Eastern Romance languages
Eastern Romance | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Southeast Europe Eastern Europe |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
Early forms | |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | east2714 (Eastern Romance) |
Regions inhabited nowadays by Eastern Romance-speakers |
The Eastern Romance languages[1] are a group of Romance languages. The group, also called the Balkan Romance or Daco-Romance languages,[1] comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), the Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian.[2][3][4]
Some classifications also include the extinct Dalmatian language (otherwise included in the Italo-Dalmatian group) as part of the Eastern Romance subgroup,[5][6][7] considering Dalmatian a bridge between Italian and Romanian.[8][9]
Languages
Eastern Romance comprises
Internal classification
Within the Glottolog database, the languages are classified as follows:[16]
- Eastern Romance
- Aromanian
- Northern Romanian
- Eastern Romanian
- Istro Romanian
Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect.[17]
Samples of Eastern Romance languages
Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized
Istro-Romanian[18][19][20] | Aromanian[21][22] | Megleno-Romanian[23] | Romanian | Italian | Spanish | Portuguese | French | Latin source | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pićor | cicior | picior | picior | gamba | (pierna) | perna | jambe | petiolus/gamba | leg |
kľeptu | cheptu | kľeptu | piept | petto | pecho | peito | poitrine | pectus | chest |
bire | ghine | bini | bine | bene | bien | bem | bien | bene | well, good |
bľerå | azghirari | zber | zbiera/a rage | ruggire | rugir | rugir | rugir | bēlāre/rugīre | to roar |
fiľu | hilj | iľu | fiu | figlio | hijo | filho | fils | filius | son |
fiľa | hilje | iľe | fiică | figlia | hija | filha | fille | fīlia | daughter |
ficåt | hicat | ficat | fegato | hígado | fígado | foie | fīcātum | liver | |
fi | hire | ire | a fi | essere | ser | ser | être | fuī/esse/sum | to be |
fľer | heru | ieru | fier | ferro | hierro | ferro | fer | ferrum | iron |
vițelu | yitsãl | vițål | vițel | vitello | (ternero) | vitelo | veau | vitellus | calf |
(g)ľerm | iermu | ghiarmi | vierme | verme | verme (gusano) | verme | ver | vermis | worm |
viu | yiu | ghiu | viu | vivo | vivo | vivo | vivant | vīvus/vīvēns | alive |
vipt | yiptu | vipt | cibo (vitto) | comida (victo) | comida (vitualha) | victuaille (archaic) | victus | food, grain, victuals | |
mľe(lu) | njel | m'iel | miel | agnello | (cordero), añal (archaic) | cordeiro | agneau | agnellus | lamb |
mľåre | njare | m'ari | miere | miele | miel | mel | miel | mel | honey |
See also
- Balkan sprachbund
- Common Romanian
- Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages
- Substrate in Romanian
References
- ^ a b c d Schulte 2009, p. 230.
- ^ Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2019, [1].
- ^ Agard 1984, p. 250.
- ^ Hall 1950, p. 16.
- ^ Swiggers 2011, p. 272.
- ^ Sampson 1999, p. 298.
- ^ Hall 1950, p. 24.
- ^ Posner 1996, p. 195.
- ^ Harris 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Mallinson 1988, p. 23.
- ^ Posner 1996, pp. 217–218.
- ^ a b Lindstedt 2014, p. 168.
- ^ a b Maiden 2016, p. 91.
- ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
- ^ Posner 1996, p. 217.
- . Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ Petrucci 1999, p. 4.
- ^ Bărdășan, Gabriel (2011), Lexicul Istroromân Moștenit din Latină. Suprapuneri și Diferențieri Interdialectale [Istro-Romanian vocabulary inherited from Latin. Interdialectal Overlaps and Differentiations] (in Romanian), archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
- ^ Dănilă, Ioan (2007), "Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir", The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress [Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir] (in Romanian), vol. 2, pp. 224–231, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
- ^ Burlacu, Mihai (2010). "Istro-Romanians: The Legacy of a Culture". The IstroRomanian in Croatia.
- ^ Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda, "Dialectul Aromân" [The Aromanian Dialect] (PDF), Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture (in Romanian), archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24, retrieved 2019-09-01
- ^ Vătășescu, Cătălina (2017), "Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân, bază pentru cercetarea raporturilor aromâno-albaneze" [The linguistic atlas of the Aromanian dialect as a ground for a comparative research with the Albanian language], Fonetică și dialectologie (in Romanian), vol. XXXVI, pp. 215–221, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
- ^ Dialectul Meglenoromân (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01
Sources
- Agard, Frederick Browning (1984). A Course in Romance Linguistics Volume 2: A Diachronic View. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-074-5.
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1950). "The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance". Language. 26 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 6–27. JSTOR 410406.
- Harris, Martin (1997). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-415-16417-7.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (2019). "Catalogue of languages and families". Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
- Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-128139-3.
- Sampson, Rodney (1999). Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5.
- Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 230–259. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5.
- Swiggers, Pierre (2011). "Mapping the Romance Languages of Europe". In Lameli, Alfred; Kehrein, Roland; Rabanus, Stefan (eds.). Language Mapping: Part I. Part II: Maps. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 269–301. ISBN 978-3-11-021916-6.
- Harris, Martin (1988). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-19-520829-0.
- Lindstedt, Jouko (2014). "Balkan Slavic and Balkan Romance: from congruence to convergence". In Besters-Dilger, Juliane; Dermarkar, Cynthia; Pfänder, Stefan; Rabus, Achim (eds.). Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 168–183. ISBN 978-3-11-033834-8.
- ISBN 978-0-19-967710-8.
- Mallinson, Graham (1988). "Rumanian". In Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–419. ISBN 978-0-19-520829-0.
- Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
- Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian. München: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 38-9586-599-0.