East Prigorodny conflict
East Prigorodny conflict | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Prigorodny District in North Ossetia–Alania | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Russian Federation | Ingush militia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Boris Yeltsin Akhsarbek Galazov | - | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
North Ossetian militia Russian Army
| Local Ingush groups | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
192 dead[2] 379 wounded[2] |
409 dead[3] 457 wounded[4] | ||||||
30,000–60,000 Ingush refugees[5] 9,000 Ossetian refugees[3] |
The East Prigorodny conflict, also referred to as the Ossetian–Ingush conflict,
Background
On October 1928, the leadership of the
The
In 1957,[12] when the Ingush were returning from the deportation and their ASSR was restored, they were denied the return to Prigorodny District which remained part of the North Ossetian ASSR.[12][9] Those who tried to return to their villages faced considerable hostility. Nevertheless, during the Soviet period some Ingush managed to unofficially purchase and occupy their own houses back but they were never recognized as official residents.[9]
The deterioration of relations happened back in 1981. The reason for the deterioration of relations was another murder of an Ossetian taxi driver, 28-year-old resident of Kambileevsky Kazbek Gagloev. He was killed in the Ingush village of Plievo. His funeral actually became an anti-Ingush rally, which caused rallies in Ordzhonikidze 1981[1]
During the Soviet period, programs in support of Ingush language and culture in North Ossetian ASSR were totally lacking. The policies of the ASSR limited Ingush residency in the district and hindered their access to plots of land. The internal police and local courts where Ossetians dominated treated the Ingush with prejudice, especially during the state of emergency imposed in Prigorodny in April 1992.[13]
The constant discrimination of the Ingush forced them to organize the Rally in Grozny on 16–19 January 1973[14] where they demanded that the Soviet authorities solve the problem of the Prigorodny District, provide the Ingush with social equality with the Ossetians. Despite the rally being peaceful, held under the slogans of "friendship of peoples", "restoration of Leninist norms" with the order being maintained by the Ingush themselves, they received no response from the authorities and the rally ended in clashes with the police and the condemnation of its most active participants.[15] According to Idris Bazorkin, after the protest, conditions of Ingush in the Prigorodny District improved somewhat. Ingush language appeared in schools, literature in the Ingush language arrived in the region, broadcasts in the Ingush language began on radio and television, for the first time Ingush deputies appeared in the Ordzhonikidze City Executive Committee and the Prigorodny District Executive Committee. However, much remained the same: authorities continued to limit the registration of Ingush in the district, Ingush children couldn't receive a normal education, discrimination in employment continued and Ingush were negatively portrayed in historical and fiction literature.[16]
The tensions increased in early 1991, during the
On 20 October 1992, an Ingush girl was crushed by an Ossetian armored personnel carrier and two days later Ossetian traffic police officers shot and killed two Ingush. After the series of murders of Ingush citizens in the district, Ingush deputies requested on 23–24 October the Supreme Soviet of Russia and its government to send a special commission to the Ossetian-Ingush border zone in order to prevent the impending conflict, but no action was taken. On 24 October the leaders of the Prigorodny District gathered in the village of Yuzhny where they called on all local village councils to declare secession from North Ossetia and entry into Ingushetia in accordance with the law of Russia. In addition, an attempt was made to create Ingush self-defense units. At the end of October, things came to an armed confrontation, with the Ossetian side relying on the support of the Russian army.[19]
Armed conflict
Ethnic violence rose steadily in the area of the
During the summer and early autumn of 1992, there was a steady increase in the militancy of Ingush nationalists. At the same time, there was a steady increase in incidents of organized harassment, kidnapping and rape against Ingush inhabitants of
On October 31, 1992, armed clashes broke out between Ingush militias and North Ossetian security forces and paramilitaries supported by Russian Interior Ministry (MVD) and Army troops in the
Casualties
Total dead as of June 30, 1994: 644.[22]
Ossetian | 151 |
Ingush | 302 |
Other Nationalities | 25 |
North Ossetian Ministry of the Interior | 9 |
Russian Ministry of Defense | 8 |
Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops | 3 |
Ossetian | 9 |
Ingush | 3 |
Other Nationalities | 2 |
Unknown Nationalities | 12 |
Unified Investigative Group, Ministry of the Interior | 1 |
Ossetian | 40 |
Ingush | 33 |
Other nationalities | 21 |
Unknown nationalities | 30 |
North Ossetian Ministry of the Interior | 9 |
Ingush Ministry of the Interior | 5 |
Russian Ministry of Defense | 3 |
Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops | 4 |
Unified Investigative Group, Russian Ministry of the Interior | 8 |
Ossetian | 6 |
Ingush | 3 |
Other nationalities | 7 |
Russian Ministry of Defense | 1 |
Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops | 2 |
Unified Investigative Group, Russian Ministry of the Interior | 4 |
Aftermath
According to Human Rights Watch:[3][23]
The fighting was the first armed conflict on Russian territory after the collapse of the Soviet Union. When it ended after the deployment of Russian troops, most of the estimated 34,500–64,000 Ingush residing in the Prigorodnyi region and North Ossetia as a whole had been forcibly displaced by Ossetian forces, often supported by Russian troops. There are no authoritative figures for the number of Ingush forcibly evicted from the Prigorodnyi region and other parts of North Ossetia, because there were no accurate figures for the total pre-1992 Ingush population of Prigorodnyi and North Ossetia. Ingush often lived there illegally and thus were not counted by a census. Thus the Russian Federal Migration Service counts 46,000 forcibly displaced from North Ossetia, while the Territorial Migration Service of Ingushetiya puts the number at 64,000. According to the 1989 census 32,783 Ingush lived in the North Ossetian ASSR; three years later the passport service of the republic put the number at 34,500. According to the migration service of North Ossetia, about 9,000 Ossetians were forced to flee the Prigorodnyi region and seek temporary shelter elsewhere; the majority have returned.[3][23]
It is estimated that between 1994 and 2008, around 25,000 of the Ingush people returned to Prigorodny District while some 7,500 remained in Ingushetia.[24]
On October 11, 2002, the presidents of Ingushetia and North Ossetia signed an agreement "promoting cooperation and neighborly relations".
