Eastern South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic | |
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Geographic distribution | Central and Eastern Balkans |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | east2269 |
The Eastern South Slavic dialects form the eastern subgroup of the South Slavic languages. They are spoken mostly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, and adjacent areas in the neighbouring countries. They form the so-called Balkan Slavic linguistic area, which encompasses the southeastern part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic.
Linguistic features
Languages and dialects
Eastern South Slavic dialects share a number of characteristics that set them apart from the other branch of the
Areal
The external and internal boundaries of the linguistic sub-group between the transitional Torlakian dialect and Serbian and between Macedonian and Bulgarian languages are not clearly defined. For example, standard Serbian, which is based on its Western (
In turn, Bulgarian linguists prior to World War II classified the Torlakian dialects or, in other words, all of
Defining the boundary between Bulgarian and Macedonian is even trickier. During much of its history, the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum was simply referred to as "Bulgarian",
According to Chambers and
History
Some of the phenomena that distinguish western and eastern subgroups of the South Slavic people and languages can be explained by two separate migratory waves of different Slavic tribal groups of the future
The extinct
The specific contact mechanism in the Balkan Sprachbund, based on the high number of second Balkan language speakers there, is among the key factors that reduced the number of Slavic morphological categories in that linguistic area.
Separation between Macedonian and Bulgarian
The
During the
In this connection, it must be noted that the "Macedonian dialects" at the time generally referred to the Western Macedonian dialects rather than to all Slavic dialects in the geographic region of Macedonia. For example, scholar Yosif Kovachev from Štip in Eastern Macedonia proposed in 1875 that the "Middle Bulgarian" or "Shop dialect" of Kyustendil (in southwestern Bulgaria) and Pijanec (in eastern North Macedonia) be used as a basis for the Bulgarian literary language as a compromise and middle ground between what he himself referred to as the "Northern Bulgarian" or Balkan dialect and the "Southern Bulgarian" or "Macedonian" dialect.[48][45] Moreover, Southeastern Macedonia east of the ridges of the Pirin and then of a line stretching from Sandanski to Thessaloniki, which is located east of the Bulgarian Yat boundary and speaks Eastern Bulgarian dialects that are much more closely related to the Bulgarian dialects in the Rhodopes and Thrace than to the neighbouring Slavic dialects in Macedonia, largely did not participate at all in the debate as it was mostly Hellenophile at the time.[49][26][50]
In 1878, a distinct Bulgarian state was established. The new state did not include the region of Macedonia which remained outside its borders in the frame of the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, the idea of a common compromise standard was finally rejected by the Bulgarian codifiers during the 1880s and the eastern Central Balkan dialect was chosen as a basis for standard Bulgarian.[51] Macedono-Bulgarian writers and organizations who continued to seek greater representation of Macedonian dialects in the Bulgarian standard were deemed separatists.[a] One example is the Young Macedonian Literary Association, which the Bulgarian government outlawed in 1892. Though standard Bulgarian was taught in the local schools in Macedonia till 1913,[57] the fact of political separation became crucial for the development of a separate Macedonian language.[58]
With the advent of
During the first half of the 20th century the national identity of the Macedonian Slavs shifted from predominantly Bulgarian to ethnic Macedonian and their regional identity had become their national one.
Differences between Macedonian and Bulgarian
Phonetics
- Slavic dialects in Greece have free word stress.[77]
Macedonian | Bulgarian | English |
---|---|---|
грáд | грáд | city |
грáдот | градъ́т | the city |
грáдови | градовé | cities |
градóвите | градовéте | the cities |
- Reflexes of Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ: Bulgarian has kept the Old Church Slavonic reflexes щ /ʃt/ and жд /ʒd/ for Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ, whereas Macedonian developed the velar ќ /c/ and ѓ /ɟ/ in their place under Serbian influence in the Late Middle Ages. However, many dialects in North Macedonia and the wider Macedonian region have retained the consonants or use the transitional шч /ʃtʃ/ and жџ /ʒdʒ/.
