Eastern Air Lines

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the 2015 start-up airline that has since ceased operations, see Eastern Air Lines (2015). For the airline that assumed that start-up's intellectual property, see Eastern Airlines, LLC. For other airlines with similar names, see Eastern (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with China Eastern Airlines or Eastern Airways.
Eastern Air Lines
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
EA EAL EASTERN
FoundedApril 19, 1926 (1926-04-19)
(as Pitcairn Aviation)
Ceased operationsJanuary 18, 1991 (1991-01-18)
Parent company
Texas Air Corporation (1986–1990)
HeadquartersMiami-Dade County, Florida, United States
Key people
FoundersEddie Rickenbacker (First CEO)

Eastern Air Lines, also colloquially known as Eastern, was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida.[1]

Eastern was one of the "Big Four" domestic airlines created by the Spoils Conferences of 1930, and was headed by World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker in its early years. It had a near monopoly in air travel between New York and Florida from the 1930s until the 1950s and dominated this market for decades afterward.

During airline deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s, labor disputes and high debt loads strained the company under the leadership of former astronaut Frank Borman.[2] Frank Lorenzo acquired Eastern in 1985 and moved many of its assets to his other airlines, including Continental Airlines and Texas Air Corporation. After continued labor disputes and a crippling strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of money and was liquidated in 1991.[3]

Boeing 757-225
aircraft.

Eastern pioneered hourly

British Caledonian Airways
.

History

Origins

Pitcairn Aviation's PA-7S CAM-19 Route Airmail aircraft
An Eastern Air Lines passenger coupon in 1935

Eastern Air Lines was a composite of assorted air travel corporations, including

Mailwing single-engine aircraft. In 1929, Clement Keys, the owner of North American Aviation, purchased Pitcairn. In 1930, Keys changed the company's name to Eastern Air Transport. After being purchased by General Motors and experiencing a change in leadership after the Airmail Act of 1934, the airline became known as Eastern Air Lines.[6]

Growth under Rickenbacker

The Great Silver Fleet in 1939

By 1937, Eastern's route system stretched from New York to Washington, Atlanta, and New Orleans, and from Chicago to Miami.[7] In the same year, it operated 20 daily flights and returns, every hour on the hour, between New York and Washington; the flight time was one hour, twenty minutes, one-way.[8]

In 1938, World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker bought Eastern from General Motors. The complex deal was concluded when Rickenbacker together with Sideny Shannon[9] presented Alfred P. Sloan with a certified check for US$3,500,000 (equivalent to $75,760,000 in 2023).[10]

Rickenbacker pushed Eastern into a period of growth and innovation; for a time Eastern was the most profitable airline in the post-war era, never needing state subsidy. In the late 1950s Eastern's position was eroded by subsidies to rival airlines and the arrival of the jet age. On October 1, 1959, Rickenbacker's position as CEO was taken over by Malcolm A. MacIntyre, a brilliant lawyer but a man inexperienced in airline operations.'[11] Rickenbacker's ouster was largely due to his reluctance to acquire expensive jets as he underestimated their appeal to the public. A new management team headed by Floyd D. Hall took over on 16 December 1963, and Rickenbacker left his position as director and chairman of the board on December 31, 1963, aged 73.[11]

In 1956, Eastern bought Colonial Airlines, giving the airline its first routes to Canada.[12]

The Jet Age

An Eastern Air Lines DC-3 on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
An Eastern Air Lines Electra, at Washington National Airport in 1975
A Boeing 747 showing Eastern Airlines' longtime livery of a cheatline extended up the tail in 1971

In November 1959, Eastern Air Lines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 at New York City's

Boeing 727-100, which Eastern (along with American Airlines and United Airlines) had helped Boeing to develop. On February 1, 1964, Eastern was the first airline to fly the 727. Shortly after that, "Captain Eddie" Rickenbacker retired and a new image was adopted, which included the now famous hockey stick design, officially Caribbean Blue over Ionosphere Blue. Eastern was also the first US carrier to fly the Airbus A300[13] and the launch customer for the Boeing 757.[14]

On April 30, 1961, Eastern inaugurated Eastern Air Lines Shuttle. Initially 95-seat Lockheed Constellation 1049s and 1049Cs left New York-LaGuardia every two hours, 8 am to 10 pm, to Washington National and to Boston.[15] Flights soon became hourly, 7 am to 10 pm out of each city. No reservations or tickets were required; passengers could pay their fare in cash on board the flight. If a plane filled up at departure time, another plane was rolled out to carry any extra passengers.

