East Riding of Yorkshire
East Riding of Yorkshire | |
---|---|
Flag of East Riding (2013) | |
UTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time) |
Members of Parliament | 7 |
Largest city | 37th of 48 |
Density | 242/km2 (630/sq mi) |
Unitary authorities | |
Councils | Hull City Council www |
Unitary authority | |
Council | East Riding of Yorkshire Council |
Executive | Conservative (council NOC) |
Admin HQ | Beverley |
Area | 2,404 km2 (928 sq mi) |
• Ranked | 10th of 296 |
Population | 343,143 |
• Ranked | 28th of 296 |
Density | 143/km2 (370/sq mi) |
ISO 3166-2 | GB-ERY |
ONS code | 00FB |
GSS code | E06000011 |
ITL | UKE11/12 |
Website | www |
Districts | |
Districts of East Riding of Yorkshire Unitary | |
Districts |
The East Riding of Yorkshire, often abbreviated to the East Riding or East Yorkshire, is a
The county has an area of 2,479 km2 (957 sq mi) and a population of 600,259. Kingston upon Hull is by far the largest settlement, with population of 267,014, and is a major port and the county's economic and transport centre. The rest of the county is largely rural, and the next largest towns are the seaside resort of Bridlington (35,369) and the historic town of Beverley (30,351). The county is governed by two unitary authorities, East Riding of Yorkshire Council and Hull City Council. It takes its name from the East Riding, a historic subdivision of Yorkshire.
In the east of the county the low-lying plain of Holderness is enclosed by a crescent of low chalk hills, the Yorkshire Wolds. The Wolds meet the sea at Flamborough Head, a chalk headland, while the Holderness coast to the south is characterised by clay cliffs. The west of the county is part of the Vale of York, the wide plain of the River Ure/Ouse; the south-west is part of the Humberhead Levels.
History
Prehistoric
When the
From around 2000 to 800 BC, the people of the
Brythonic, Latin and Germanic
The area became the kingdom of the tribe known as the
By the second half of the 5th century, the continued settlement by the
Medieval
After the
In the mid-16th century
Industry
The 18th century saw a
The 19th century saw a rail network created. An early rail link was constructed between Filey and Bridlington in 1847 and the Malton to Driffield railway was the first to cross the Wolds in 1853.[19] Holidaymakers on the rail network expanded the coastal resorts of Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea. These routes also served the agricultural community in helping to get products to the expanding industrial markets to the port of Hull for export and the West Riding of Yorkshire for further production. The landscape in the East Riding has changed little since the enclosure of the open fields in the 18th and 19th centuries, except for some hedgerows removed to allow for the use of large agricultural machinery in the 20th century.[20]
Geography
Location
The traditional cultural and historic geographic county, the East Riding of Yorkshire borders the North Sea to the east of the county. To the north across the River Derwent is the North Riding of Yorkshire, and to the west across the River Ouse is the West Riding of Yorkshire.[21]
In terms of neighbouring local government administration, the East Riding of Yorkshire unitary authority adjoins
Geology
Geologically the East Riding district is split into three parts. The western part is the eastern section of the Vale of York with the southern extension into the Humberhead Levels. In this area there is a belt of sandstones overlain by glacial and lake deposits formed at the close of the last ice age. The middle part is the Yorkshire Wolds, a chalk formation which extends from the Humber at North Ferriby to the coast at Flamborough Head, a chalk headland. The south-east of the district is the low-lying coastal plain of Holderness, which faces east to the North Sea, and to the south drains into the Humber Estuary. South of Flamborough Head is Bridlington, which features several beaches, and at the far south-east of the district is the Spurn peninsula.[23]
Before the last ice age the eastern coastline of the area was located along the eastern foot of the
Landscape
The Wolds area takes the form of an elevated, gently rolling
The Holderness landscape is dominated by deposits of till,
The Holderness coastline suffers the highest rate of coastal erosion in Europe: 2 metres a year on average or 2 million tonnes of material a year.[31] Some of this is transported by longshore drift with about 3% of material being deposited at Spurn Head spit, to the south. The coastline has retreated noticeably in the last 2,000 years, with many former settlements now flooded, particularly Ravenser Odd and Ravenspurn, which was a major port until its destruction in the 14th century.[32][33] Erosion is an ongoing concern in the area. The East Riding of Yorkshire Council has been carrying out cliff erosion defences between Sewerby and Kilnsea since 1951.[34] The Holderness area drains mostly into the Humber and the eponymous River Hull drains the area north of Hull.[35]
The western part of the district in the Vale of York borders on and is drained by the River Derwent. The landscape is generally low-lying and flat although minor ridges and glacial moraines provide some variations in topography. Where there are dry sandy soils there are remnants of historic heathlands and ancient semi-natural woodlands. Arable fields dominate the land cover of the area and grasslands are infrequent. There are very few flood meadows left, although some significant areas remain on the lower reaches of the River Derwent.[36]
Climate
