Eastbourne
Eastbourne
Borough of Eastbourne | |
---|---|
Eastbourne | |
Coordinates: 50°46′N 0°17′E / 50.77°N 0.28°E | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Constituent country | England |
Region | South East England |
Non-metropolitan county | East Sussex |
Status | Non-metropolitan district |
Government | |
• MP | Caroline Ansell MP (Conservative) |
Area | |
• Total | 17.05 sq mi (44.16 km2) |
• Rank | 252nd (of 296) |
Population (2021 census) | |
• Total | 101,700[1] |
• Rank | 238th (of 296) |
• Density | 6,000/sq mi (2,300/km2) |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
UTC+1 (BST) | |
Postcodes | |
Area code | 01323 |
ONS code | 21UC (ONS) E07000061 (GSS) |
OS grid reference | TV608991 |
Website | Eastbourne Borough Council at www |
Eastbourne (/ˈiːstbɔːrn/ ⓘ) is a town and seaside resort in East Sussex, on the south coast of England, 19 miles (31 km) east of Brighton and 54 miles (87 km) south of London. It is also a local government district with borough status. Eastbourne is immediately east of Beachy Head, the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain and part of the larger Eastbourne Downland Estate.
The seafront consists largely of
As a seaside resort, Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism, with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences, public events and cultural sightseeing. The other main industries in Eastbourne include trade and retail, healthcare, education, construction, manufacturing, professional scientific and the technical sector.[4]
Eastbourne's population is growing; between 2001 and 2011, it increased from 89,800 to 99,412. The 2011 census shows that the average age of residents has decreased as the town has attracted students, families and those commuting to London and Brighton.[5] In the 2021 census, the population of Eastbourne was 101,700.[6]
History
Pre-Roman
Flint mines and
A Bronze Age site of national importance was discovered in Hydneye lake at Shinewater in 1995.[7]
Celtic people are believed to have settled on the Eastbourne Downland in 500 BC.[8]
Roman era
There are Roman remains buried beneath the town, such as a Roman bath and section of pavement between Eastbourne Pier and the Redoubt Fortress. There is also a Roman villa near the entrance to the Pier and the present Queens Hotel.[9]
In 1953 skeletal remains of a woman who lived around 245 AD were discovered in the vicinity of Beachy Head on the Eastbourne Downland Estate. The remains were found in 2014 to be of a 30-year-old woman who grew up in East Sussex, but had genetic heritage from sub-Saharan Africa, giving her black skin and an African skeletal structure.[10] Her ancestors came from below the Saharan region, at a time when the Roman Empire extended only as far as North Africa.[11] These remains have now been DNA tested and found to originate from Cyprus, not sub-Saharan Africa.[12]
Anglo-Saxon era
An Anglo-Saxon charter, around 963 AD, describes a landing stage and stream at Burne.
The original name came from the 'Burne' or stream which ran through today's Old Town area of Eastbourne. All that can be seen of the Burne, or Bourne, is the small pond in Motcombe Gardens. The bubbling source is guarded by a statue of Neptune.[13] Motcombe Gardens are overlooked by St. Mary's Church, a Norman church which allegedly lies on the site of a Saxon 'moot', or meeting place. This gives Motcombe its name.
In 2014 local metal-detectorist Darrin Simpson found a coin minted during the reign of Æthelberht II of East Anglia (died 794), in a field near the town. It is believed that the minting of these coins may have led to Æthelberht's beheading by Offa of Mercia, as it had been struck as a sign of independence.[14] Describing the coin, expert Christopher Webb, said, "This new discovery is an important and unexpected addition to the numismatic history of eighth century England."[15]
Norman era
Following the
The Book referred to the area as 'Borne'. 'East' was added to 'Borne' in the 13th century, renaming the town.[13]
Medieval era
A charter for a weekly market was granted to Bartholomew de Badlesmere in 1315–16; this increased his status as Lord of the Manor and benefited local industry.[17] During the Middle Ages the town was visited by King Henry I and in 1324 by Edward II.[9] Evidence of Eastbourne's medieval past can be seen in the 12th-century Church of St Mary,[18] and the manor house called Bourne Place.