Bulgarian | Macedonian | English |
---|---|---|
пращам [praʃtam] | праќам [pracam] | send |
нощ [noʃt] | ноќ [noc] | night |
раждам [raʒdam] | раѓам [raɟam] | give birth |
- Vowels: There are six vowels in Bulgarian, compared to five in Macedonian. While the schwa (ъ (/ɤ/) is part of standard Bulgarian phonology, it use in standard Macedonian is marginal.[78] Nevertheless, the schwa is phonemic in a number of Macedonian dialects, e.g. the Northern Macedonian dialects, the Ohrid dialect, the Upper Prespa dialect, etc., while it is missing from the phonetic inventory of a number of Western Bulgarian dialects, e.g., the Elin Pelin dialect, Vratsa dialect, Samokov dialect.[79][80][81] In other words, the difference is owing to a specific choice made during codification.
Bulgarian | Macedonian | English |
---|---|---|
път [pɤt] | пат [pat] | road |
сън [sɤn] | сон [sɔn] | dream |
България [bəɫˈɡarijə] | Бугарија [buˈɡaɾi(j)a] | Bulgaria |
- Loss of х [h] in Macedonian: The development of the Macedonian dialects since the 16th century has been marked by the gradual disappearance of the x sound or its replacement by в [v] or ф [f] (шетах [šetah] → шетав [šetav]), whereas standard Bulgarian, just like Old Bulgarian/Old Church Slavonic, has kept х in all positions. However, most Bulgarian dialects, except for the southern Rup dialects, have lost х in most positions, as well.[83][84] The consonant was kept in the literary language for the sake of continuity with Old Bulgarian, i.e., the difference is again owing to a choice made during codification.
Macedonian | Bulgarian | English |
---|---|---|
убава [ubava] | хубава [hubava] | beautiful |
снаа [snaa] | снаха [snaha] | daughter-in-law |
бев [bev] | бях [byah] | I was |
- Hard and palatalized consonants: Many consonant phonemes in the Slavic languages come in "hard" and "soft" pairs. However, at present, only four consonants in Macedonian have a "soft pair": /k/-/kʲ/, /g/-/gʲ/, /n/-/nʲ/, /l/-/lʲ/ plus the stand-alone glide j. At the same time, the situation in Bulgarian is extremely unclear, with older phonology handbooks claiming that almost every consonant in Bulgarian has a palatalised equivalent, and newer research asserting that this palatalisation is very weak and that the so-called "palatal consonants" in the literary language are actually pronounced as a sequence of consonant + glide j.[85][86] The reanalysis means that Bulgarian has only one palatal consonant, the semivowel j, which makes it the least palatal Slavic language.
Bulgarian | Macedonian | English |
---|---|---|
бял [bʲa̟ɫ] or [bja̟ɫ] | бел [bɛɫ] | white |
дядо [ˈdʲa̟do] or [ˈdja̟do] | дедо [ˈdɛdɔ] | grandfather |
кестен [kɛstɛn] | костен [ˈkɔstɛn] | chestnut |
- The consonant group чр- [t͡ʃr-] in the beginning of the word, which was present in the Old Church Slavonic, predominantly was replaced with чер- in Bulgarian. In Macedonian this consonant group is replaced with цр-. There are examples that this process of replacing чр- with цр- was already happening in the 14th century in the Northern and Western Macedonian dialects.