The East Riding generally has cool summers and relatively mild winters. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. The latitude of the area means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with depressions and their associated fronts, bringing with them unsettled and windy weather, particularly in winter. Between depressions there are often small mobile anticyclones that bring periods of fair weather. In winter, anticyclones bring cold dry weather. In summer the anticyclones tend to bring dry settled conditions which can lead to drought, particularly on the Wolds. For its latitude this area is mild in winter and cooler in summer due to the influence of the Gulf Stream in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Air temperature varies on a daily and seasonal basis. The temperature is usually lower at night, and January is the coldest time of the year. The two dominant influences on the climate of the area are the shelter against the worst of the moist westerly winds provided by the Pennines and the proximity of the North Sea.[37]
Climate data for Kingston upon Hull: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall recorded between 1991 and 2020 by the Met Office. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.85 (44.33) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 54.3 (2.14) |
47.6 (1.87) |
43.3 (1.70) |
47.5 (1.87) |
48.3 (1.90) |
69.7 (2.74) |
61.3 (2.41) |
64.6 (2.54) |
61.3 (2.41) |
66.4 (2.61) |
68.2 (2.69) |
60.4 (2.38) |
693.4 (27.30) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.4 | 79.0 | 117.6 | 159.1 | 200.1 | 189.3 | 197.0 | 183.2 | 147.3 | 109.2 | 65.7 | 55.3 | 1,558.7 |
Source: Met Office[38] |
Governance
Administrative history
The administrative division of the East Riding of Yorkshire originated in antiquity. Unlike most counties in Great Britain, which were divided anciently into
In 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, administrative counties were formed on the existing historic county boundaries in England, but in Yorkshire, given the vast size of the county area, three administrative county councils were created, based on the historic boundaries of the three Ridings. A county council for the East Riding of Yorkshire (the East Riding County Council) was set up in 1889, covering an administrative county local government area centred on Beverley and which had the same boundaries as the historic riding. It also acted as the ceremonial county (Lieutenancy) area established for the area. At the same date a separate county borough of Kingston upon Hull, was created. The East Riding County Council and the county borough of Kingston upon Hull remained in place for eighty-six years until being removed for new administrative tiers of local government.[citation needed]
In 1974 under the
The East Riding of Yorkshire is entirely
Current administration
The
In the Audit Commission report covering 2007 the council was given a four-star rating, which places the authority as one of the best in the country.[56][57]
Result of the 2023 election
2023 East Riding of Yorkshire Council election[58] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidates | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |
Conservative | 60 | 29 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 43.2 | 35.7 | 69,544 | -8.7% | |
Liberal Democrats | 65 | 22 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 32.8 | 29.6 | 57,637 | +13.9% | |
Labour | 59 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 6.0 | 21.2 | 41,282 | +2.9% | |
Independent
|
17 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13.4 | 8.2 | 15,907 | -5.0% | |
Yorkshire | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 4,126 | -0.4% | |
Green | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 3,868 | -1.6% | ||
Reform UK | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1,259 | New | ||
SDP | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 398 | New | ||
TUSC | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 276 | New | ||
Alliance for Democracy and Freedom | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 182 | New | ||
Freedom Alliance (UK) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 98 | New |
Westminster parliamentary
For representation in the
Demographics
Religion in the East Riding 2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|
UK Census 2021 | E Riding[66] | Yorkshire and the Humber[67] |
England[68] |
Christian | 53.3% | 44.9% | 46.3% |
No religion | 39.1% | 39.4% | 36.7% |
Muslim | 0.6% | 8.1% | 6.7% |
Buddhist | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% |
Hindu | 0.2% | 0.5% | 1.8% |
Jewish | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.5% |
Sikh | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% |
Other religions | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.6% |
Religion not stated | 6.0% | 5.7% | 6.0% |
Until 1 April 2009, the East Riding was the largest district and the largest unitary authority in England by area and the second-largest non-metropolitan district in England by population. Following the 2009 structural changes to local government in England it fell to fifth place by area and sixth place by population.[69]
The East Riding of Yorkshire covers 240,768 hectares (930 sq mi) and has a population of 335,049 (2008 Office for National Statistics mid-year estimates), a density of 1.4 people per hectare.[70] The most populous parishes in the main 2001 census were Bridlington (34,000), Goole (17,000), Beverley (17,000), Cottingham (17,000, by Hull), Hessle (15,000, by Hull), Driffield (11,000), Anlaby with Anlaby Common (10,000, by Hull), Hornsea (8,000) and Willerby (8,000), Pocklington (8,000) and Elloughton-cum-Brough (7,000). Half the district's population reside in these 11 parishes, with the other half living in the other 160 parishes. In comparison, Hull's population according to the same census was 243,589. The population density of the district was around 135 people per square km, which made it the least densely populated unitary authority after the Isles of Scilly, Rutland and Herefordshire.