In the mid-16th century Bourne Place was home to the Burton family,
Eastbourne has Cornish connections[clarification needed], most notably visible in the Cornish high cross in the churchyard of St Mary's Church which was brought from an unspecified location in Cornwall.[21][22]
Georgian era
In 1752, a dissertation by Richard Russell extolled the medicinal benefits of the seaside. His views were of considerable benefit to the south coast and, in due course, Eastbourne became known as "the Empress of Watering Places".[23]
Eastbourne's earliest claim as a seaside resort came about following a summer holiday visit by four of
In 1793, following a survey of coastal defences in the southeast, approval was given for the positioning of infantry and artillery to defend the bay between Beachy Head and Hastings from attack by the French. Fourteen
A connection with India comes in the shape of the 18th-century Lushington monument, also at St Mary's, which commemorates a survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta atrocity which led to the British conquest of Bengal.
Richard Trevithick, the inventor of the steam locomotive, is reported to have spent some time here.[27]
Eastbourne remained an area of small rural settlements until the 19th century. Four villages or hamlets occupied the site of the modern town: Bourne (or, to distinguish it from others of the same name, East Bourne) is now known as Old Town, and this surrounded the bourne (stream) which rises in the present Motcombe Park; Meads, where the Downs meet the coast; South Bourne (near the town hall); and the fishing settlement known simply as Sea Houses, which was situated to the east of the present pier.[26]
Victorian era
By the mid-19th century most of the area had fallen into the hands of two landowners: John Davies Gilbert (the Davies-Gilbert family still own much of the land in Eastbourne and East Dean) and William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington.[21]
The Gilbert family's holdings date to the late 17th and early 18th centuries when barrister Nicholas Gilbert married an Eversfield and Gildredge heiress.[28] (The Gildredges owned much of Eastbourne by 1554. The Gilberts eventually made the Gildredge Manor House their own. Today the Gildredge name lives on in the eponymous park.)[29]
An early plan, for a town named Burlington, was abandoned, but on 14 May 1849 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway arrived to scenes of great jubilation. With the arrival of the railway, the town's growth accelerated.
Cavendish, now the 7th Duke of Devonshire, recruited Henry Currey in 1859 to lay out a plan for what was essentially an entire new town – a resort built "for gentlemen by gentlemen". The town grew rapidly from a population of less than 4,000 in 1851 to nearly 35,000 by 1891. In 1883, it was incorporated as a municipal borough; a purpose-built town hall was opened in 1886.[23] This period of growth and elegant development continued for several decades.
20th century
During the
In 1926, the Eastbourne Corporation Act enabled the creation of the Eastbourne Downland Estate.
A royal visit by
The
In the summer of 1956, the town came to national and worldwide attention,
After the war, development continued, including the growth of Old Town up the hillside (Green Street Farm Estate) and the housing estates of
In the 1990s, both growth and controversy accelerated rapidly as a new plan was launched to develop the area known as the Crumbles, a shingle bank on the coast to the east of the town centre. This area, now known as Sovereign Harbour, containing a marina, shops and several thousand houses, along with luxury flats, was formerly home to many rare plants. There has been continued growth in other parts of the town, and the central marshland has become farmland and nature reserves.
21st century
In 2009, the new
In 2016–19 extensive remodelling work was undertaken to the prominent Arndale Centre, which takes up most of the town centre, and was originally built by Legal & General Assurance in the 1980s. This was then renamed The Beacon. The remodelling including the addition of a brand new cinema run by Cineworld.
On 22 November 2019, a fire broke out in the basement of the Claremont Hotel. The nearby Pier Hotel was also evacuated.[46]
Local History Society
Eastbourne Local History Society was founded in 1970. It is a charitable,
As the major landowner, the Cavendish family has had strong connections with Eastbourne since the 18th century. The current President of the Society is William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington.
Containing over 1,500 articles about the history of Eastbourne, the Society's indexed journal, The Eastbourne Local Historian, is the major historical resource for the town and has been published quarterly since its inception in 1970.[49] Over the years, the Society has published various books and booklets about the history of Eastbourne, twelve of which are currently in print.