Macedonian | Bulgarian | English |
---|---|---|
цреша [ˈt͡srɛʃa] | череша [t͡ʃeˈrɛʃə] | cherry |
црн [t͡sr̩n] | черен [ˈt͡ʃerɛn] | black |
црта [ˈt͡sr̩ta] | черта [t͡ʃerˈta] | line |
Morphology
- Definite article: The Macedonian language has three definite articles pertaining to position of the object: unspecified, proximate (or close), and distal (or distant). All three have different gender forms, for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns and adjectives. Bulgarian has only one definite article pertaining to unspecified position of the object. The difference is owing again to a choice made during codification: dialects in eastern North Macedonia have only one definite article, while there are dialects in Bulgarian that have triple definite article, such as the Tran dialect, Smolyan dialect, etc. Torlak dialects in Serba also have triple definite article.[87]
Position | Macedonian | Bulgarian | English |
---|---|---|---|
unspecified | собата | стаята | the room |
proximate | собава | - | this room |
distal | собана | - | that room |
unspecified | собите | стаите | the rooms |
proximate | собиве | - | this rooms |
distal | собине | - | that rooms |
- Short and long definite articles: In Bulgarian, the masculine gender has two forms of definite articles: long (-ът, -ят) and short (-а, -я), depending on whether the noun has the role of subject or object in the sentence. The long form is used for a noun that's the subject of a sentence, while the short form is used for nouns that are direct/indirect objects. In Macedonian language, such a distinction is not made, and there is only the -от form for masculine nouns, besides, of course, the other two forms (-ов, -он) of the triple definite article.
- Example:
- Bulgarian
- Професорът е много умен. -The professor is very smart. (The professor is a subject → long form -ът)
- Видях професора. -I saw the professor. (The professor is a direct object → short form -а)
- Macedonian
- Професорот е многу паметен. -The professor is very smart.
- Го видов професорот. -I saw the professor.
- However, no Bulgarian dialect has both a short and a long definite article—all of them have either or. The rule is an entirely artificial construct suggested by one of the earliest Bulgarian men of letters, Neofit Rilski, himself from Pirin Macedonia, in an attempt to preserve the case system in Bulgarian.[88][89] For more than a century, this has been one of the most reviled grammatical rules in Bulgarian and has consistently been described as artificial, unnecessary and snobbish.
- Demonstrative pronouns: Similar to the article, the demonstrative pronouns in the Macedonian standard language have three forms: for pointing close objects and persons (овој, оваа, ова, овие), distant objects and persons (оној, онаа, она, оние) and pointing without spatial and temporal determination (тој, таа, тоа, тие). There are only two categories in the Bulgarian standard language: closeness (този/тоя, тази/тая, това/туй, тези/тия) and distance (онзи/оня, онази/оная, онова/онуй, онези/ония). For pointing objects and persons without spatial and temporal determination are used the same forms for closeness.
Speaker | close distance | without spatial and temporal determination |
farther away | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macedonian | Го гледам | ова дете | тоа дете | она дете |
Bulgarian | Виждам | това дете | това дете | онова дете |
English | I see | this child | the child | that child |
- Plural with the suffix -иња [inja] for neuter nouns: In the standard Macedonian language, some neuter nouns ending in -e form the plural with the suffix -иња.[90] In the Bulgarian language, neuter nouns ending in -e usually form the plural with the suffix -е(та) [-(e)ta] or -е(на) [-(e)na], and the suffix -иња does not exist at all.
Macedonian | Bulgarian | English |
---|---|---|
море [more] мориња [morinja] |
море [more] морета [moreta] |
sea seas |
име [ime] имиња [iminja] |
име [ime] имена [imena] |
name names |
- Present tense : Verbs of all three conjugations in Macedonian have unified ending -ам in 1st person singular: (пеам, одам, имам) for 1st person singular. In Bulgarian, 1st and 2nd conjugation use -а (-я): пея, ходя, and only 3rd conjugation uses - ам: имам.
- Past indefinite tense with има (to have): The standard Macedonian language is the only standard Slavic language in which there is a past indefinite tense (the so-called perfect), which is formed with the auxiliary verb to have and a verbal adjective in the neuter gender.[91] This grammatical tense in linguistics is called have-perfect and it can be compared to the present perfect tense in English, Perfekt in German and passé composé in French. This construction of има with a verbal adjective also exists in some non-standard forms of the Bulgarian language, but it is not part of the standard language and is not as developed and widespread as in Macedonian.
- Example: Гостите имаат дојдено. - The guests have arrived.