Internationalization began as Eastern opened routes to markets such as

McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets in the Caribbean.[16]

Eastern bought the

TWA
) when Eastern decided to purchase the L-1011.

Due to massive delays in the L-1011 program, mainly due to problems with the

Boeing 747-100s from Pan Am
between 1970 and 1972 and operated the aircraft between Chicago and San Juan as well as from New York to Miami and San Juan.

The RB211 programme might easily have foundered in 1971 if it had not been for the steadfast support of Eastern Airlines, one of the major launch customers for the Lockheed TriStars. The President of Eastern was Sam Higginbottom, who never wavered and thereby acquired some criticism.

— Stanley Hooker[17][18]

Just before

Walt Disney World opened in 1971, Eastern became its "official airline". It remained the official airline of Walt Disney World and sponsored a ride at the Magic Kingdom park (If You Had Wings in Tomorrowland where Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin
is currently located) until its contracting route network forced Disney to switch to Delta shortly before Eastern's 1989 bankruptcy filing.

The famous "Wings of Man" campaign in the late 1960s was created by advertising agency

Young & Rubicam, and restored Eastern's tarnished image until the late 1970s, when former astronaut Frank Borman
became president and it was replaced by a new campaign, "We Have To Earn Our Wings Every Day". The new campaign, which featured Borman as a spokesperson, was used until the mid-to-late 1980s.

Under bankruptcy, Eastern launched a "100 Days" campaign, in which it promised to "become a little bit better every day".

Turmoil

John F Kennedy Airport
in 1970
An Eastern Douglas DC-8-21 at Miami International Airport in 1970
Eastern's Lockheed TriStar Whisperliner landing at Miami in 1976
A 1982 photo of a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, a stretched DC-9-51 model, which served Eastern from 1965 until the airline's closure
A Eastern Airbus A300 at Saint Maarten in 1986

In 1975, Eastern was headquartered at

10 Rockefeller Plaza in Manhattan.[19] After Frank Borman became president of Eastern Air Lines in late 1975, he moved Eastern's headquarters from Rockefeller Center to Miami-Dade County, Florida.[2][20]

Eastern's massive Atlanta hub was in direct competition with Delta Air Lines, where the two carriers competed heavily to neither's benefit. Delta's less-unionized work force and slowly expanding international route network helped lead it through the turbulent period following deregulation in 1978.

In 1980, a Caribbean hub was started at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (known at the time as "Isla Verde International Airport") near San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1982, Eastern acquired Braniff's South American route network. By 1985, Eastern was the largest IATA airline in terms of passengers and operated in 26 countries on three continents.

During this era, Eastern's fleet was split between their "silver-colored hockey stick" livery (the lack of paint reduced weight by 100 pounds) and their "white-colored hockey stick" livery (on its Airbus-manufactured planes, the metallurgy of which required paint to cover the aircraft's composite skin panels).

In 1983, Eastern became the launch customer of

Texas Air
. At that time, Eastern was paying over $700,000 in interest each day before they sold a ticket, fueled, or boarded a single aircraft.

Starting about 1985, Eastern offered "Moonlight Specials", with passenger seats on overnight flights scheduled for cargo from thirty freight companies. The flights, which operated between midnight and 7 am, served 18 cities in the United States connecting mainly to Houston (IAH). Eric Schmitt of The New York Times said that the services were "a hybrid of late-night, red-eye flights and the barebones People Express approach to service." The holds of the aircraft were reserved for cargo such as express mail, machine tool parts, and textiles. Because of this, the airline allowed each passenger to take up to two carry-on bags. The airline charged $10 for each checked bag, which was shipped standby. The airline charged between 50 cents and $3 for beverages and snacks. Bunny Duck, an Eastern flight attendant quoted in The New York Times, said that the passengers on the special flights were "a cross section of families, college kids, illegal aliens and weirdos from L.A.".[21]

Eastern began losing money as it faced competition from

no-frills airlines, such as People Express
, which offered lower fares. In an attempt to differentiate itself from its bargain competitors, Eastern began a marketing campaign stressing its quality of service and its rank of highly experienced pilots.

Sale to Texas Air

Unable to keep up, Borman agreed to the sale of the airline in 1986 to

Texas Air, led by Frank Lorenzo, which had already purchased Continental Airlines and lost a bidding war for TWA to Carl Icahn
.