Geography
The
A part of the South Downs,
Suburbs
Eastbourne's greater area comprises the town of
- Langney: Langney Rise, Shinewater, Kingsmere, Langney Village
- Hampden Park: Hampden Park Village, Willingdon Trees, Winkney Farm, Ratton
- Inner areas: Rodmill, Ocklynge, Seaside, Bridgemere, Roselands, Downside
- Town centre: Town centre, Little Chelsea, Meads, Holywell, Old Town, Upperton
- Sovereign Harbour: North Harbour, South Harbour, Langney Point
There was a community known as Norway, Eastbourne in the triangle now bounded by Wartling Road, Seaside and Lottbridge Drove. The name being a corruption of North Way,[52] as this was the route to the north. The area is now a housing estate and the only evidence there was a Norway are a Norway Road and the local church whose sign reads "St Andrew's Church, Norway".
The former fishing hamlet of Holywell (local pronunciation 'holly well') was situated by the cliff on a ledge some 400 yards to the southwest of the public garden known as the Holywell Retreat. It was approached from what is now Holywell Road via the lane between the present Helen Gardens and Bede's School, which leads to the chalk pinnacle formerly known locally as 'Gibraltar' or the 'Sugar Loaf'.[53] The ground around the pinnacle was the site of lime kilns also worked by the fishermen.[54] The fishing hamlet at Holywell was taken over by the local water board in 1896[55] to exploit the springs in the cliffs. The water board's successors still own the site, and there is a pumping station but little evidence of the hamlet itself, as by now even most of the foundations of the cottages have gone over the cliff.[56]
Climate
As with the rest of the
Climate data for Eastbourne 7 m asl, 1991–2020, Extremes 1960– | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.6 (58.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −9.7 (14.5) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 83.1 (3.27) |
58.9 (2.32) |
47.6 (1.87) |
44.4 (1.75) |
46.1 (1.81) |
46.8 (1.84) |
54.1 (2.13) |
59.8 (2.35) |
59.9 (2.36) |
93.2 (3.67) |
98.5 (3.88) |
100.1 (3.94) |
792.5 (31.19) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.7 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 116.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.1 | 89.6 | 134.2 | 202.2 | 235.1 | 237.7 | 251.5 | 232.7 | 176.3 | 121.6 | 78.3 | 62.5 | 1,891.8 |
Source 1: Met Office[61] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI[62] |
Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Eastbourne, at district and county level: Eastbourne Borough Council, based at the Town Hall on Grove Road, and East Sussex County Council, based in Lewes. There are no civil parishes in the borough, which is an unparished area.[63]
Eastbourne was an
In 1911 Eastbourne was elevated to be a county borough, making it independent from East Sussex County Council.[67] Eastbourne became a non-metropolitan district on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, with East Sussex County Council once more providing county-level services to the town.[68]
House of Commons
The
Eastbourne is a marginal seat currently represented by the Conservatives but with recent representation by the Liberal Democrats.[69][70]
Demography
Eastbourne is the second largest district or borough in East Sussex with an official resident population of 101,700 in the 2021 census, an increase of 2.3% over the 2011 census.[71][72] Previously the population of Eastbourne grew (between 2001 and 2011) from 89,667 to 99,400.[71]
The average age of residents has dropped in recent years as younger people move into the town and young family households have started to balance retirement communities.[73] In 2014, 54% of residents were between 20 and 64, while 24% were over 65 years old, and there was an average age of 43. In 2013, the Office for National Statistics named an area in Meads as the first place in the UK to have an average resident age exceeding 70, with an average age of 71.1, compared with a national average age of 39.7.[74]
29% of households do not have cars or vans.[75]
Ethnic groups
Ethnically, the 2021 census showed the town was 90.8% White, including 82% White British and 7.7% Other White, down from 94.1% in 2011 and 96.6% in 2001 census.[76][77] Asian people were 3.5% (up from 2.8% in 2011), 2.8% were mixed or multiple ethnic groups, 1.3% were Black, black British, Caribbean or African and other ethnic groups were 1.7% of the total population.[78][71]
Birthplace
In 2021, Eastbourne had residents from a range of birthplaces, with 82.4% born in England (down from 85.2% in 2011 census). Other notable groups of people include Poland (1.5%), Scotland (1.3%), Portugal (1.1%), other EU countries (1.2%) that joined since 2001 to 2011.[71]
The 2001 UK Census indicated that the largest non-white ethnic group at the time was Chinese. Studies conducted by the local council in 2008 reflected growth in new residents from Eastern Europe, particularly Poland.[79]
Unemployment in Eastbourne was below the national average in 2013 figures, at 4.1% compared to 4.4% for England and Wales.[80] The percentage of economically active people increased between 2001 and 2011. There has also been an upward trend in recent years, in the number of people with higher education qualifications.[80]
Economy
With a population of more than 100,000 people, Eastbourne has been a fast-growing town in the past few years, relative to the rest of the UK.[81] Development around Eastbourne's Sovereign Harbour, Britain's largest composite marina, has created more than 3,000 new homes and an innovation centre for small businesses.