- Changing the root in some imperfect verb forms is characteristic only for the Bulgarian language. Like all Slavic languages, Macedonian and Bulgarian distinguish perfect and imperfect verb forms. However, in the Macedonian standard language, the derivation of imperfect verbs from their perfect pair takes place only with a suffix, and not with a change of the vowel in the root of the verb, as in the Bulgarian language.
Bulgarian | Macedonian |
---|---|
отвори → отваря | отвори → отвора |
скочи → скача | скокне → скока |
изгори → изгаря | изгори → изгорува |
- Clitic doubling: indirect objects, which contrasts with standard Bulgarian where clitic doubling is mandatory in a more limited number of cases.[92]Non-standard dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian have differing rules regarding clitic doubling.
- Present active participle: All Slavic dialects in Bulgaria and Macedonia lost the Old Bulgarian present active participle ('сегашно деятелно причастие') in the Late Middle Ages. New Bulgarian readopted the participle from Church Slavonic in the 1800s, and it is currently used in the literary language. In spoken Bulgarian, it is replaced by a relative clause. Macedonian only uses a relative clause with the relative pronoun што.
- Example:
- Уплаших се от лаещите кучета. / Уплаших се от кучетата, които лаеха. - I was scared by the barking dogs./I was scared by the dogs that barked. (Bulgarian)
- Се исплашив од кучињата што лаеја - I was scared by the dogs that barked. (Macedonian)
- Conditional mood: In Bulgarian it is formed by a special form of the auxiliary 'съм' (to be) in conjugated form, and the aorist active participle of the main verb, while in Macedonian it is formed with the unconjugated form 'би' (would), and the aorist active participle of the main verb.
person | gender and number | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
m.sg. | f.sg. | n.sg. | pl. | |
1st | бѝх чѐл | бѝх чѐла | (бѝх чѐло) | бѝхме чѐли |
2nd | бѝ чѐл | бѝ чѐла | (бѝ чѐло) | бѝхте чѐли |
3rd | бѝ чѐл | бѝ чѐла | бѝ чѐло | бѝха чѐли |
person | gender and number | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
m.sg. | f.sg. | n.sg. | pl. | |
1st | би читал | би читала | би читало | би читале |
2nd | би читал | би читала | би читало | би читале |
3rd | би читал | би читала | би читало | би читале |
- Future-in-the-past: Both languages have this complex verb tense, but its formation differs.
In Bulgarian it is made up of the past imperfect of the verb ща (will, want) + the particle да (to) + the present tense of the main verb.
In Macedonian it is formed with the clitic ќе + imperfect of the verb.
Example (чета/чита, to read):
person | number | |
---|---|---|
sg. | pl. | |
1st | щях да чета | щяхме да четем |
2nd | щеше да четеш | щяхте да четете |
3rd | щеше да чете | щяха да четат |
person | number | |
---|---|---|
sg. | pl. | |
1st | ќе читав | ќе читавме |
2nd | ќе читаше | ќе читавте |
3rd | ќе читаше | ќе читаа |
Vocabulary
A primary objective of Bulgarian men of letters in the 1800s was to restore the Old Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian vocabulary that had been lost or replaced with Turkish or Greek words during Ottoman rule through the mediation of Church Slavonic. Thus, originally Old Bulgarian higher-style lexis such as безплътен (incorporeal), въздържание (temperance), изобретател (inventor), изтребление (annihilation), кръвопролитие (bloodshed), пространство (space), развращавам (debauch), създание (creature), съгражданин (fellow citizen), тщеславие (vainglory), художник (painter), was re-borrowed in the 1800s from Church Slavonic and Russian, where it had been adopted in the Early Middle Ages.[93][94][95]
There are 12 phono-morpohological that point at the Old Bulgarian origin of a word in Church Slavonic or Russian:[96]
- Use of the Bulgarian reflexes щ and жд for Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ instead of the native Russian ones ч /tɕ/ and ж /ʑ/, e.g., заблуждать (mislead), влагалище (vagina);
- Replacement of East Slavic pleophonic -olo/-oro with -la/-ra. Thus, East Slavic forms such as голова (head) and город (city) exist side by side with Old Bulgarian главный (primary) and гражданин (citizen);
- Use of word-initial a, e, ю, ра and la, e.g., единовластие (absolutism) rather than одиноволостие, which would be the expected form based on East Slavic phonology, юность (youth), which replaced Old Russian ѹность, работа (work), which replaced Old Russian робота;
- Use of prefixes such as воз- and пре- instead of the native East Slavic вз- and пере-, e.g., воздержание (abstention) or преображать/преобразить (transform);
- Use of Old Bulgarian suffixes such as -тель, -тельность, -ствие, -енство, -ес, -ание, -ащий, -ущий, -айший, -ение, -ейший, e.g., благоденствие (prosperity), упражнение (exercise), пространство (space), стремление (aspiration), etc. etc. that can be traced back to use in Old Bulgarian manuscripts.