The East Riding has a larger than average number of residents aged 40 and above.
Areas of the East Riding show significant signs of affluence, including the Parliamentary constituency of Haltemprice and Howden which consists of middle-class areas such as: the suburb of Willerby, suburb of Kirk Ella, village of North Ferriby, and village of Swanland. Much of the area is affluent and has one of the highest proportions of owner-occupiers in the country.[72]
Other parts of the county are more diverse, including the suburbs of Hessle, Cottingham and Anlaby with Anlaby Common. These areas consist of a mix of housing tenures in a real range of properties, from small ex-authority estates, to grand period homes. Hessle and Cottingham in particular have seen a considerable amount of home building, supporting the regeneration and development of the city of Hull.[73] Beverley, a market town, is generally associated with affluence but, like any other town of its size, it also has areas that face disadvantage.
Other areas of the East Riding of Yorkshire face significant deprivation. The seaside towns of Withernsea and Bridlington face similar challenges with unemployment, low educational attainment, and socioeconomic inequality. South East Holderness, consisting of small rural communities, deals with limited access to services, inadequate public transportation, and the decline of traditional industries. Goole, an inland port town, has experienced a decline in its socioeconomic characteristic. Akin to much of the West Riding, this has coincided with the decline of industry over the latter half of the 20th century.
The crime rate in the East Riding is lower than the national average in robbery, sexual offences, theft of a vehicle, theft from a vehicle, violence against a person and burglary.[74]
Christianity is the religion with the largest following in the area, with 53.3% residents so identifying in the
Settlements
By population, the largest settlements in the ceremonial county are:
|
|
Kingston upon Hull is administered separately from the East Riding of Yorkshire.
Places of interest
There are a wide range of interesting places to visit in the East Riding. These include historic buildings such as Burnby Hall, Burton Agnes Manor House, Burton Agnes Hall, Sewerby Hall, Skipsea Castle and the gun battery of Fort Paull. The religious edifices of the Rudston Monolith, Beverley Minster, Beverley Friary and Howden Minster can be visited at all seasons.[76]
The sails of
The
Religious sites
Most of the East Riding is in the
Notable religious sites include
Transport
The East Riding has only a small segment of motorway. Part of the
Train operators active in the area are
The Humber Bridge, a road-only bridge, part of the A15, links Hessle, west of Hull, with Barton-upon-Humber in Lincolnshire. West of this, the next crossing of the river (the Ouse at this point) are three bridges near Goole: a railway bridge, the M62 bridge and the A614.[citation needed]
The area is served by Humberside Airport located in Lincolnshire.