Eastbourne is home to companies in a wide range of industries.[82] Eastbourne's Chamber of Commerce has more than 500 members and holds many networking events to facilitate local business links.[83]
In 2008, Eastbourne was judged to have low productivity, in a national assessment by the National Audit Office.[84] Productivity, measured by gross value added per employee, was recorded as £31,390 per year. This compared unfavourably with the South East overall, where GVA was £40,460 per employee per year. A possible explanation for this is that a high proportion of workers are in sectors which have relatively low productivity and wages.[85]
In recent years, five areas within Eastbourne have regularly featured in the most economically deprived 10% in all of England. Measured as Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs), two areas within Devonshire ward, two areas within Hampden Park, and one area within Langney, are all among the most deprived LSOAs in the country. Three quarters of LSOAs in the town (45 LSOAs or 76%) had a worse ranking for deprivation in 2010 than in 2007.[86]
Technology and creative sectors
In 2016, UK innovation charity NESTA named Eastbourne as a "creative cluster", with 969 creative firms representing 9.1% of total businesses in the town and providing employment for 2,703 people.[87]
Tourism sector
The seafront at Eastbourne consists almost entirely of Victorian hotels. Along with its pier and bandstand, this serves to preserve the front in a somewhat timeless manner.[88] The Duke of Devonshire retains the rights[clarification needed] to the seafront buildings and does not allow them to be developed into shops.[55]
A stretch of 4 miles (6.4 km) of shingle beach stretches from Sovereign Harbour in the east to Beachy Head in the west. In a 1998 survey, 56% of visitors said that the beach and seafront was one of Eastbourne's best features, although 10% listed the pebbled beach as a dislike.[89]
Other recreation facilities include two swimming pools, three fitness centres and other smaller sports clubs including scuba diving.
A children's adventure park is sited at the eastern end of the seafront. There are various other establishments scattered around the town such as
A major event in the tourist programme of
Reports claim a £365m revenue from visitors in 2010, with an estimated 7,160 jobs supported by tourism.[91]
Large employers
The town is home to the UK's largest book wholesalers, Gardners Books, who are one of the town's largest employers, with a majority of staff involved in packing and shipping books from a 350,000 sq ft warehouse facility.[92]
A majority of Eastbourne's total employment is offered by small private businesses, though Eastbourne District General Hospital is a significant public sector employer.
In 2010, it was assessed that Eastbourne had a public sector employment rate of 25.4% of overall jobs. This was noted as below average, compared with the UK as a whole.[93]
Electricity supply
Eastbourne Electric Light Co. started up on 4 September 1882 illuminating The Parades with 22 Brush arc lamps.[94] Several large shops were lit with incandescent lamps powered from generators located at the Bedfordwell waterworks. An alternating current system was introduced in 1883, from a generating plant at The Old Brewery in Junction Road. By 1888 there were 1,700 lamps on the system; a new generating plant was added in 1899 including 30 kW, 75 kW, 100 kW, 50 kW, 150 kW and 200 kW generators. There were five circuits distributing electricity around the town through rubber insulated cables. After a few years the rubber deteriorated and faults were frequent. The Eastbourne Corporation purchased the undertaking on 1 January 1900 and the original Electricity Works was closed down in July 1902.[94]
Eastbourne County Borough Corporation began construction of Eastbourne power station in the first decade of the twentieth century. It supplied electricity, firstly for street lighting then other uses. The station had a single brick chimney and three wooden cooling towers.[95] Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership of the station passed to the British Electricity Authority and then to the Central Electricity Generating Board. In 1954 the station generated 2,652 MWh of electricity and burned 3,500 tons of coal.[96] In 1966 the power station had a generating capacity of 9.0 MW and delivered 3,165 MWh of electricity.[97] The CEGB later closed the station and it was subsequently demolished.