- Etc.
Nevertheless, none of this went without a problem. In the end, a number of Russified Old Bulgarisms replaced preserved native Old Bulgarisms, e.g., the Russified невежа and госпожа ("ignoramus" & "Madam") replaced the native невежда and госпожда, a number of other words were adopted with Russified phonology, e.g., утроба (O.B. ѫтроба, "uterus") rather than ътроба or вътроба, свидетел (O.B. съвѣдѣтель, "withness") rather than сведетел, началник (O.B. начѧльникъ, "superior") rather than начелник—which is what would have been expected given the phonetic development of the Bulgarian language, others had changed their meaning completely, e.g., опасно (O.B. опасьно) readopted in the meaning of "dangerously" rather than "meticulously", урок (O.B. ѹрокъ) readopted in the meaning of "lesson" rather than "condition"/"proviso", yet many, many others that ended up being Russian or Church Slavonic new developments on the basis of Old Bulgarian roots, suffixes, prefixes, etc.
Unlike Bulgarian, Macedonian has borrowed mostly from Serbian and has used the wealth of its dialects.
See also
Notes
References
- ISBN 158811502X, The typology of Balkan evidentiality and areal linguistic, Victor Friedman, p. 123.
- ISBN 978-954-9438-04-8
- ^ Simeon Radev. Македония и Българското възраждане, Том I и II (Macedonia and the Bulgarian Revival), Издателство „Захарий Стоянов“, Фондация ВМРО, Sofia, 2013, pp. 119
- ^ When Blaze Koneski, the founder of the Macedonian standard language, as a young boy, returned to his Macedonian native village from the Serbian town where he went to school, he was ridiculed for his Serbianized language.Cornelis H. van Schooneveld, Linguarum: Series maior, Issue 20, Mouton., 1966, p. 295.
- ISBN 3954770369, pp. 367–375.
- ^ Kronsteiner, Otto, Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischen Literatursprache : Der späte Fall von Glottotomie? in: Die slawischen Sprachen (1992) 29, 142–171.
- ISBN 158811502X; p. 123.
- ISBN 978-1-137-34838-8; pp. 429–447.
- .
- ISBN 3110373017; pp. 168–183.
- ^ Motoki Nomachi, “East” and “West” as Seen in the Structure of Serbian: Language Contact and Its Consequences; p. 34. in Slavic Eurasian Studies edited by Ljudmila Popović and Motoki Nomachi; 2015, No.28.
- ^ Friedman V A (2006), Balkans as a Linguistic Area. In: Keith Brown, (Editor-in Chief) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Second Edition, volume 1, pp. 657–672. Oxford: Elsevier.
- ISBN 9780230535794.
- ISBN 1139457284, p. 510.
- ISBN 311088593X, pp. 66–86.
- ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3.
- ^ ISBN 1137348399, p. 434.
- ^ Mladenov, Stefan (1914). "К вопросу о границе между болгарским и сербским языком" [On the Border of the Bulgarian and the Serbian language]. Русский филологический вестник (72): 383–408.
