Eastern Alps
Eastern Alps | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Peak | Piz Bernina |
Elevation | 4,049 m (13,284 ft) |
Coordinates | 46°22′56.6″N 9°54′29.2″E / 46.382389°N 9.908111°E |
Dimensions | |
Area | 130,000 km2 (50,000 sq mi)[1] |
Geography | |
Delimitation of Western and Eastern Alps
| |
Countries | Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, Italy and Slovenia |
Range coordinates | 46°34.5′N 12°13.9′E / 46.5750°N 12.2317°E |
Parent range | Alps |
Borders on | Wienerwald, Transdanubian hills, Dinaric Alps, Venetian Plain, Po plain and Western Alps |
Geology | |
Orogeny | Alpine orogeny |
The Eastern Alps are usually defined as the area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide, and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the Western Alps, while the range itself is broader and less arched.
Geography
Overview
The Eastern Alps include the eastern parts of
Mountains
The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina at 4,049 m (13,284 ft) in the Bernina Group of the Western Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland.[2] The sole four-thousander of the range, its name is taken from the Bernina Pass and was given in 1850 by Johann Coaz, who also made the first ascent. The rocks composing Piz Bernina are diorites and gabbros, while the massif in general is composed of granites (Piz Corvatsch, Piz Palü).[3]
Excepting other peaks in the Bernina range, the next highest is the
Crossing Tyrol, on the border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps.[4]
The city of
Vorarlberg's notable mountain ranges include the Silvretta, the Rätikon, the Verwall and the Arlberg. The highest mountain is the Piz Buin, whose rocky peak of 3,312 m (10,866 ft). The Silvretta Alps cut across Tirol and Vorarlberg (both in Austria), and Graubünden (Switzerland).
Mount Sulzfluh is well frequented by climbers and is situated in the Rätikon range of the Alps, on the border between Austria and Switzerland. On the eastern side is a mountain path, of grade T4,[7] allowing non-climbers to reach the 2817 metre summit. There are six known caves in the limestone mountain, with lengths between 800 and 3000 or more yards, all with entrances on the Eastern side, in Switzerland.[8]
Mount Grauspitz (Vorder Grauspitze or Vorder Grauspitz on some maps) is the highest summit of the Rätikon, located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland.
About half of Liechtenstein's territory is mountainous.[9] and the highest point of Liechtenstein is the Vordere Grauspitz (Vordergrauspitz) mountain with an altitude of 2599m above sea level.[9][10]
The Falknishorn, at 2452 meters above sea level, is the 5th highest mountain in Liechtenstein and represents the southernmost point of the country. The area known as the Liechtenstein-Graubünden-Vorarlberg border triangle is around the Naafkopf mountain that reaches 2570m above sea level.[9][10]
In addition to the peaks of the Alpine chain,
Liechtenstein lies entirely within the
The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia.[10]
The Julian Alps cross the Italian border from Frulia into Slovenia's Municipality of Bovec. The highest mountain is Mt. Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft).[14]
The
Carinthia lies in the Karawanks mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps and contains both the Meža Valley down to the confluence with the Drava Valley (Dravska dolina) and the Municipality of Jezersko south of the Seeberg Saddle mountain pass, totalling 478 km2 (185 sq mi):
- the Carinthiain the north.
Austrian and Slovenian Carinthia has a very diverse landscape, with predominance of hilly and mountainous terrain of
Rivers
The Alpine Rhine has as its source the Swiss canton of Grisons, which flows through the Chur Rhine Valley, or Grisonian Rhine Valley (German: Churer Rheintal, or Bündner Rheintal) and Vorarlberg Rhine Valley (German: Voralberger Rheintal). It later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east.
The Mur (German pronunciation:
The important rivers in Tyrol are the
The important river in Carinthia is the
The important river in Slovenia is the Sava.
National parks and protected places
Triglav National Park was founded in 1981.[19][20] It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961.[19][20]
The mountains of the canton include part of a
The Vienna Woods are a protected piece of upland forestry in Austria.[21]
The Pasterze Glacier a protected piece of mountain glacier in Austria.
