it meant enclosure. Today, 'aal' is taken to mean home, from a sense of 'outer wall making an enclosure', which is exactly what Bangla-Desh is today.[3]

History

One Unit and Islamic Republic

Suhrawardy (middle) with US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

In 1955, Prime Minister

One Unit scheme which merged the four western provinces into a single unit called West Pakistan while East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan.[4]

Pakistan ended its dominion status and adopted a republican constitution in 1956, which proclaimed an Islamic republic. The populist leader H. S. Suhrawardy of East Pakistan was appointed prime minister of Pakistan. As soon as he became the prime minister, Suhrawardy initiated legal work reviving the joint electorate system. There was strong opposition and resentment to the joint electorate system in West Pakistan. The Muslim League had taken the cause to the public and began calling for the implementation of a separate electorate system. In contrast to West Pakistan, the joint electorate was highly popular in East Pakistan. The tug of war with the Muslim League to establish the appropriate electorate caused problems for his government.[citation needed]

The constitutionally obliged National Finance Commission Program (NFC Program) was immediately suspended by Prime Minister Suhrawardy despite the reserves of the four provinces of West Pakistan in 1956. Suhrawardy advocated for the USSR-based Five-Year Plans to centralise the national economy. In this view, East Pakistan's economy would be quickly centralised and all major economic planning would be shifted to West Pakistan.[citation needed]

Efforts leading to centralising the economy were met with great resistance in West Pakistan when the elite monopolist and the business community angrily refused to adhere to his policies.[citation needed] The business community in Karachi began its political struggle to undermine any attempts of financial distribution of the US$10 million ICA aid to the better part of East Pakistan and to set up a consolidated national shipping corporation. In the financial cities of West Pakistan, such as Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, and Peshawar, a series of major labour strikes against the economic policies of Suhrawardy were supported by the elite business community and the private sector.[5]

Furthermore, in order to divert attention from the controversial One Unit Program, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tried to end the crisis by calling a small group of investors to set up small businesses in the country. Despite many initiatives and holding off the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy's political position and image deteriorated in the four provinces in West Pakistan. Many nationalist leaders and activists of the Muslim League were dismayed by the suspension of the constitutionally obliged NFC Program. His critics and Muslim League leaders observed that with the suspension of the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy tried to give more financial allocations, aids, grants, and opportunities to East Pakistan than West Pakistan, including West Pakistan's four provinces. During the last days of his Prime ministerial years, Suhrawardy tried to remove the economic disparity between the Eastern and Western wings of the country but to no avail. He also tried unsuccessfully to alleviate the food shortage in the country.[6]

Suhrawardy strengthened relations with the United States by reinforcing Pakistani membership in the Central Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Suhrawardy also promoted relations with the People’s Republic of China.[7]

His contribution in formulating the 1956 constitution of Pakistan was substantial as he played a vital role in incorporating provisions for civil liberties and universal adult franchise in line with his adherence to the parliamentary form of liberal democracy.[citation needed]

Era of Ayub Khan

Elizabeth II, seen here visiting Chittagong in 1961, was Pakistan's Queen until 1956.

In 1958, President

strongman
for eleven years. Martial law continued until 1962 when the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan commissioned a constitutional bench under Chief Justice of Pakistan Muhammad Shahabuddin, composed of ten senior justices, each five from East Pakistan and five from West Pakistan. On 6 May 1961, the commission sent its draft to President Ayub Khan. He thoroughly examined the draft while consulting with his cabinet.

In January 1962, the cabinet finally approved the text of the

presidential republic. Universal suffrage was abolished in favour of a system dubbed 'Basic Democracy'. Under the system, an electoral college would be responsible for electing the president and national assembly. The 1962 constitution created a gubernatorial system in West and East Pakistan. Each province ran its own separate provincial gubernatorial governments. The constitution defined a division of powers between the central government and the provinces. Fatima Jinnah received strong support in East Pakistan during her failed bid to unseat Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election
.

Dacca was declared as the second capital of Pakistan in 1962. It was designated as the legislative capital and Louis Kahn was tasked with designing a national assembly complex. Dacca's population increased in the 1960s. Seven natural gas fields were tapped in the province. The petroleum industry developed as the Eastern Refinery was established in the port city of Chittagong.