Economy
The district is generally rural, with no towns approaching the size of Hull. There are a few market towns such as
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of East Riding of Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.[86]
Year | Regional Gross Value Added[a] | Agriculture[b] | Industry[c] | Services[d] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 2,708 | 299 | 896 | 1,513 |
2000 | 3,006 | 209 | 1,090 | 1,707 |
2003 | 3,783 | 233 | 1,106 | 2,444 |
- a Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
- b includes hunting and forestry
- c includes energy and construction
- d includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
The East Riding is characterised by a high employment rate and a relatively low unemployment level. The overall unemployment rate is 4.3%, which is 1.2 percentage points lower than the national average. However, there are unemployment hotspots in Bridlington, Goole and Withernsea.[70] Unemployment levels tend to fluctuate over the course of the year with lower levels during the summer months due to increased employment in the tourism and food production sectors. A major year-round employer in the East Riding is the Defence School of Transport at DST Leconfield, which trains 14,000 personnel from the Army, the Royal Air Force and the Royal Marines each year and provides more than 1,000 civilian jobs.[87]
The East Riding of Yorkshire Council has joined Hull City Council, North East Lincolnshire and North Lincolnshire Councils in the
Renewable energy
The
There are single turbines at the Waste Water Treatment Works at
Education
The East Riding local education authority supports 150 schools: 131 primary schools and 19 secondary schools.[96] The total net spending per head of population on education rose from £578.08 in 2006–07 to £632.88 in 2007–08.[70] In 2009 primary school test results showed a slide down the national performance table for the East Riding authority, dropping eight places in the national league table to 28th after other education authorities improved more in the tests.[97][98]
At secondary level the authority slipped seven places to 39th out of 149 authorities, despite producing the best set of
Furthermore, Hull is home to several schools, including the private Hymers College, and a university. The University of Hull was founded as a university college in 1927 and received full university status in 1954; it is home to the Hull York Medical School, and has seen large scale expansion in recent years to cater for the ever-growing number of students.[citation needed]
Public services
Both the East Riding and Hull are still covered by the Humberside Police area and the Humberside Fire and Rescue Service.[102][103] Piped water is supplied by Yorkshire Water who also maintain the sewerage system.[104] About 1% of the population use water from private supplies. They are usually in the more remote parts of the East Riding. The majority are bore holes but they can be wells or natural springs.[105] NHS East Riding of Yorkshire provides health services such as district nursing, health visiting, school nursing, intermediate care and therapy services. It works with local GP practices, pharmacists, dentists, optometrists and ambulance services to provide a primary healthcare service.[106]
There are ten household waste recycling sites across the East Riding. In the 2004–05 financial year 210,112 tonnes (206,794 long tons; 231,609 short tons) of municipal waste was collected by East Riding and 154,723 tonnes (152,279 long tons; 170,553 short tons) by Hull. Between 2003–04 and 2004–05 the amount of waste collected in Hull increased by 1.77% (2,696 tonnes [2,653 long tons; 2,972 short tons]) and in the East Riding by 4.80% (9,629 tonnes [9,477 long tons; 10,614 short tons]). Target 45+ is a joint sustainable waste-management strategy developed in partnership by Hull City Council and the East Riding of Yorkshire Council. The overall aim is to achieve 45% recycling or composting by 2010 and then go beyond this. At the outset it was anticipated that recycling rates in the East Riding by the end of 2005–06 would be 22.4% and in Hull the rate would be 17.4%.[110] The
The East Riding of Yorkshire is notably high for recycling rates. The county was marked the first Unitary Authority in England for household waste recycling, composting and re-use rate in 2021. Figures highlight that 60.8% of household waste in the county was recycled or composted, ahead of second-place North Somerset who were marked at 60.4%.[112]
Sport and leisure
Hull is the main centre for national-level sport in the region. Hull City A.F.C., play in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system, after promotion, as champions, from League One, at the first time of asking, in the 2020–21 season.[113] Bridlington Town A.F.C. play in the Northern Premier League East Division.[114]
There are two professional
Horse racing is catered for at Beverley Racecourse on the Westwood to the west of Beverley. What the organisers claim is the world's oldest horse race, the Kiplingcotes Derby, has been held annually in the East Riding since 1519.[121] There are more than a dozen golf clubs in the Riding including the cliff-top course at Flamborough. The Royal Yorkshire Yacht Club is based at Bridlington, and flying and gliding take place from Pocklington airfield and Eddsfield airfield.[122]
Media
The region is covered by
Newspapers include the
See also
- Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire – Keepers of the Rolls
- Grade I listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire
- Grade I listed churches in the East Riding of Yorkshire
- Grade II* listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire
- List of High Sheriffs of the East Riding of Yorkshire
- List of Lord Lieutenants of the East Riding of Yorkshire
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Bibliography
- Allison, K. J. (1976). The East Riding of Yorkshire Landscape. The Making of the English Landscape. London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited. ISBN 0-340-15821-2.
- Van de Noort, Robert (2004). The Humber Wetlands. Landscapes of Britain. Macclesfield, Cheshire: Windgather Press. ISBN 0-9545575-4-9.
- Muir, Richard (1997). The Yorkshire Countryside. A Landscape History. Edinburgh: Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-198-7.
- Wilson, Vernon (1948). East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. British Regional Geology. London: HMSO. OCLC 2281266.
External links
- Map of the historic East Riding of Yorkshire on Wikishire
- Data Observatory – East Riding of Yorkshire Council
- Official Tourism information for East Yorkshire
- Bridlington Information Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- East Riding of Yorkshire Council
- Many photographs of the East Riding of Yorkshire
- East Riding online
- East Riding of Yorkshire: assessment of archaeological resource in aggregate areas
- East Riding of Yorkshire at Curlie
- Information on the East Riding of Yorkshire: I'm From Yorkshire