Classification
Geomorphology
The ranges are subdivided by several deeply indented river valleys, mostly running east–west, including the Inn, Salzach, Enns, Adige, Drava, and Mur valleys. According to the traditional Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE) widely used by Austrian and German mountaineers, these mountain chains comprise several dozen smaller mountain groups, each assigned to four larger regions:
- Northern Limestone Alps
- Central Eastern Alps
- Southern Limestone Alps
- Western Limestone Alps
For the breakdown of these regions into mountain groups see the List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) has a slightly different classification of the ranges, based on the political borders in the canton of Graubünden. In Italy the 1926 Partizione delle Alpi concept is quite common, recently superseded by the SOIUSA attempt to combine the different approaches. Other specific, especially hydrographical arrangements are also in use.
Tectonics
The Alps comprise four main nappe systems:
- The Helvetic nappes (Helveticum, French: Dauphiné), with their main ranges in the Western Alps. They consist primarily of Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary rocks in multiple folds.
- The Apulian Plate, pushed together during the Alpine orogeny. They comprise a Flysch zone and several crystalline rocks in geological windows, such as the Engadin window and the Hohe Tauern windowin the Central Alps.
- The East Alpine system: the Northern Limestone Alps, made up of Mesozoic (Triassic) rocks, the Paleozoic slate (Kitzbühel and Salzburg Slate Alps) and the greywacke zone, as well as the crystalline Central Eastern Alps, the Precambrian and Paleozoic remnants of a main strike.
- The South Alpine system (Dinaric nappes) south of the Periadriatic Seam (Valtellina—Tonale Pass—Puster Valley—Gailtal—Karawanks). They mainly consist of Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations (Carnic Alps, Karawanks and several smaller strikes) with little faults, whose nappes and folds are oriented towards the south.
History
The ice age
During the
Ancient history
The first signs of humans living in the area of present-day Liechtenstein can be dated back to the Middle Paleolithic era.[22] Neolithic farming settlements appeared in the valleys around 5300 BCE.
A Bronze Age settlement at the site goes back as far as the Pfyn culture[23] (3900–3500 BCE),[24] making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland. In ancient times, the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the reign of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire.
In
Rome conquered the area of the future Municipality of Schellenberg in 15BCE.
Classical antiquity
Most of the lands of the region were once part of a Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BCE. The current capital of Graubünden,
By 259,
The area that Innsbruck is located in was probably inhabited in the early Stone Age. Several surviving pre-Roman place names exist in and about the city.
In the 4th century Chur also became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to a legendary British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio[29] in AD 451.
Early history
In the 6th century the
The Alemanni or Alamanni,[30][31] were a confederation of Germanic tribes[32] on the Upper Rhine River. Eastern Switzerland, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein was under the Alemanni and [33] 73% of Liechtenstein's current population still speak the native Alemannic dialect of German at home as of 2022.[34]
After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553, the Germanic tribe of the
Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555) while the rest remained under the Lombards.
By the 590s AD, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia had come to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs).
From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper
Carantania was absorbed into the
The province of Lower
The Frankish March of Carinthia, created within the Carolingian Empire in 889.
The city of Chur suffered several invasions: by the
The Lordship of Schellenberg was constituted in the 9th century by Charlemagne.[39][40]
Medieval history
In the years 1007 and 1027 the emperors of the
By about 1100 Ticino was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como.
The upper
The first written evidence of a settlement at Innsbruck dates back to 1180 and the town named Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is
From upper
In the 13th century Chur had some 1,300 inhabitants and was surrounded by a line of walls. In 1367 the foundation of the Three Leagues in the area was a first step towards Chur's autonomy: a burgmeister (mayor) is first mentioned in 1413, and the bishop's residence was attacked by the inhabitants. Chur was the chief town of the Gotteshausbund or Chadé (League of the House of God), and one of the regular meeting places of the assemblies of the Leagues. As the power of the bishops, now increasingly under the influence of the nearby Habsburg County of Tyrol, decreased, in 1464 the citizens wrote a constitution which was adopted as the rule for the peoples of the local guilds and political positions.
The medieval county of
In 1367 the League of God's House (Cadi, Gottes Haus, Ca' di Dio) was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the establishment of the Grey League (Grauer Bund), sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley.