Six Points

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announcing the Six Points

In 1966, Awami League leader

1969 uprising in East Pakistan. Ayub Khan resigned in March 1969. Below includes the historical six points:[8]

  • The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the Lahore Resolution, and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.
  • The federal government should deal with only two subjects: Defence and Foreign Affairs, and all other residual subjects should be vested in the federating states.
  • Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
  • The power of taxation and revenue collection should be vested in the federating units and the federal centre would have no such power. The federation would be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
  • There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries.
  • East Pakistan should have a separate military or paramilitary force, and Navy headquarters should be in East Pakistan.

Final years

Surrender of Pakistan in December 1971

Muhammad Ayub Khan was replaced by general Yahya Khan who became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Khan organised the 1970 Pakistani general election. The 1970 Bhola cyclone was one of the deadliest natural disasters of the 20th century. The cyclone claimed half a million lives. The disastrous effects of the cyclone caused huge resentment against the federal government. After a decade of military rule, East Pakistan was a hotbed of Bengali nationalism. There were open calls for self-determination.[9]

When the federal general election was held, the Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the Pakistani parliament. The League won 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan, thereby crossing the half way mark of 150 in the 300-seat

Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence.[citation needed
]

As the Bangladesh Liberation War and the

]

Role of the Pakistani military

With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969, Commander of the Pakistani Army,

flag rank
officers, junior officers, and many high command officers from Pakistan's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East-Pakistan, and the assignment of governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High Military Command.

Third president of Pakistan, Yahya Khan, with Richard Nixon in 1970
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1971

East Pakistan's Armed Forces, under the

Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan as Martial Law Administrator, with absolute authority in his command. He was relieved as naval chief and received an extension from the government.[citation needed
]

The tense relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by

Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi. The news spread like a fire in both East and West Pakistan, and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan.[10]

The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party. Bhutto later distanced himself from Yahya Khan after he was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib. Soon after the arrests, a high-level meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan. During the meeting, high commanders of the Pakistan Armed Forces unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action. East Pakistan's Martial Law Administrator

Dacca's only airbase, were the only officers to object to the plans. When it became obvious that military action in East Pakistan was inevitable, Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as martial law administrator in protest, and immediately flew back to Karachi, West Pakistan. Disheartened and isolated, Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in Karachi. Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal
commenced, Air Marshal Masud flew to West Pakistan, and unlike Admiral Ahsan, tried to stop the violence in East Pakistan. When he failed in his attempts to meet General Yahya Khan, Masud too resigned from his position as AOC of Dacca airbase and took retirement from Air Force.

Lieutenant-General Sahibzada Yaqub Khan was sent into East Pakistan in an emergency, following a major blow of the resignation of Vice Admiral Ahsan. General Yaqub temporarily assumed the control of the province, he was also made the corps-commander of

Eastern Corps
. General Yaqub mobilised the entire major forces in East Pakistan.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made a declaration of independence at

collaborationist forces. An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bloody guerrilla warfare
ensued in East Pakistan.

The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. With no intel and low morale, they performed poorly and were inexperienced in guerrilla tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were defeated by the Bangladesh Liberation Forces. In April 1971, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan succeeded General Yaqub Khan as the Corps Commander. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and

Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced and the large magnitude of this assignment, the government sent Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff as Flag Officer Commanding of Eastern Naval Command (Pakistan). Admiral Shariff served as the deputy of General Niazi when doing joint military operations. However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Therefore, General Niazi and Air Commodore Inamul Haque Khan, AOC, PAF Base Dacca, failed to launch any operation in East Pakistan against Indian or its allies. Except for Admiral Shariff who continued to keep pressure on the Indian Navy until the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff's effective plans made it nearly impossible for the Indian Navy to land its naval forces on the shores of East Pakistan. The Indian Navy was unable to land forces in East Pakistan and the Pakistan Navy was still offering resistance. The Indian Army, entered East Pakistan from all three directions of the province. The Indian Navy
then decided to wait near the Bay of Bengal until the Army reached the shore.

The Indian Air Force dismantled the capability of the Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan. Air Commodore Inamul Haque Khan, Dacca airbase's AOC, failed to offer any serious resistance to the actions of the Indian Air Force. For the most part of the war, the IAF enjoyed complete dominance in the skies over East Pakistan.

On 16 December 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the

prisoners of war
.