- ^ Misirkov, Krste (September 1898). "Значение на Моравското или ресавското наречие, за съвременната и историческата етнография на Балканския полуостров" [The Significance of the Morava or Resava Dialect to the Modern and Historical Ethnography of the Balkan Peninsula]. Български преглед. V. Sofia: 121–127.
- ^ Tsonev, Benyo (1916). "Научно пътешествие в Поморавието и Македония" [Scientific Exploration of the Pomoravlje and Macedonia]. Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието, 1916 г.: 153–154.
- OCLC 53429452.
- ISBN 0312121164.
The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the communist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian
- ^ Shklifov, Blagoy; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003). Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония [Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 28–36.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 3-11-017148-1. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- ^ Chambers, Jack; Trudgill, Peter (1998). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 7.
Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.
- ^ a b Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3.
- ISBN 1137348399, p. 436.
- ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3.
- ^ Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels), p. 13 "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"
- ISBN 9783631350652.
In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis.
- ISBN 1139457284, p. 42.
- ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
- ISBN 978-3-110-16284-4.
- ISBN 0801494931, p. 47.
- ISBN 9789515111852.
- ISBN 0472082604, p. 355.
- ISBN 978-90-5201-374-9. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6295-1. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ From Rum Millet to Greek and Bulgarian Nations: Religious and National Debates in the Borderlands of the Ottoman Empire, 1870–1913. Theodora Dragostinova, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
- ^ "Венедиктов Г. К. Болгарский литературный язык эпохи Возрождения. Проблемы нормализации и выбора диалектной основы. Отв. ред. Л. Н. Смирнов. М.: "Наука"" (PDF). 1990. pp. 163–170. (Rus.). Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ Ц. Билярски, Из българския възрожденски печат от 70-те години на XIX в. за македонския въпрос, сп. "Македонски преглед", г. XXIII, София, 2009, кн. 4, с. 103–120.
- ISBN 6155053847, pp. 246–251
- ^ Makedoniya July 31st 1870
- ^ p. 443
- ^ Благой Шклифов, За разширението на диалектната основа на българския книжовен език и неговото обновление. "Македонската" азбука и книжовна норма са нелегитимни, дружество "Огнище", София, 2003 г. . стр. 7–10.
- ^ Благой Шклифов, За разширението на диалектната основа на българския книжовен език и неговото обновление. "Македонската" азбука и книжовна норма са нелегитимни, дружество "Огнище", София, 2003 г. . стр. 9.
- ^ https://www.strumski.com/books/Josif_Kovachev_za_Obshtia_Bulgarski_Ezik.pdf
- ^ Stoykov, Stoyko Stoykov (1962). Bulgarian dialectology. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov University Press. pp. 185, 186, 187.
- ^ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The Situation of the Macedonian Language in Greece: Sociolinguistic Analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.
- ISBN 3110128551. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ "Macedonian Language and Nationalism During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries", Victor Friedman, p. 286
- ^ Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans, p. 145, at Google Books, Victor Roudometof, Roland Robertson, p. 145
- ISBN 0-8108-6295-6, p. 241.
- ^ The Young Macedonian Literary Association's Journal, Loza, was also categorical about the Bulgarian character of Macedonia: "A mere comparison of those ethnographic features which characterize the Macedonians (we understand: Macedonian Bulgarians), with those which characterize the free Bulgarians, their juxtaposition with those principles for nationality which we have formulated above, is enough to prove and to convince everybody that the nationality of the Macedonians cannot be anything except Bulgarian." Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, Mercia MacDermott, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 86.
- ISBN 963-97762-8-9, p. 120.
- ISBN 0-8014-9493-1. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISSN 0304-0763. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 3-11-013530-2. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 0-312-12116-4. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 1-85359-732-5. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 0-8476-9809-2.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6
- ISBN 3-8258-1387-8.
- ISBN 0-226-07827-2.
- ISBN 978-3-11-022026-1. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 3-11-017148-1. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ Trudgill, Peter (1992), "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe", International Journal of Applied Linguistics 2 (2): 167–177
- ISBN 1-139-45728-4. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ISBN 90-272-3184-2. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ Fishman, Joshua. "Languages late to literacy: finding a place in the sun on a crowded beach". In: Joseph, Brian D. et al. (ed.), When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Competition and Coexistence; Ohio State University Press (2002), pp. 107–108.