Culture
Towner Art Gallery
The
Theatres
Eastbourne has three council-owned theatres: the Grade II* listed[99] Congress Theatre, the Grade II listed Devonshire Park Theatre and the Grade II listed Winter Garden. The Grade II listed Royal Hippodrome Theatre used to be council-owned, but is now run by an independent charitable trust.
The Devonshire Park Theatre is a fine example of a Victorian theatre with ornate interior decorations, and plays host to touring dramas and comedies and an annual local pantomime. The Royal Hippodrome has the longest running summer show in Britain.[100] The London Philharmonic Orchestra makes regular appearances and has an annual season at the Congress Theatre.
Other theatre venues in the town include the volunteer-run Underground Theatre, in the basement of the town's Central Library,[101] and the Lamb Theatre, based at the Lamb Inn in Old Town, which was launched in August 2009 but reinstated an older tradition at the pub.[102]
Cinemas
Eastbourne had two cinemas: the Curzon Cinema and
In 2013, the owners of the Curzon Cinema declared themselves "shocked" at the threats to their venue from a newly announced eight-screen multiplex, to be built in a renovated Arndale Centre nearby (the centre has been renamed as The Beacon).[104]
Festivals and fairs
Cultural events are held in Eastbourne every year, including Airbourne, Eastbourne's International Airshow, one of the most popular airshows in the United Kingdom. The Eastbourne Music & Arts Festival, a competitive festival held annually at the Winter Gardens was originally founded in 1961 and since 2021 has changed its name into Eastbourne Performing Arts Festival.
Other more recent festivals and fairs include:
- Eastbourne Feastival, a family, food, music and culture festival which has been held annually since 2016.
- Crossing The Screen International Film Festival, the longest running film festival of Eastbourne, founded in 2016.
- Eastbourne Steampunk Festival. Organised by Eastbourne's Bonfire Society since 2016 and celebrating retro-futuristic technology and aesthetics.
- Eastbourne Vintage Festival, created in 2021 and held in Gildredge Park, one of the town's most beautiful parks.
- Springwater Festival, created in 2021 and hosting a range of events to celebrate all aspects of water along Eastbourne seafront.
Music venues
There was once a second similar bandstand (also built in 1935) in the 'music gardens' near the Redoubt Fortress. The bandstand was removed to make way for the Pavilion Tearooms but the colonnades built around it are still there (behind the tea rooms). Before 1935 each of these sites had a smaller "birdcage" bandstand; the one in the music gardens having been moved from a rather precarious position opposite the Albion Hotel. The kiosk in the music gardens was originally one of the toll kiosks at the entrance to the pier.[16]
Grove Road is the location of two independent record shops and a venue called Printer's Playhouse (which hosts performances of live music and new plays).
Media
The local radio station
Eastbourne has a local weekly tabloid newspaper, which is published every Friday, called The Eastbourne Herald (know locally as The Herald). Eastbourne is also served by Eastbourne Scoop,[107] a weekly online-only media publication.
Depictions in popular culture
The seafront and the iconic cliff at Beachy Head has been used for many scenes in feature films, and the local council set up a film liaison unit to encourage and facilitate the shooting of film sequences in and around the town.
Television too has used Eastbourne as a backdrop. The series
Eastbourne features in the ghost story Owen Wingrave by American novelist Henry James.[citation needed]
The elderly female residents of Eastbourne were the inspiration for the song "Eastbourne Ladies" by English singer Kevin Coyne, which appeared on his 1973 album Marjory Razorblade.[116][117]
Parks and gardens
Eastbourne has numerous parks and gardens, although there are several smaller open spaces including Upperton Gardens, the Carpet Gardens and the Western Lawns. The first public park in Eastbourne was Hampden Park, originally owned by Lord Willingdon and opened on 12 August 1902.[19] Facilities include: football pitches, rugby club, indoor bowls, a large lake (formerly a Decoy pond), lakeside cafe, children's recreation area, tennis courts, BMX and skate facility, disc golf course (target) and woodland. The largest and newest park is Shinewater Park, located on the west side of Langney and opened in 2002. There is a large fishing lake, basketball, football pitches, a BMX and skate park and children's playground.[118]
Gildredge Park is a large open park located between the town centre and Old Town; it is popular with families and has a children's playground, cafe, tennis courts,
Princes Park obtained its name during a visit by the Duke of Windsor as Prince of Wales in 1931.