In the 14th century it was acquired by the Visconti,
The Lordship of Schellenberg was purchased by the Counts of Vaduz in 1437.[40] Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the Rhine was established as the border between the Holy Roman Empire and the newly formed Swiss cantons.[38]
The County of Vaduz (German: Grafschaft Vaduz) was a historic state of the Holy Roman Empire[43] and Lordship of Schellenberg[39] become the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1719.[44][40][39]
19th century
When Graubünden became a Swiss canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital. The lands of the
Mt. Piz Bernina (4,049 m) was given its name in 1850 by Johann Coaz, who also made the first ascent.[45]
The Brenner Railway was opened in 1867.
Modern history
Following World War I and the subsequent dissolution of Austria-Hungary, it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Lichtenstein also ended its customs union with Austro-Hungary in 1919.
Lichtenstein started its customs union with Switzerland in 1924.
The completion of the final portion of the FO railway occurred in 1926. It thus opened up the
The Grossglockner High Alpine Road (in German Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße) opened in 1935.[47]
Between 1943 and April 1945, Axis Forces held Innsbruck, which experienced 22 air raids by the Allied Forces and suffered heavy damage during
Switzerland and Lichtenstein remained neutral in the war.The Tauern Autobahn (A 10) opened in 1975 and was completed in 1988.[50]
Triglav National Park was founded in 1981.[19][20] It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961.[19][20]
In 2005, the Carinthia Statistical Region was established, which covers a larger area of about 1,041 km2 (402 sq mi), at the exspence of Styria.[15]
Economy
Tourism
Tourism in
Economy of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein participates in a customs union with Switzerland and employs the Swiss franc as its national currency. It is also a tax haven like Switzerland.
Industries include electronics, textiles, precision instruments, metal manufacturing, power tools, anchor bolts, calculators, pharmaceuticals, and food products (wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, dairy products, livestock, and wine).
The largest employer and most iconic corporate presence is
Agriculture in Graubünden
Only about 30% of
Agriculture St. Gallen
St. Gallen's agriculture is predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas, with fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming in the plains. St. Gallen has a humid continental climate (Dfb).
Industry in Carinthia
Austrian Carinthia has a humid continental climate (Köppen) and Solvinian Carinthia has an alpine climate, and partially a transitional continental climate with a mjor important element is temperature inversion.
Slovene Carinthia boasts a major Slovine steel mill, major hidro-electric dam (60 megawatts), a former lead smelter and some lead and zinc mines.[15] Austrian Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture.
Transport
Rail
The
The completion of the final portion of the FO railway occurred in 1926. It thus opened up the
Road
The Brenner Pass and the Katschberg Pass were historic passages through parts of the Alpes.
The
The
The Austrian states of Tirol and Vorarlberg are also connected by a pass road called the Silvretta Hochalpenstraße (at a height of 2032m).
The Winter Olympics
In
See also
- Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps
- Central Eastern Alps – also known as the Central Alps.
- Limestone Alps
- Periadriatic Seam
- Glarus thrust
- List of mountains of the canton of St. Gallen
- Economy of Liechtenstein
- Paganism in the Eastern Alps
- Venetic theory
References
- ^ Umlauft, Friedrich (1889). The Alps. K. Paul, Trench & Company. p. 266.
- ^ Piz Bernina, www.summitpost.org (accessed on May 2012)
- ISBN 3-906723-39-9
- ^ a b c d e Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1010. . In
- ^ A. Tschugguel. "Das Sonderschutzgebiet"Großglockner-Pasterze"" (PDF). Österreichischer Alpenverein. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
- ^ Planet, Lonely. "History of Innsbruck – Lonely Planet Travel Information". lonelyplanet.com.
- ^ "Hiking in Switzerland, degree of difficulty". Archived from the original on 2011-05-15.
- ^ "Biological report about Cave bear in the caves. (German)" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d "Geologie, Gebirge, Berge, Gipfel, Alpen – Fürstentum Liechtenstein". www.liechtenstein.li. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Der westliche Rätikon wird nur aus orographisch-systematischen Gründen zu den zentralen Ostalpen gerechnet, weil er südlich der Ill–Arlberg-Furche liegt.
- ^ "Stabsstelle für Kommunikation und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Fürstentum Liechtenstein → Geologie".
