Eastern South Slavic

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Eastern South Slavic
Geographic
distribution
Central and Eastern Balkans
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Glottologeast2269

The Eastern South Slavic dialects form the eastern subgroup of the South Slavic languages. They are spoken mostly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, and adjacent areas in the neighbouring countries. They form the so-called Balkan Slavic linguistic area, which encompasses the southeastern part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic.

Linguistic features

Languages and dialects

South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups
Front cover of the first grammar book of the modern Bulgarian language published by Neofit Rilski in 1835. Rilski was born in Bansko, easternmost Ottoman Macedonia, a town lying exactly on the Yat border.[2] His grammar was based on the dialect of his hometown and included a lot of admixture from Church Slavonic.
Essay about the Bulgarian language, published by Parteniy Zografski from the town of Galičnik, westernmost Ottoman Macedoniain, in the Balgarski knizhitsi (Bulgarian Booklets) magazine in 1858. Here he argues that the Bulgarian language consists of two main dialects, one spoken in Moesia and Thrace and another one spoken in, particularly, western Macedonia and proposes that the literary language be based on both.[3]
The first complete edition of the Bible in modern Bulgarian, translated by Petko Slaveykov and printed in Istanbul in 1871. The Bible was published primarily in the Eastern dialect. Slaveykov was from Veliko Tarnovo, but his family hailed from Bansko or Yakoruda in Pirin Macedonia.
Postol in Ottoman Central Macedonia
.
ASNOM
.

Eastern South Slavic dialects share a number of characteristics that set them apart from the other branch of the

Serbian linguistic influence
.

Areal

The external and internal boundaries of the linguistic sub-group between the transitional Torlakian dialect and Serbian and between Macedonian and Bulgarian languages are not clearly defined. For example, standard Serbian, which is based on its Western (

In Bulgaria this isogloss is considered the eastern most border of the broader set of transitional Torlakian dialects.

In turn, Bulgarian linguists prior to World War II classified the Torlakian dialects or, in other words, all of

renarrative mood, use of clitics, preservation of final l, etc.[16][17][18] Individual researchers, such as Krste Misirkov, in one of his Bulgarian nationalist periods, and Benyo Tsonev have pushed the linguistic border even further west to include the Kosovo-Resava dialects or, in other words, all Serbian dialects having anlytical features.[19][20] Both countries currently accept the state border prior to 1919 to also be the boundary between the two languages.[21]

Defining the boundary between Bulgarian and Macedonian is even trickier. During much of its history, the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum was simply referred to as "Bulgarian",

pluricentric language, they have very different and remote dialectal bases.[24][17]

According to Chambers and

Salonica) are intermediate between the two.[30][31]

History

Some of the phenomena that distinguish western and eastern subgroups of the South Slavic people and languages can be explained by two separate migratory waves of different Slavic tribal groups of the future

isoglosses
of ancient origin, dividing the western and eastern parts of the South Slavic range.

The extinct

Shtokavian dialects, including Eastern Herzegovinian, began to separate themselves from the other neighboring Eastern dialects, among them Torlakian.[35]

The specific contact mechanism in the Balkan Sprachbund, based on the high number of second Balkan language speakers there, is among the key factors that reduced the number of Slavic morphological categories in that linguistic area.

South Slavic area. They reduced the number of Slavic-speakers and led to the additional settlement of Albanian and Vlach-speakers there.

Separation between Macedonian and Bulgarian

The

Rum millet, through constant identification of the religious creed with ethnicity.[38]
The national awakening of each ethnic group was complex and most of the groups interacted with each other.

During the

Makedoniya: "Such an artificial assembly of written language is something impossible, unattainable and never heard of." and instead suggested that authors themselves use dialectal features in their work, thus becoming role models and allowing the natural development of a literary language.[44][45][46] In turn, this position was heavily criticised by Eastern Bulgarian scholars and authors such as Ivan Bogorov and Ivan Vazov, the latter of whom noting that "Without the beautiful words found in the Macedonia dialects, we will be unable to make our language either richer or purer."[47]