Devonshire Park, home to the pre-Wimbledon ladies tennis championships, is located just off the seafront in the towns cultural district. Other parks include: Helen Gardens and the Italian Gardens at the western end of the seafront, Sovereign Park between the main seafront and the marina and Motcombe Gardens in Old Town.
Eastbourne's floral displays have been promoted, including the Carpet Gardens along the coastal road near the pier. The displays, and the town, have won the award the 'Coastal Resort B' category in the 2003 Britain in Bloom competition.
Sport
Eastbourne's Devonshire Park is the venue for the
Eastbourne has three senior football clubs:
In 1963, Eastbourne was the location of the first Netball World Cup.
Eastbourne hosted a triathlon in 2016 and 2017, which attracted professional triathletes such as Ben Allen, Jacqui Slack, Lawrence Fanous and 2012 Biathle world champion Richard Stannard in addition to the hundreds of amateurs taking part. The event takes in the town's major landmarks, including the promenade and local South Downs National Park.
Other local sports clubs include
Landmarks
Beachy Head and the Downs
The
The Eastbourne Downs include Beachy Head cliff, to the west of the town, a famous beauty spot and an infamous suicide spot. Statistics are not officially published to reduce suicidal mimicry,[135] but unofficial statistics show it to be the third most common suicide spot.[136]
The lighthouse at the foot of the cliff came into operation in October 1902. Although originally manned by two keepers, it has been remotely monitored by Trinity House via a landline since June 1983. Prior to its construction, shipping had been warned by the Belle Tout Lighthouse on the cliff top some 1,640 yards (1,500 m) to the west. Belle Tout Lighthouse was operational from 1834 to 1902, and closed because its light was not visible in mist and low cloud. It became a private residence, but was severely damaged in the Second World War by Canadian artillery.[137] In 1956, it was rebuilt as a house and remains a dwelling to this day. In March 1999, the structure was moved 55 feet (17 m) back from the cliff edge to save it from plunging into the sea.[138] The structure may need to be moved again to safeguard it from cliff erosion.
Eastbourne Pier
Eastbourne Pier was built between 1866 and 1872 at the junction of Grand and Marine Parades. The pier interrupts what would otherwise have been a ribbon development of buildings – to the west, high-class hotels, with modest family hotels and boarding houses to the east.[139] The Eastbourne Pier Company was registered in April 1865 with a capital of £15,000[140] and on 18 April 1866 work began. It was opened by Lord Edward Cavendish on 13 June 1870, although it was not actually completed until two years later. On New Year's Day 1877 the landward half was swept away in a storm. It was rebuilt at a higher level, creating a drop towards the end of the pier. The pier is effectively built on stilts that rest in cups on the sea-bed allowing the whole structure to move during rough weather. It is roughly 300 metres (1000 ft) long. A domed 400-seater pavilion was constructed at a cost of £250 at the seaward end in 1888. A 1,000-seater theatre, bar, camera obscura and office suite replaced this in 1899/1901. At the same time, two saloons were built midway along the pier.[141] Access to the camera obscura was destroyed by an arson attack in 1970, but was restored in 2003 with a new stairway built.[139]
Eastbourne Pier fire
On 30 July 2014, a fire broke out in the middle building of the pier. BBC News reported that 80 firefighters attended the scene. One third of the pier was badly damaged.[142]
On 19 August 2014, a worker from Cumbria died after falling through the decking of the damaged pier.[143]
Central government paid Eastbourne Borough Council £2m in one-off funding, to compensate for lost income to the town from the temporary loss of the attraction.[144] The Council spent this on a variety of projects and events in the hope of boosting the local economy.
Eastbourne Redoubt
Eastbourne Redoubt on Royal Parade is one of three examples of a type of fortress built to withstand potential invasion from Napoleon's forces in the early 19th century.