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "The Localized Geopolitics of Displacement and Return in Eastern Prigorodnyy Rayon, North Ossetia" (PDF). colorado.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ a b Осетино‑ингушский конфликт: хроника событий (in Russian). Inca Group "War and Peace". November 8, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 1-56432-165-7
- ^ Prague Watchdog Report, published July 28, 2006
- ^ "The Secret History of Beslan". Archived from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 34.
- ^ a b Rezvan 2010, pp. 423–424.
- ^ a b c d Gammer 2014, p. 4.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения районов, городов и крупных сел РСФСР: Чечено-Ингушская АССР >> Пригородный" [All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population of districts, cities and large villages of the RSFSR: Chechen-Ingush ASSR >> Prigorodny]. Demoskop Weekly (in Russian). 1939. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 50.
- ^ a b Rezvan 2010, p. 424.
- ^ Tishkov 1997, p. 163.
- ^ Nekrich 1978, p. 131.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 144.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 147.
- ^ Zdravosmyslov 1998, p. 30.
- ^ Smith 2009, p. 108.
- ^ Schnirelmann 2006, p. 154.
- ^ A. Dzadziev. The Ingush–Ossetian conflict: The Roots and the Present Day // Journal of Social and Political Studies. 2003, _ 6 (24)
- ^ "Russia". Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
- ^ Raion Chrezvychainogo Polozheniya (Severnaya Osetiya I Ingushetiya), (The Region of Emergency Rule: North Ossetia and Ingushetiya,) Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, 1994, p. 63. This compilation of reports, statistics, and documents is published by the Temporary Administration.
- ^ a b "Russia". hrw.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ "Russian Federation: Imminent forcible eviction in Ingushetia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Sources
- Nezavisimaya gazeta (in Russian). Moscow.
- Gammer, Moshe (2014-09-22). "Separatism in the Northern Caucasus". Caucasus Survey. 1 (2). Schöningh: 1–10 (37–47).
- Karpov, Yury (1990). "К проблеме ингушской автономии" [About the problem of Ingush autonomy] (PDF). Sovetskaya etnografia (in Russian) (5). Moscow: Nauka: 29–33.
- Nekrich, Аlexander (1978). Наказанные народы [The Punished peoples] (in Russian). New York: Khronika Press. pp. 1–170.
- Rezvan, Babak (2010-01-01). Asatrian, Garnik; et al. (eds.). "The Ossetian-Ingush Confrontation: Explaining a Horizontal Conflict". Iran and the Caucasus. 14. Leiden; Boston: Brill: 419–430. ISSN 1609-8498.
- Rezvani, Babak (2015-01-27). Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia. International Comparative Social Studies. Vol. 31. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 1–361. ISBN 978-90-04-27636-9.
- ISSN 1813-6583.
- Smith, Sebastian (2009). Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya (3rd ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. pp. 1–288.
- ISBN 0761951857.
- Tishkov, Valery (2013). "Социально-политическая ситуация в 1940–1990-е годы" [Socio-political situation in the 1940s–1990s]. In Albogachieva, Makka; Martazanov, Arsamak; Solovyeva, Lyubov (eds.). Ингуши [The Ingush] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 87–99.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (1998). Осетино-ингушский конфликт (1992—...): его предыстория и факторы развития. Историко-социологический очерк [Ossetian-Ingush conflict (1992–...): its background and development factors. Historical and sociological essay] (in Russian). Moscow: ROSSPEN. pp. 1–200. ISBN 5-86004-178-0.
- Tumakov, Denis V. (2022). "Осетино-ингушский вооружённый конфликт 1992 год" [The Ossetian-Ingush armed conflict of 1992 as covered by the Russian central press]. Historia provinciae (in Russian). 6 (2): 439–484. eISSN 2587-8344.
- Zdravosmyslov, Andrey (1998). Осетино-Ингушский конфликт: Перспективы выхода из тупиковой ситуации [Ossetian-Ingush conflict: Prospects for breaking the deadlock] (in Russian). Moscow: ROSSPEN. pp. 1–127. ISBN 5-86004-177-2.
External links