Eastern Min
Eastern Min | |
---|---|
Min Dong (閩東語) Foochowese (福州話) | |
平話 | |
Pronunciation | "Bàng-uâ" in different dialects [paŋ˨˩ŋuɑ˨˦˨] (Fuzhou) [paŋ˥ŋuɑ˦˨] (Fuqing) [paŋ˥˦˦ŋua˧˨˦] (Gutian) [paŋ˧˩ŋuɑ˩˧˩] (Matsu) [paŋ˨ɰo˧˧˨] (Ningde) [paŋ˨ɰo˨˧] (Fu'an) [paŋ˨ŋua˨˩˨] (Xiapu) [paŋ˨˩ŋua˨˩˧] (Zherong) |
Native to | Southeast China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, United States (chiefly New York City) |
Region | Eastern Fujian (Fuzhou and Ningde), Matsu; parts of Taishun and Cangnan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang |
Native speakers | 11 million (2022)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
Dialects | |
Foochow Romanized | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Matsu Islands, Taiwan (as local language[5])[6] |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | cdo |
Glottolog | mind1253 |
Eastern Min |
Eastern Min or Min Dong (
Geographic distribution
Fujian and vicinity
Eastern Min varieties are mainly spoken in the eastern region of
It is also widely encountered as the
Additionally, the inhabitants of
Eastern Min generally coexists with the official language, Standard Chinese, in all these areas. On the ROC, the Matsu dialect is officially recognized as a statutory language for transport announcements on the Matsu Islands.[15] In Fuzhou, there is radio available in the local dialect, and the Fuzhou Metro officially uses alongside Standard Mandarin and English in its announcements.[16]
United States
As the coastal area of Fujian has been the historical homeland of a large worldwide diaspora of overseas Chinese, varieties of Eastern Min can also be found across the world, especially in their respective Chinatowns. Cities with high concentrations of such immigrants include New York City,[17] especially Little Fuzhou, Manhattan, Sunset Park, Brooklyn and Flushing, Queens.
Europe
Speakers of Eastern Min varieties are also found in various Chinatown communities in Europe, including
Japan and Malaysia
Chinese communities within
Classification
Eastern Min is descended from
Norman lists four distinctive features in the development of Eastern Min:[28]
- The Proto-Min initial *dz- becomes s- in Eastern Min, as opposed to ts- as in Southern Min. For example, 坐 "to sit" is pronounced sô̤i (IPA: /sɔy²⁴²/) in colloquial Fuzhou dialect, but tsō (IPA: /t͡so²²/) in Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien.
- Eastern Min varieties have an upper register tone for words which correspond to voiceless nasal initials in Proto-Min, e.g. 妹 "younger sister" in Fuzhou is pronounced with an upper departing tone muói (IPA: /mui²¹³/) rather than a lower departing tone.
- There are some lexemes that descend from Old Chinese which have been conserved in Eastern Min but replaced in other Min varieties. For example, 犬 instead of 狗 for "dog".
- A lack of nasal vowels, in contrast to Southern Min.[28]
Branches
Eastern Min is conventionally divided into three branches:[30]
- Changle dialect, Lianjiang dialect and the dialect of the Matsu Islands.
- Funing language group (福寧片), also called the Northern subgroup, including the Ningde language and the Fu'an language.
- Manjiang dialect (蠻講), spoken in parts of Taishun and Cangnan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang.
Besides these three branches, some dialect islands in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong have been classified as Eastern Min.[31][14] Zhongshan Min is a group of Min varieties spoken in the Zhongshan county of Guangdong, divided into three branches: the Longdu dialect and Nanlang dialect belong to the Eastern Min group, while the Sanxiang dialect belongs to Southern Min.[13][14]
Phonology
This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (October 2023) |
The Eastern Min group has a phonology which is particularly divergent from other
The finals vary significantly between varieties, with the extremes being represented by Manjiang dialects at a low of 39 separate finals, and the Ningde dialect representing the high at 69 finals.