Education
Eastbourne's reputation for health, enhanced by bracing air and sea breezes contributed to the establishment of many independent schools in the 19th century and in 1871,[146] the year which saw the arrival of Queenwood Ladies College, the town was just beginning a period of growth and prosperity.[146] By 1896, Gowland's Eastbourne Directory listed 76 private schools for boys and girls. However, economic difficulties during the inter-war years saw a gradual decline in the number of independent schools.[147]
In 1930, the headmistress of Clovelly-Kepplestone, a well-established boarding school for girls, referred to "heavy financial losses experienced by schools in the past few years".[147] In 1930, this school was forced to merge its junior and senior departments; in 1931, one of its buildings was sold off, and in 1934 the school closed altogether. Finally, indicative of the changes that would later befall many of the larger buildings in the town,[148] the school was demolished to make way for a block of flats, which was completed in 1939.[147]
The Eastbourne (Blue Book) Directory for 1938 lists 39 independent schools in the town. With the
Eastbourne has 6 state secondary schools, 17 state primary schools, 1 primary special school and 2 secondary special schools. Parts of the University of Brighton are based in the Meads area of the town. There are several language colleges and schools, with students coming mainly from Europe.[89]
East Sussex College is a large further education college with a campus in Eastbourne. This state-funded college provides a range of GCSE, GCE A Level, BTEC and vocational programmes for students aged 16–19 years of age, plus a full range of adult FE programmes. It originated from a 2001 merger between Lewes Tertiary College and Eastbourne College of Arts and Technology (ECAT) to form Sussex Downs College, which then took over Park College (the old Eastbourne Sixth Form college) in 2003.[149] In 2018, a further merger with Sussex Coast College in Hastings formed the current East Sussex College.
Health and emergency services
The town is served by Eastbourne District General Hospital, part of East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust. As of 2014, the maternity unit of the hospital has been permanently transferred to the Conquest Hospital, Hastings after years of campaigning to save the unit.[150][151] An earlier hospital, St Mary's, opened on Vicarage Road in 1877 as the infirmary to the local workhouse; it was demolished in 1990.[152] Eastbourne
Eastbourne has anEastbourne Blind Society was founded in 1923, with a centre opened on Longstone Road in 1963. In 2018 the society had almost 800 members.[156]
Religious life
As well as the medieval parish church of St Mary in Old Town, another church building in Eastbourne is the redbrick
The tall flint tower of St Michael's at Ocklynge is one of Eastbourne's landmarks. The church was consecrated in 1902[161] and built on the site of the mission hall where the nonsense writer Lewis Carroll (the clergyman CL Dodgson) is known to have preached during his holidays in the town. All Souls, in Italian style, is a finely proportioned building with an Evangelical church tradition.[162][163] Holy Trinity also has a strong history of Evangelism, particularly during the early 20th century when Canon Stephen Warner was the vicar for 28 years. There is a Greek Orthodox Church converted from a 19th-century Calvinistic chapel.[164][165]
The Strict Baptist Chapel in Grove Road is an interesting building, despite its rather grim street frontage. The United Reformed Church in Upperton Road has tall rogue Gothic windows set in red brick walls. Several other denominations have similarly interesting church buildings,[166] including some of 20th century design, such as the Baptist Church in Eldon Road.
The copyrights of many well-known hymns and contemporary worship songs used in churches around the world were handled by Kingway's Thankyou Music of Eastbourne. Kingsway changed names to become Integrity Music and moved to Brighton in 2019.[citation needed]
There is a tradition of Judaism in Eastbourne,[167][168] and a Jewish rest home.
The Islamic community uses a small mosque that was formerly the Seeboard social club.[169]
Transport
Eastbourne is connected by road to London by the
The main
Notable people
Eastbourne can claim some notable visitors, residents and scholars:
Writers
Lewis Carroll holidayed in Eastbourne 19 times, taking lodgings in Lushington Road, where a blue plaque now marks the location of his first visit in 1877.[177][178]
Poet Francis William Bourdillon lived in the town.[179]
Charles Webb, writer of The Graduate, moved to Eastbourne with his wife in 2006.[180]
The novelist and children's writer Annie Keary died in the town in 1879.[181]
Former students at the closed
Philosophers
The philosopher A. J. Ayer was a pupil at Ascham St Vincent's School in Carlisle Road.[183]
Musicians
The pianist Russ Conway was a resident for many years.[185]
Dec Cluskey from the 1960s band The Bachelors is resident in Eastbourne.[citation needed]
Several bands have formed in Eastbourne, including: Toploader,[186] Easyworld,[187] the Divided,[188] ROAM and Mobiles.[189]
Musician Robin Romei is a resident of Eastbourne, and has written a song named after the town.[190]
Spider Stacy, member of The Pogues, was born in Eastbourne in 1958.