On 16 December 1971, the territory of East Pakistan was handed over to Indian Army under the surrender agreement from West Pakistan and in the Simla Agreement became the newly independent state of Bangladesh. The Eastern Command, civilian institutions, and paramilitary forces were disbanded in the following months.[citation needed]

Geography

In contrast to the desert and rugged mountainous terrain of West Pakistan, East Pakistan featured the

world's largest delta, 700 rivers, and tropical hilly jungles. The Chittagong Division of East Pakistan was home to hill ranges and forests (mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Sylhet). The Khulna Division and parts of the Dacca and Chittagong Divisions were largely Deltaic. East Pakistan was almost entirely an alluvial plain which consists of lower course of the Padma and Jamuna. Climatically, East Pakistan was essentially humid, hot climate with heavy to very heavy rainfall. The implication of East Pakistan's heavy rainfall was that the main crops that were grown in East Pakistan were rice, tea, and jute.[11]

Administrative geography

East Pakistan inherited 17 districts from British Bengal.

In 1960, Lower Tippera was renamed Comilla.

In 1969, two new districts were created with Tangail separated from Mymensingh and Patuakhali from Bakerganj.

East Pakistan's districts are listed in the following.

East and West Pakistan
Provincial Map of East Pakistan, 1962
Division East Pakistani District Current Bangladeshi Districts
Dacca Division Dacca District
Greater Faridpur
)
Faridpur District
Greater Faridpur
Mymensingh District Mymensingh Division, Tangail and Kishoreganj
Tangail District Tangail (Part of Greater Mymensingh)
Chittagong Division Hill Tracts District Chittagong Hill Tracts
Chittagong District Chittagong, Cox's Bazar
Comilla (Lower Tippera) District Comilla, Chandpur, Brahmanbaria
Noakhali District Noakhali, Feni, Lakshmipur
Sylhet District Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Habiganj, Sunamganj
Rajshahi Division Bogra District Bogra, Joypurhat
Dinajpur District Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, Panchagarh
Rajshahi District
Nawabganj, Natore, Naogaon
Rangpur District Rangpur Division (without Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, Panchagarh)
Pabna District Pabna, Sirajganj
Khulna Division Bakerganj District Barisal, Jhalokati, Pirojpur
Jessore District Jessore, Jhenaidah, Narail, Magura
Khulna District Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat
Kushtia District Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga
Patuakhali District Patuakhali, Barguna, Bhola

Economy

The Kaptai Dam in 1965
1971 documentary film about East Pakistan
President Ayub Khan (left) with Bengali industrialist Abul Kashem Khan (right) in Chittagong
Entrance to the Adamjee Jute Mills, the world's largest jute processing plant, in 1950

At the time of the

Partition of British India, East Bengal had a plantation economy. The Chittagong Tea Auction was established in 1949 as the region was home to the world's largest tea plantations. The East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association was established in 1954. Many wealthy Muslim immigrants from India, Burma, and former British colonies settled in East Pakistan. The Ispahani family
, Africawala brothers, and the Adamjee family were pioneers of industrialisation in the region. Many of modern Bangladesh's leading companies were born in the East Pakistan period.

An airline founded in British Bengal,

Dacca-Calcutta-Delhi-Karachi route. Orient Airways later evolved into Pakistan International Airlines, whose first chairman was the East Pakistan-based industrialist Mirza Ahmad Ispahani
.

By the 1950s, East Bengal surpassed West Bengal in having the largest

British Burma
.

Eastern Refinery
in Chittagong.

The Comilla Model of the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (present-day Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development) was conceived by Akhtar Hameed Khan and replicated in many developing countries.

In 1965, Pakistan implemented the Kaptai Dam hydroelectric project in the southeastern part of East Pakistan with American assistance. It was the sole hydroelectric dam in East Pakistan. The project was controversial for displacing over 40,000 indigenous people from the area.

The centrally located metropolis Dacca witnessed significant urban growth.

  • Central business district in Dacca, 1960s
    Central business district in Dacca, 1960s
  • Chittagong Port in 1960
    Chittagong Port in 1960
  • Baitul Mukarram Market Area, Dacca, 1967
    Baitul Mukarram Market Area, Dacca, 1967
  • Pakistani banknotes included Bengali script until 1971.
    Pakistani banknotes included Bengali script until 1971.
  • A poster of the East Pakistan Helicopter Service
  • Pakistani Postage stamp issued on the occasion of first anniversary of New Railway Station—Dacca in 1969
    Pakistani Postage stamp issued on the occasion of first anniversary of New Railway Station—Dacca in 1969

Economic discrimination and disparity

Although East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget. According to the World Bank, there was much economic discrimination against East Pakistan, including higher government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West, and the use of the East's foreign exchange surpluses to finance the West's imports.