In February 1987, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed a $9.5 million fine against Eastern Air Lines for safety violations,[22] which was the largest fine assessed against an airline until American Airlines was fined $24.2 million in 2010.[23]

In 1988, Phil Bakes, the president of Eastern Air Lines, announced plans to lay off 4,000 employees and eliminate and reduce service to airports in the Western United States; he said that the airline was going "back to our roots" in the East. At the time, Eastern was the largest corporate employer in the Miami area and remained so after the cuts. John Nordheimer wrote in The New York Times that Eastern's prominence in the Miami area decreased as the city became a finance and trade center with a diversified local economy, instead of one based largely on tourism.[24]

Liquidation

During Lorenzo's tenure, Eastern was crippled by severe labor unrest. Asked to accept deep cuts in pay and benefits, on March 4, 1989, Lorenzo locked out Eastern's mechanics and ramp service employees, represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM). Concerned that Lorenzo's successful breaking of the IAM would do the same to the pilots' and flight attendants' unions, the pilots represented by Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) and flight attendants represented by the Transport Workers Union (TWU) called a sympathy strike, which effectively shut down the airline's domestic operations. Non-contract employees, including airport gate and ticket counter agents and reservation sales agents, could not honor the strike. Due to the lockout and sympathy strike, cancelled flights resulted in the loss of millions of dollars in revenue.[citation needed]

As a result of the strike, a weakened airline structure, high fuel prices, an inability to compete after deregulation and other financial problems, Eastern filed for

Peter Uberroth for $464 million. However, the transaction was terminated on April 12 after Lorenzo refused to give temporary control to a trustee. The sale process was then terminated on April 18, and Lorenzo proposed a sale of $1.8 million in assets that would allow the airline to continue operating independently.[26]

In May 1989, Eastern sold its East Coast shuttle service to real estate mogul Donald Trump for $365 million. Trump continued operating the service as the Trump Shuttle. In August, Eastern signed a deal to sell sixteen DC-9 aircraft and gates in Philadelphia, Washington, and New York to Midway Airlines for $210 million.[27] In May 1990, American Airlines acquired Eastern's Latin American routes and related assets for $471 million.[26]

After several failed attempts at obtaining creditor approval for restructing plans, Lorenzo lost control of Eastern in April 1990, when former Continental president Martin Shugrue was appointed as trustee to manage Eastern's reorganization. A report prepared by David Shapiro, an examiner appointed by the bankruptcy court overseeing Eastern's bankruptcy filing, concluded that Eastern was shortchanged by Texas Air in numerous transactions between the two. For example, Texas Air bought assets like System One, a computer reservation operation, from Eastern at a price far below market value.[28] Eastern tried to remain in business in an attempt to correct its cash flow, but to no avail.[29]

Ultimately, Eastern Airlines stopped flying at midnight on Saturday, January 19, 1991. The previous evening, company agents, unaware of the decision, continued to take reservations and told callers that the airline was not closing. Following the announcement, 5,000 of the 18,000 employees immediately lost their jobs. Of the remaining employees, reservation agents were told to report to work at their regular times, while other employees were told not to report to work unless asked to do so.[30] The Eastern shutdown eliminated many airline industry jobs in the Miami and New York City areas.[31]

Later that month, Delta Air Lines acquired Eastern's gates at Atlanta, and Northwest Airlines acquired Eastern's gates at Washington National.[26]

Company slogans

A lapel pin of Eastern Air Lines.
  • First in on-time dependability (1963)
  • See How Much Better An Airline Can Be (1963-late 1960s)
  • We want everyone to fly (1967-late 1960s)
  • Number one to the sun (late 1960s)
  • We earn our wings every day (early 1970s-mid-1980s)
  • The wings of man (1970s-mid-1980s)
  • Official Airline of Walt Disney World (1971-1987)[32][33]
  • We Have To Earn Our Wings Every Day (1980-mid-1980s)
  • We've got your sunshine (mid-1980s)
  • America's Favorite way to Fly (Spanish variant: "Su forma favorita de volar") [34] (late 1980s)
  • Official Airline of the
    Tampa Bay Bucs
    (late 1980s)
  • 100 Days (Early 1990–1991)
  • The second largest airline in the free world
  • Las Alas de America (Spanish 1980–1991)
Revenue Passenger-Miles (Millions)[35] (Scheduled Service Only)
Eastern Caribair Mackey Midet Colonial
1951 1630 8 - - 94
1955 3583 11 8 1 129
1960 4764 27 22 (merged Mackey) (merged EA)
1965 7956 74 41
1970 14671 107 (merged EA)
1975 18169 (merged)
1981 26501
1985 33086
1989 11592