David Bowie performed in Eastbourne several times. He included a mention of Eastbourne in his 1967 single, "The Laughing Gnome".[citation needed]
Scientists
Frederick Gowland Hopkins, biochemist and Nobel prizewinner, was born in Eastbourne.[191]
Frederick Soddy, radiochemist and economist, was born in Eastbourne and studied at Eastbourne College.[192]
"Darwin's Bulldog" Thomas Henry Huxley spent the last few years of his life in Eastbourne.[193]
Michael Fish, who forecast the weather for BBC Television from 1974 to 2004, was born in Eastbourne and studied at Eastbourne College.[194]
NASA aerospace engineer Bruce Woodgate, who attended Eastbourne Grammar School, was the principal investigator and designer of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, which was installed on the Hubble Space Telescope in 1997.[195][196]
Explorers
Polar explorer Lawrence Oates attended South Lynn School in Mill Gap Road.[197]
George Mallory, the noted mountaineer, attended Glengorse Preparatory School in Chesterfield Road between 1896 and 1900.[198]
Count László Almásy, the basis of the lead character of The English Patient, was educated by a private tutor at Berrow, and was a member of the pioneering Eastbourne Flying Club.[199]
In 1993, following a suggestion to Eastbourne Borough Council by Eastbourne Civic Society (now Eastbourne Society), a joint project was set up to erect blue plaques on buildings associated with famous people. The principles for selection are broadly those already established by English Heritage for such plaques in London. The first was erected in November 1994 in Milnthorpe Road at the former home of Sir Ernest Shackleton, the Antarctic explorer.[200]
Visual artists
The artist Eric Ravilious grew up, was educated and taught in Eastbourne.[201]
Artists Cedric Morris and David Kindersley attended St Cyprian's School.
Dramatic artists and comedians
Comedian Ronald Frankau died at Eastbourne in 1951.[202]
Prunella Scales[203] and Eddie Izzard attended school in Eastbourne.[204]
Annie Castledine spent the end years of her life living in and working from the town.[205]
Politicians
Former students at St Cyprian's include the politicians Richard Wood, who had lost both legs in war, and David Ormsby-Gore, later ambassador to the USA.
Theresa May, a former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born in the town.[206]
Others
Three
The leading evangelist Canon Stephen Warner was the vicar of Holy Trinity between 1919 and 1947.
Douglas Bader, who became a successful Second World War fighter pilot despite having lost both legs in a flying accident, attended Temple Grove Preparatory School in Compton Place Road.[211]
Novelist Angela Carter was born in Eastbourne in 1940 before moving to South Yorkshire as a child.
Percy Sillitoe, director of MI5, lived in the town in the 1950s.[212]
Johanna Konta, British number one tennis player and Grand Slam semi-finalist.[citation needed]
Henry Allingham, briefly the world's oldest man when he died in 2009, aged 113, was a resident.
Olav Bjortomt, English international quiz player, four-time world champion (2003, 2015, 2018, 2019) and three time individual European champion (2010, 2014, 2015)
Military figures who had been students at St Cyprian's include:
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- ^ Coveney, Michael (7 June 2016). "Annie Castledine obituary". Theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
- ^ "Theresa May: A self-proclaimed 'bloody difficult woman'". Sky News. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ Location of grave and VC medal (East Sussex)
- ^ Webster F.A.M., (1937), Our Great Public Schools, (Butler & Tanner: London)
- ISBN 0-7100-0175-4.
- ISBN 978-1-84854-470-3
- ISBN 978-0-00-211701-2
- ^ "Directory of Eastbourne". Kelly's Directory. London: Kelly's Directories Ltd. 1957. p. 181.
- ^ St Cyprian's Chronicle 1914–1930 (at Eastbourne Reference Library)
- Works cited
- Stevens, Lawrence (1987). A Short History of Eastbourne. Eastbourne: Eastbourne Local History Society. ISBN 978-0-9504560-7-2.
External links
- Eastbourne at Curlie
- Official website
- Visit Eastbourne Official tourism site
- Engels in Eastbourne - Commemorating the life, work and legacy of Friedrich Engels in Eastbourne