Types | Houguan subgroup (侯官片) | Funing subgroup (福寧片) | Manjiang (蠻講) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Fuzhou (福州) | Fuqing (福清) | Gutian (古田) | Ningde (宁德) | Fuding (福鼎) | Fu'an (福安) | Qianku, Cangnan, Zhejiang (蒼南錢庫) |
Number of Initials | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 29 |
Number of Finals | 46 | 42 | 51 | 69 | 41 | 56 | 39 |
Number of Tones | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Eastern Min varieties generally have seven tones, by the traditional count (based on the four tones of Middle Chinese, including the entering tone as a separate entity). In the middle of the Qing dynasty, eight tones were attested, but the historical rising tones (上聲) re-merged.[32]
Dark level 陰平 | Light level 陽平 | Rising 上聲 | Dark departing 陰去 | Light departing 陽去 | Dark entering 陰入 | Light entering 陽入 | |
Fuzhou 福州話 |
˦ 44 | ˥˧ 53 | ˧˩ 31 | ˨˩˧ 213 | ˨˦˨ 242 | ˨˧ 23 | ˥ 5 |
Fu'an 福安話 |
˧˧˨ 332 | ˨ 22 | ˦˨ 42 | ˨˩ 21 | ˧˨˦ 324 | ˨ 2 | ˥ 5 |
Ningde 寧德話 |
˦ 44 | ˩ 11 | ˦˨ 42 | ˧˥ 35 | ˥˨ 52 | ˦ 4 | ˥ 5 |
Fuding 福鼎話 |
˦˦˥ 445 | ˨˩˨ 212 | ˥ 55 | ˥˧ 53 | ˨ 22 | ˥ 5 | ˨˧ 23 |
Taishun, Zhejiang 泰順 |
˨˩˧ 213 | ˧ 33 | ˦˥˥ 455 | ˥˧ 53 | ˦˨ 42 | ˥ 5 | ˦˧ 43 |
Qianku, Cangnan, Zhejiang 蒼南錢庫蠻講 |
˦ 44 | ˨˩˦ 214 | ˦˥ 45 | ˦˩ 41 | ˨˩ 21 | ˥ 5 | ˨˩ 21 |
Miaojiaqiao, Cangnan, Zhejiang 蒼南繆家橋蠻講 |
˧ 33 | ˨˩˧ 213 | ˦˥ 45 | ˦˩ 41 | ˩ 11 | ˥ 5 | ˩ 1 |
Sandhi phenomena
The Eastern Min varieties have a wide of range of sandhi phenomena. As well as tone sandhi, common to many varieties of Chinese, there is also the assimilation of consonants[33] and vowel alternations (such as rime tensing).
Tone sandhi across Eastern Min varieties can be regressive (where the last syllable affects the pronunciation of those before), progressive (where earlier syllables affect the later ones) or mutual (where both or all syllables change). The rules are generally quite complicated.
Initial assimilation of consonants is usually progressive, and may create new phonemes that are not phonemically contrastive in initial position but do contrast in medial position.[34] A few varieties exhibit regressive assimilation too.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Eastern Min at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- JSTOR 2718766
- ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ 本土語言納中小學必修 潘文忠:將按語發法實施 (in Chinese)
- ^ "國家語言發展法 第二條".
- ^ 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法
- ISBN 7211023546.
- ^ "关于福州十邑". 闽都在线 Mindu Online (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- )
- ^ Lin, Sheng-Chang (2021-09-13). "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ISSN 2405-478X. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ a b Bodman, Nicholas C. (1984). "The Namlong Dialect, a Northern Min Outlier in Zhongshan Xian and the Influence of Cantonese on its Lexicon and Phonology". Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 14 (1): 1–19.
- ^ JSTOR 20006706.
- ^ "大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法§6-全國法規資料庫". law.moj.gov.tw (in Chinese). 全國法規資料庫. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ Zheng, Jing 郑靓. "乡音报站"女神"郭铃:唱响福州地铁好声音 -东南网-福建官方新闻门户". 东南网. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ISBN 0814731546.
- ^ Pieke, Frank. "Research Briefing 4: Transnational Communities" (PDF). Transnational Communities Programme, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- S2CID 151552619. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- S2CID 255079151. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Pieke, Frank N. "Recent Trends in Chinese Migration to Europe: Fujianese Migration in Perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Luo, Siyu. "Statusless Chinese Migrant Workers in the UK: Irregular Migration and Labour Exploitation" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Wu, Yan; Wang, Xinyue. "Gendered Active Civic Participation: The Experience of Chinese Immigrants in Europe" (PDF). University of Oldenburg. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- S2CID 153457798. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Liu, Ting (2022). "El traductor automático en los comercios chinos de Cataluña: una herramienta para eliminar la barrera lingüística" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Ma, Jie. "From China to Spain Chinese Immigrants in Anthropological View" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-9004255906.
- ^ JSTOR 23827042.
- ^ Pan 潘, Maoding 茂鼎; 李, 如龍; 梁, 玉璋; 張, 盛裕; 陳, 章太 (1963). "福建漢語方言分區略說". 中國語文 (6): 475–495.
- ISBN 9783110219142.
- ^ Bodman, Nicholas C. (1984). "The Namlong Dialect, a Northern Min Outlier in Zhongshan Xian and the Influence of Cantonese on its Lexicon and Phonology". Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 14 (1): 1–19.
- ^ 李, 含茹. "苍南蛮话语音研究--《复旦大学》2009年硕士论文". CDMD.cnki.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ Yuan, Bixia; Wang, Yizhi (2013). "On the Initial Assimilations of Eastern Min Dialects in Fujian Province--《Dialect》2013年01期". Dialect. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- ^ Yang, Ching-Yu Helen (2015). "A synchronic view of the consonant mutations in Fuzhou dialect" (PDF). University System of Taiwan Working Papers in Linguistics. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
Further reading
- JSTOR 40726246.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
- ISBN 9787211064830