Fleet

Lockheed L-1011-1
at Miami International Airport in 1989
An Eastern Air Lines Airbus A300B4-100 at Miami International Airport in 1990
Boeing 727-200 Advanced
at Miami International Airport in 1990

Eastern Air Lines flew many different types of aircraft throughout its history.[36]

Eastern Air Lines Historical Fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A300B2
 2 1980 1988
Airbus A300B4
 32 1977 1991 First U.S. airline operator of this type
Aero Commander 500B
 2 1965 1975
Boeing 720 15 1961 1970 All returned to Boeing
Boeing 727-100
 75 1964 1991 Launch customer
Boeing 727-200/Adv
 99 1968 1991
Boeing 747-100
 3 1971 1972 Leased from Pan Am before the L-1011 arrived
Boeing 747-200B
 Un­known Cancelled For planned services to Europe, bought from Qantas
One aircraft painted but never delivered
Boeing 757-200
 25 1983 1991 Launch customer along with British Airways
Breguet 941
 1 1968 1968 Demonstration use only
Convair 340
 2 1973 1974
Convair 440
 20 1957 1970
Convair 640
 6 1973 1974
Curtiss C-46 Commando 2 1942 1943
Curtiss Condor 6 1930 1936
Curtiss Kingbird 14 1930 1934
Douglas DC-2 14 1934 1941
Douglas DC-3 76 1936 1957
Douglas DC-4 38 1946 1960
Douglas DC-6 6 1967 1967
Douglas DC-6B
 10 1955 1962
Douglas DC-7B
 54 1953 1966
Douglas DC-8-21 16 1960 1979
Douglas DC-8-51 3 1964 1972
Douglas DC-8-54CF 2 1965 1968 Leased from Capitol Air
Douglas DC-8-61 17 1967 1976
Douglas DC-8-63PF 6 1969 1974
Fokker F-10 2 1931 1931 Leased from
General Air Lines
Ford Tri-Motor
 4 1929 1933
Kellett KD-1 1 1939 1940
Lockheed Model 10 Electra 6 1935 1937
Lockheed L-049 Constellation 10 1956 1958
Lockheed L-749 Constellation 21 1947 1961
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation 76 1951 1968
Lockheed L-188 Electra 40 1959 1978 First and only turboprop aircraft flown by Eastern in mainline operation
Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar
 66 1972 1991 Launch customer along with Trans World Airlines. One written off as Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
Lockheed JetStar 2 1970 1973 For corporate use only
Martin 4-0-4 60 1951 1962 Largest operator of the type in operation
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14
 15 1965 1980
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31
 75 1967 1991
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32
 7 1987 1991
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-51
 26 1978 1991
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
 3 1985 1990 Formerly from Alitalia. Used for long range services to Europe and South America
Pitcairn Mailwing 54 1927 1937 First aircraft to begin operations as Eastern Air Transport Inc.
Rockwell Sabreliner
 1 1969 1970
Travel Air 2000 1 Un­known Un­known

Eastern Express, Eastern Metro Express, Eastern Partner and Caribair

Several regional and commuter airlines provided passenger feed for Eastern via

code sharing agreements with their aircraft liveries reflecting the Eastern mainline paint scheme. There were a number of brandings including: Eastern Express, Eastern Atlantis Express, and Eastern Metro Express. LIAT
, a Caribbean-based airline, also operated Eastern Partner service.

Eastern Express air carriers and their aircraft included:[37][38]

Eastern Atlantis Express was operated by

BAe Jetstream 31 aircraft.[39]

Eastern Metro Express was operated by

de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8 turboprops.[40]

Eastern Partner was operated by a Caribbean-based airline,

St. Maarten.[41]

Eastern also worked closely with another Caribbean-based airline,

McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 aircraft serving fourteen Caribbean islands as well as Miami with the air carrier subsequently being acquired by Eastern in 1973.[43]

Accidents and incidents

Fatal accidents

Non-fatal accidents and incidents

Flight 601, the subject of a July 19, 1951 incident

Hijackings

  • 24 July 1961: Flight 202, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, was hijacked to Cuba. A fighter plane from Homestead AFB followed the airliner until it reached Cuban airspace.[83]
  • September 20, 1968: Flight 950, a Boeing 720, was hijacked to Cuba.[84]
  • February 3, 1969: Flight 7 was hijacked to Cuba. The presence of Candid Camera host Allen Funt on the flight led many of the passengers to conclude that the hijacking was actually a prank.[85] Funt and others were later released after 11 hours of captivity.[86]
  • March 17, 1970: Both pilots of Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320, a DC-9-31 carrying 68 passengers and 5 crew, were shot by a deranged hijacker. The first officer was able to take the hijacker's gun and shoot him three times before succumbing to his own wounds. Despite gunshot wounds in both arms, the captain was able to fight off the wounded hijacker and land the aircraft safely.