The discrimination occurred despite the fact that East Pakistan generated a major share of Pakistan's exports.

Year Spending on West Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees) Spending on East Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees) Amount spent on East as percentage of West
1950–55 11,290 5,240 46.4
1955–60 16,550 5,240 31.7
1960–65 33,550 14,040 41.8
1965–70 51,950 21,410 41.2
Total 113,340 45,930 40.5
Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970–75, Vol. I,
published by the planning commission of Pakistan.

The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4% in West Pakistan versus 2.6% in East Pakistan from 1960 to 1965. Bengali politicians pushed for more autonomy, arguing that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan from the exportation of Bengali jute and tea. As late as 1960, approximately 70% of Pakistan's export earnings originated in East Pakistan, although this percentage declined as international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, East Pakistan was accounting for less than 60% of the nation's export earnings, and by the time Bangladesh gained its independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50%. In 1966, Mujib demanded that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas. By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress" with its successful Green Revolution in wheat and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, the seat of the national government, received more foreign aid. However, East Pakistan did nonetheless benefit from industrialisation and development, which was discerned by the Kaptai Dam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts for instance.

Economists in East Pakistan argued a "Two Economies Theory" within Pakistan itself, which was founded on the Two-Nation Theory with India. The so-called Two Economies Theory suggested that East and West Pakistan had different economic features which should not be regulated by a federal government in Islamabad.[12]

Demographics and culture

The Daily Ittefaq, edited by Tofazzal Hossain, was the leading Bengali newspaper in Pakistan.
The first Bangladeshi flag was hoisted on 23 March 1971 across East Pakistan, as a protest on Republic Day.

East Pakistan was home to 55% of Pakistan's population. The largest ethnic group of the province were

Northwest Frontier Province, Assam, Orissa, the Punjab and Kerala. A small Armenian and Jewish
minority resided in East Pakistan.

The

was established in 1954.

Among East Pakistan's newspapers, The Daily Ittefaq was the leading Bengali language title; while Holiday was a leading English title.

At the time of partition, East Bengal had 80 cinemas. The first movie produced in East Pakistan was The Face and the Mask in 1955.

Sitara-e-Imtiaz and the Pride of Performance
.

Religion

Religion in Pakistan (1951 Official Census)[13]

  Islam (85.9%)
  Hinduism (12.9%)
  Christianity (0.7%)
  Other (0.5%)

Religion in East Pakistan (1951 Census)[13]

  Islam (76.8%)
  Hinduism (22%)
  Christianity (0.3%)
  Others (0.9%)

As per the 1951 census, East Pakistan had a population of 44,251,826 people, of which 34,029,654 followed Islam, 9,757,527 people followed Hinduism and 464,644 people followed other religions: Buddhism, Christianity and Animism.[14] According to the 1961 census, Muslims made up 80.4% of the population, Hindus were 18.4%, and the remaining 1.2% belonged to other religions, mainly Christianity and Buddhism.[15][16]

Ethnic and linguistic discrimination

Bengalis were hugely under-represented in Pakistan's bureaucracy and military. In the federal government, only 15% of offices were occupied by East Pakistanis. Only 10% of the military were from East Pakistan. Cultural discrimination also prevailed, causing the eastern wing to forge a distinct political identity. There was a bias against

Bengali culture in state media, such as a ban on broadcasts of the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore
.

Military

The Indo-East Pakistan border as shown by the U.S. Army, c. 1960

Since its unification with Pakistan, the

Special Service Group (Navy)
who were also charged with intelligence data collection and management cycle.

The East Pakistan Navy had only one active-duty combatant destroyer, the

ISI's
Covert Action Division (CAD).