- ^ Mirjana N. Dedaić, Mirjana Misković-Luković. South Slavic discourse particles (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010), p. 13
- ^ Victor Roudometof. Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), p. 41
- ^ Language profile Macedonian Archived 2009-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, UCLA International Institute
- ^ G. Lunt, Horace (1952). A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje. p. 21.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Stoykov, Stoyko Stoykov (1962). Bulgarian dialectology. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov University Press. pp. 172, 181, 183.
- ^ Friedman (2001), p. 10.
- ^ Stoykov, Stoyko Stoykov (1962). Bulgarian dialectology. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov University Press. pp. 148–159, 169–170, 176–179.
- ^ "Български диалектен атлас. Обобщаващ том. I-III. Фонетика. Акцентология. Лексиология" [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects.Generalizing Volume. I-III. Phonetics. Accentology. Lexicology]. Sofia: Trud. 2001. p. 58.
- ^ "Български диалектен атлас. Обобщаващ том. I-III. Фонетика. Акцентология. Лексиология" [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects.Generalizing Volume. I-III. Phonetics. Accentology. Lexicology]. Sofia: Trud. 2001. p. 77.
- OCLC 48368312.
- ^ "Български диалектен атлас. Обобщаващ том. I-III. Фонетика. Акцентология. Лексиология" [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects.Generalizing Volume. I-III. Phonetics. Accentology. Lexicology]. Sofia: Trud. 2001. p. 191.
- ^ "Български диалектен атлас. Обобщаващ том. I-III. Фонетика. Акцентология. Лексиология" [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects.Generalizing Volume. I-III. Phonetics. Accentology. Lexicology]. Sofia: Trud. 2001. p. 194.
- ^ Tsoneva, Dimitrina. "Отново за палаталността на българските съгласни" [Again on the Palatalisation of Consonants in Bulgarian] (PDF) (in Bulgarian). pp. 1–6.
- ^ Choi, Gwon-Jin. "Фонологичността на признака мекост в съвременния български език" [The Phonological Value of the Feature [Palatalness] in Contemporary Bulgarian].
- ^ "Български диалектен атлас. Обобщаващ том. IV. Морфология" [Atlas of Bulgarian Dialects.Generalizing Volume. IV. Morphology]. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2016. p. 79.
- ^ Stancheva, Ruska (2017). "За кодификацията на правилото за пълен и кратък член" [On the Codification of the Long and Short Article in Modern Bulgarian] (PDF).
- ^ http://christotamarin.blogspot.com/2016/10/BulgarianLongShortArticle.html#ProblemDefinition-3
- ^ G. Lunt, Horace (1952). A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje. p. 31.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ G. Lunt, Horace (1952). A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje. p. 99.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Schick, Ivanka; Beukema, Frits (2001). "Clitic doubling in Bulgarian". Linguistics in the Netherlands. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- ^ Filkova, Penka (1986), Староболгаризмы и церковнославянизмы в лексике русского литературного языка [Old Bulgarianisms and Church Slavonisms in the Russian Literary Language], vol. 1, Sofia
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Filkova, Penka (1986), Староболгаризмы и церковнославянизмы в лексике русского литературного языка [Old Bulgarianisms and Church Slavonisms in the Russian Literary Language], vol. 2, Sofia
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Filkova, Penka (1986), Староболгаризмы и церковнославянизмы в лексике русского литературного языка [Old Bulgarianisms and Church Slavonisms in the Russian Literary Language], vol. 3, Sofia
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Filkova, Penka (1986), Староболгаризмы и церковнославянизмы в лексике русского литературного языка [Old Bulgarianisms and Church Slavonisms in the Russian Literary Language], vol. 1, Sofia, pp. 47–50
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Bibliography
- Friedman, Victor (2001), Macedonian, SEELRC