Eastern Party
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Eastern Party is a concept that has long been used by mainstream historians
Greece as Third World country
American historian Stavrianos was a follower of British historian Toynbee and wrote in 1972 that[2] "the first teaching given to us by History is that Greece is an underdeveloped country and therefore is part of the Third World". Toynbee, who, in 1922, had published a famous book on the Greek-Turkish War of 1919-1922,[3] he also had placed Greece in the Third World. Furthermore, he considered Greece a victim of the West and condemned Western civilization as a failed civilization[4]
Modern history
From the first conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in
By Hellenoturkism, in the 19th century, the opposition of the Eastern Party to the newly-born Greek nation state of 1821 continued. At the eve of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, three friends (writer Pericles Giannopoulos, diplomat Ion Dragoumis and officer Athanase Souliotis-Nikolaidis) struggled in their writings and political action to defeat the so-called "Frankish fanatics".[6]
Today
Historian
Reaction of Western Party
The Eastern Party was understood from the civilizational point of view rather than that of a political party (in Greek παράταξη rather than κόμμα) and found itself in opposition to the Western Party, the Greek pro-Westerners, at least since the 15th century Italian Renaissance. Then, scores of Byzantine intellectuals fled to the West, to escape from the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans.
The gist of the intellectual differences between the two parties was explained by the minister of Foreign Affairs of
When, in the Summer 1993 issue of Foreign Affairs,
Notes
- ^ Sources of Chinese History, edited by David G. Atwill & Yurong Y.Atwill, Prentice Hall, 2010. -Arnold Toynbee, Le monde et l'Occident, Paris, Editions Gonthier,1964. -Jean Pellerin, La faillite de l'Occident, Montréal, 1963
- ^ Λ.Σ. Σταυριανός,Η Ελλάδα σε επαναστατική περίοδο. Σαράντα χρόνια αγώνες, Athens, Kalvos, 1974.
- ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey. A Study in the Contact of Civilizations, New York, Howard Fertig, 1970. First edition: 1922
- ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, "Why I Dislike Western Civilization", G.H. Muller, ed. The McGraw-Hill Reader, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982
- ^ A.A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1952
- ^ D. Xanalatos, "The Greeks and the Turks on the Eve of the Balkan Wars: a Frustrated Plan", Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, no.2, 1962
- ^ Dimitri Kitsikis, Συγκριτικὴ Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καὶ Τουρκίας στὸν 20ο αἰῶνα, Athens, Hestia, 1978. (See the Comparative Table of the Western and Eastern Parties with their chief characteristics, p. 31)
- ^ Dimitri Kitsikis, "Η ανατολική παράταξη στην Ελλάδα", Τότε, no. 27, August 1985, p. 54-68
- ^ Ιωάννης Σ. Ρωμανίδης, Ῥωμηοσύνη, Ῥωμανία, Ῥούμελη, Thessalonica, Pournaras, 1975
- ^ Γεώργιος Μεταλληνός, Πολιτικὴ και Θεολογία -Ἰδεολογία καὶ πράξη τοῦ ῥιζοσπάστη πολιτικοῦ Γεωργίου Τυπάλδου- Ἰακωβάτου, Katerini, Tertios, 1990. (Biography of a chief promoter of the Eastern Party in the 19th century)
- ^ Κώστας Σαρδελής, Ἡ προδομένη παράδοση, Tinos, 2 volumes, 2012
- ^ Χρήστος Γιανναράς, Orthodoxy and the West, 2006
- ^ Αλ. Ν. Διομήδης, Βυζαντιναὶ Μελέται, Athens, Papazisis, 1942, p. 235 & 371-372
- ^ "Και η Ελλάδα μεταξύ των νέων βαρβάρων: έτσι μας βλέπουν στις ΗΠΑ" ("Greece is Also Among the New Barbarians: That is How They View Us in the USA"), Eleftherotypia, Athens, 11 August 1993
- ^ "Δύση ή Ανατολή;Το ερώτημα του δημοψηφίσματος" («West or East? The Question of the Referendum»), Kathimerini, Athens, 28 June 2015
- ^ "More than a Referendum. Will Greece exit the West?", Al Jazeera, 30 June 2015
Bibliography
- China's Response to the West. A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923, edited by Ssu-Yu Teng and John K. Fairbank, New York, Atheneum, Harvard University Press, 1975.
- Ion Dragoumis, Ὅσοι ζωντανοί (Those Who Are Still Alive), Athens, 1927.
- Nicolas Iorga, Byzance après Byzance, 1971.
- Dimitri Kitsikis, Συγκριτικὴ Ἱστορίας Ἑλλάδος-Κίνας, ἀπὸ τὴν ἀρχαιότητα μέχρι σήμερα (A Comparative History of Greece and China), Athens, Herodotos, 2007.
- Dimitri Kitsikis, Συγκριτικὴ Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καὶ Τουρκίας στὸν 20ο αἰῶνα (A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey), Athens, Hestia, 1978.
- Dimitri Kitsikis, Ἱστορία τοῦ ἑλληνοτουρκικοῦ χώρου, 1928-1973 (A History of the Greek-Turkish Area, 1928-1973), Athens, Hestia, 1981.
- Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, London, Oxford University Press, 12 volumes, 1934-1961.
- L. S. Stavrianos, The World to 1500. A Global History & The World since 1500. A Global History, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1966, 2 volumes.
- L. S. Stavrianos, The Third World Comes of Age, New York, Norton, 1982.
- A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1952.
- C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria: the founder of Greek independence, New York, 1973.
- Christos Yannaras, Orthodoxy and the West, Brookline, MA, Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006.