Governors

Tenure Governor of East Pakistan[citation needed] Political Affiliation
14 October 1955 – March 1956 Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League
March 1956 – 13 April 1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League
13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958 Muhammad Hamid Ali (acting) Awami League
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962
Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PA
Military Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969
Major-General Muzaffaruddin,[19] PA
Military Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969
Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA
Military Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971
Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN
Military Administration
7 March 1971 – 25 March 1971
Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA
Military Administration
25 March 1971 – 31 August 1971[20]
Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PA
Military Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971
Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA
Military Administration
16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved

Chief ministers

Tenure Chief Minister of East Pakistan[citation needed] Political Party
20 June 1955 – 30 August 1956 Abu Hussain Sarkar
1 September 1956 – March 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
March 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar
March 1958 – 18 June 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
18 June 1958 – 22 June 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar
22 June 1958 – 25 August 1958 Governor's Rule
25 August 1958 – 7 October 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
7 October 1958 Post abolished
16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved
Tenure Governor of East Pakistan Political Affiliation
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962
Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PA
Military Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969
Major-General Muzaffaruddin,[21] PA
Military Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969
Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA
Military Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971
Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN
Military Administration
7 March 1971 – 25 March 1971
Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA
Military Administration
25 March 1971 – 31 August 1971[22]
Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PA
Military Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971
Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA
Military Administration
16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved

Legacy in Pakistan

The trauma was extremely severe in

prime minister of Pakistan.[23]

Prime Minister Amin invited then-President

East-Pakistan diaspora in Pakistan established the East-Pakistan colony in Karachi, Sindh.[26] In accordance, the East-Pakistani diaspora also composed patriotic tributes to Pakistan after the war; songs such as "Sohni Dharti" (lit. "Beautiful Land") and "Jeevay, Jeevay Pakistan" (lit. "long-live, long-live Pakistan"), were composed by Bengali singer Shahnaz Rahmatullah
in the 1970s and 1980s.

According to William Langewiesche, writing for The Atlantic, "it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing"[25]—but it has never been seen that way in Pakistan.[25] In the book Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present, Indian politician Kuldip Nayar opined, "Losing East Pakistan and Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy—as if there was no liberation war".[27] Bhutto's policy, and even today the policy of Pakistan, is that "she will continue to fight for the honour and integrity of Pakistan".[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See territorial exchanges between Bangladesh and India (India–Bangladesh enclaves).

References

  1. ^ "Special report: The Breakup of Pakistan 1969-1971". Dawn. Pakistan. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  2. ^ "National Assembly Building of Bangladesh". Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  3. ^ "What does 'Bangladesh' mean?". The Express Tribune. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Pakistan - Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  5. ^ Singh, Dr Rajkumar (10 January 2020). "Sea of difference between East and West Pakistan". Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  6. ^ admin (1 July 2003). "H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister". Story Of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, China, Volume III - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  8. ^ "All you need to know about the Six-Point Movement in East Pakistan". Centre for Research and Information. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  9. ^ "1971: Bangladesh's "Liberation War" | Workers' Liberty". www.workersliberty.org. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  10. ^ Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  11. ^ Ahmad, Kazi S. (1969). A Geography of Pakistan (2nd ed.). Karachi: Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press.
  12. ^ "Birth of Bangladesh". Economic and Political Weekly. 51 (28). 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  13. ^ a b lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf
  14. ^ "Population". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  15. JSTOR 41258062.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  16. ^ Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp49
  17. ^ Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47, pp51
  18. ^ (acting martial law administrator and governor as he was the GOC 14th Infantry Division)
  19. ^ Bose, Sarmila (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst.
  20. ^ (acting martial law administrator and governor as he was the GOC 14th Infantry Division)
  21. ^ Bose, Sarmila (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst.
  22. ^ from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020., Chapter 3, pp 87.
  23. . The defeat of the Pakistan army traumatized West Pakistan and considerably dented the prestige of the armed services ... The defeat suffered in Dacca and the break-up of the country traumatized the population from top to bottom.
  24. ^ a b c Langewiesche, William (November 2005). "The Wrath of Khan". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2016. Thirty-four years later it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing—but it is still not seen so today in Pakistan, and it was certainly not seen so at the time ... One month after the surrender of Pakistan's army in Bangladesh [Bhutto] called a secret meeting of about seventy Pakistani scientists ... He asked them for a nuclear bomb, and they responded enthusiastically.
  25. ^ Abbas Naqvi (17 December 2006). "Falling back". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Few people in Karachi's Chittagong Colony can forget Dec 16, 1971 – the Fall of Dhaka
  26. ^ from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

External links