New Eastern Air Lines

Main articles: Eastern Air Lines (2015) and Eastern Airlines, LLC

In 2011, a group purchased the intellectual property, including trademarks, of Eastern Air Lines and formed the Eastern Air Lines Group. The group announced in early 2014 that it had filed an application with the United States Department of Transportation for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity, which will be followed by certification with the Federal Aviation Administration. The new airline began service through charter and wet-lease flights out of Miami International in late 2014 with

Swift Air, the trademarks were passed on to Eastern Airlines, LLC in 2018. On January 12, 2020, after nearly two decades of being officially defunct, the first flight of the renewed Eastern Airlines landed at JFK airport, heralding a new era for the brand name.[89]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 72. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "'Moonman' Borman gets Eastern off the ground". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Washington Post. May 7, 1978. p. B16.
  3. ^ "Eastern Airlines". US Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  4. ^ "1991 - January 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History". Airchive. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  5. ^ "1982 - August 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History". Airchive. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  6. ^ Smith, F. (1982). Legacy of Wings: The Story of Harold F. Pitcairn. Jason Aronson / T.D. Associates. (June 1982)
  7. ^ "Eastern Airlines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 2)". Airline Timetable Images. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  8. ^ "Eastern Air Lines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 6)". Airline Timetable Images. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  9. ^ "Vintage airliner added to Shannon Air Museum collection". 8 January 2021.
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  11. ^ a b Rickenbacker, 1967
  12. ^ "Eastern Air Lines History". Archived from the original on 2006-12-07.
  13. ^ "Eastern to study Airbus buy". The Pittsburgh Press. 11 May 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Commercial Airplanes". Boeing Company. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  15. ^ Thomas Petzinger, Hard landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits that Plunged the Airlines into Chaos (Random House, 1996)
  16. ^ https://airlinegeeks.com/2016/03/31/tbt-throwback-thursday-in-aviation-history-caribair/ [bare URL]
  17. ^ "Not much of an Engineer" by Stanley Hooker,
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  20. ^ Bernstein, Aaron. Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. Beard Books, 1999. p. 22. 22. Retrieved on August 28, 2009.
  21. ^ Schmitt, Eric. "OVERNIGHT FLIGHT - BARGAIN FOR SPONTANEOUS FLYERS". The New York Times, 9 March 1987. Retrieved on 2010-04-30.
  22. ^ "EASTERN WILL PAY $9.5M FINE". Associated Press, Washington D.C., February 11, 1987. Retrieved on March 16, 2010
  23. ^ "Record $24.2 million fine proposed for American Airlines". Reuters, Washington D.C., August 26, 2010. Retrieved on August 26, 2010
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  35. ^ 1951-75 from CAB's Handbook of Airline Statistics, 1981-89 from IATA's World Air Transport Statistics
  36. ^ "Eastern Air Lines fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  37. ^ http://www.departedflights.com, July 2, 1983 Eastern Air Lines route map
  38. ^ http://www.airliners.net, photos of Eastern Express aircraft
  39. ^ "British Aerospace Jetstream 31 - Large Preview - AirTeamImages.com". www.airteamimages.com.
  40. ^ "Eastern Metro Express". Sunshine Skies.
  41. ^ http://www.airtimes.com/cgat/ag/liat/2a/easternpartner Jan. 31, 1968 Eastern Partner route map
  42. ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, June 13, 1967 Eastern Airlines system timetable
  43. ^ http://www.airwaysnews.com/html/timetables-and-route-maps/caribbean-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history[permanent dead link] April 1, 1970 Caribair system timetable
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  46. ^ Hecht, G. J., & Clara, S. L. (1941, 05). Mrs. Littledale is doing nicely, thanks! Parents' Magazine, 16, 40.
  47. ^ "H. A. Littledale, Writer Who Started NJ Prison Reforms". The News (Paterson, New Jersey, page 31). Newspapers.com. 12 August 1957.
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Bibliography

  • Rickenbacker, Edward V. Rickenbacker: An Autobiography. New York: Prentice Hall, 1967.
  • Robinson, Jack E. Freefall: The Needless Destruction Of Eastern Air Lines. New York: HarperBusiness, 1992.
    ISBN 0-88730-556-3

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Air Lines.
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