- ^ a b c d e f "Die Flyschzone: Schlammlawinen in die Tiefsee". RockyAustria (in German). Archived from the original on 2013-01-30.
- ^ a b "Sandsteinkugeln – eine Besonderheit in der Flyschzone". Mineralien- und Fossiliensammlung Granzer (in German).
- ^ "Julian Alps | mountains, Europe". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ ISSN 0023-4923.
- ^ a b Novak, Vilko. 2006. Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, pp. 262, 269.
- ^ Digitaler Atlas der Steiermark (Styria)
- ^ "Flächenverzeichnis der Flussgebiete: Murgebiet" (PDF). Beiträge zur Hydrografie Österreichs Heft 60. October 2011. p. 126.
- ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). www.tnp.si. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d "Strani ni mogoče najti » Triglavski narodni park" (PDF). www.tnp.si.
- ISBN 0-245-51993-9
- ^ History. swissworld.org. Retrieved 27 June 2009
- ^ Pre-Roman History in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49–65
- ^ a b "Franchi, Impero dei". hls-dhs-dss.ch.
- ^ a b c Statistik, Bundesamt für (January 25, 2021). "Hauptsprachen in der Schweiz – 2019 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik.
- ISBN 9780415620116.
- ^ Baedeker, Karl (1891). The eastern Alps : including the Bavarian highlands, the Tyrol, Salzkammergut, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Istria : handbook for travellers. London: Dulau. p. 265.
- ^ "Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historical Dictionary". Archived from the original on August 24, 2009.
- ^ The spelling with "e" is used in Encyc. Brit. 9th. ed., (c. 1880), Everyman's Encyc. 1967, Everyman's Smaller Classical Dictionary, 1910. The current edition of Britannica spells with "e", as does Columbia and Edward Gibbon, Vol. 3, Chapter XXXVIII. The Latinized spelling with a is current in older literature (so in the 1911 Britannica), but remains in use e.g. in Wood (2003), Drinkwater (2007).
- ^ The Alemanni were alternatively known as Suebi from about the fifth century, and that name became prevalent in the high medieval period, eponymous of the Duchy of Swabia. The name is taken from that of the Suebi mentioned by Julius Caesar, and although these older Suebi did likely contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Alemanni, there is no direct connection to the contemporary Kingdom of the Suebi in Galicia.
- ^
- ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
Alamanni (Alemanni), a loose concentration of Germanic communities...
- ISBN 9780195187922. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
Alemanni... the Latin term for an amalgamation of a number of smaller Germanic tribes, including a segment of the Suevi.
- ISBN 9780191727139. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
Alamanni. A confederation of several Germanic tribes who amalgamated in the third century AD
- ^ "Volkszählung 2020 – Erste Ergebnisse" (PDF) (in German). Amt für Statistik Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Volkszählung 2020 – Erste Ergebnisse" (PDF) (in German). Amt für Statistik Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-3-631-57011-1.
- ^ Paulus Diaconus, "Historia Langobardorum".
- ^ a b c Vasko, Simoniti; Štih, Peter (1996). Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva. Klagenfurt: Mohorjeva družba and Korotan.
- ^ a b Liechtenstein – History www.nationsencyclopedia.com (accessed on May 2012)
- ^ a b c The Lordship of Schellenberg on states-world.com
- ^ a b c History of Schellenberg
- ^ Chizzali. Impressions of Tyrol. Innsbruck: Alpina Printers and Publishers. p. 5.
- ^ Klieger, P. Christiaan (2014). The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World. p. 41.
- ^ a b "The County of Vaduz". states-world.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "History of Liechtenstein".
- ^ Collomb, Robin, Bernina Alps, Goring: West Col Productions, 1988, p. 55.
- ^ ISBN 3-89610-057-2., page 102. (in German)
- ^ a b c d "Grossglockner High Alpine Road: destination in Austria". www.grossglockner.at.
- ^ "Missions 1944". www.463rd.org.
- ^ "Missions". www.15thaf.org.
- ^ a b c "A10 Tauern Tunnel, Austria". Elevator World.
- ^ "Graubünden". Switzerland Tourism.
- ^ "Gemeinde auf einen Blick" (PDF). Statistik Austria. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
- ^ a b Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Regional Statistics for Graubünden". Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2008-11-23.