In this connection, it must be noted that the "Macedonian dialects" at the time generally referred to the Western Macedonian dialects rather than to all Slavic dialects in the geographic region of Macedonia. For example, scholar Yosif Kovachev from Štip in Eastern Macedonia proposed in 1875 that the "Middle Bulgarian" or "Shop dialect" of Kyustendil (in southwestern Bulgaria) and Pijanec (in eastern North Macedonia) be used as a basis for the Bulgarian literary language as a compromise and middle ground between what he himself referred to as the "Northern Bulgarian" or Balkan dialect and the "Southern Bulgarian" or "Macedonian" dialect.[48][45] Moreover, Southeastern Macedonia east of the ridges of the Pirin and then of a line stretching from Sandanski to Thessaloniki, which is located east of the Bulgarian Yat boundary and speaks Eastern Bulgarian dialects that are much more closely related to the Bulgarian dialects in the Rhodopes and Thrace than to the neighbouring Slavic dialects in Macedonia, largely did not participate at all in the debate as it was mostly Hellenophile at the time.[49][26][50]

In 1878, a distinct Bulgarian state was established. The new state did not include the region of Macedonia which remained outside its borders in the frame of the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, the idea of a common compromise standard was finally rejected by the Bulgarian codifiers during the 1880s and the eastern Central Balkan dialect was chosen as a basis for standard Bulgarian.[51] Macedono-Bulgarian writers and organizations who continued to seek greater representation of Macedonian dialects in the Bulgarian standard were deemed separatists.[a] One example is the Young Macedonian Literary Association, which the Bulgarian government outlawed in 1892. Though standard Bulgarian was taught in the local schools in Macedonia till 1913,[57] the fact of political separation became crucial for the development of a separate Macedonian language.[58]

With the advent of

SR Macedonia, as part of Communist Yugoslavia and finalized the progressive split in the common Macedonian–Bulgarian language.[62]

During the first half of the 20th century the national identity of the Macedonian Slavs shifted from predominantly Bulgarian to ethnic Macedonian and their regional identity had become their national one.

ausbau language; i.e. it is delimited from Bulgarian as these two standard languages have separate dialectal bases.[70][71][72] The uniqueness of Macedonian in comparison to Bulgarian is a matter of political controversy in Bulgaria.[73][74][75]

Differences between Macedonian and Bulgarian

Phonetics

Word stress
Macedonian Bulgarian English
грáд грáд city
грáдот градъ́т the city
грáдови градовé cities
градóвите градовéте the cities
Reflexes of Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ in the wider Macedonian region
  • Reflexes of Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ: Bulgarian has kept the Old Church Slavonic reflexes щ /ʃt/ and жд /ʒd/ for Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ, whereas Macedonian developed the velar ќ /c/ and ѓ /ɟ/ in their place under Serbian influence in the Late Middle Ages. However, many dialects in North Macedonia and the wider Macedonian region have retained the consonants or use the transitional шч /ʃtʃ/ and жџ /ʒdʒ/.
Reflexes of Pra-Slavic *tʲ, *kt and *dʲ
Bulgarian Macedonian English
пращам [praʃtam] праќам [pracam] send
нощ [noʃt] ноќ [noc] night
раждам [raʒdam] раѓам [raɟam] give birth
Eastern South Slavic and eastern Torlakian according to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences' atlas from 2001.[82] Pronunciation of man and tooth, derived from proto-words zǫbъ mǫžь on the map:)
The vowel schwa
Bulgarian Macedonian English
път [pɤt] пат [pat] road
сън [sɤn] сон [sɔn] dream
България [bəɫˈɡarijə] Бугарија [buˈɡaɾi(j)a] Bulgaria
Consonant х [h]
Macedonian Bulgarian English
убава [ubava] хубава [hubava] beautiful
снаа [snaa] снаха [snaha] daughter-in-law
бев [bev] бях [byah] I was
  • Hard and palatalized consonants: Many consonant phonemes in the Slavic languages come in "hard" and "soft" pairs. However, at present, only four consonants in Macedonian have a "soft pair": /k/-/kʲ/, /g/-/gʲ/, /n/-/nʲ/, /l/-/lʲ/ plus the stand-alone glide j. At the same time, the situation in Bulgarian is extremely unclear, with older phonology handbooks claiming that almost every consonant in Bulgarian has a palatalised equivalent, and newer research asserting that this palatalisation is very weak and that the so-called "palatal consonants" in the literary language are actually pronounced as a sequence of consonant + glide j.[85][86] The reanalysis means that Bulgarian has only one palatal consonant, the semivowel j, which makes it the least palatal Slavic language.
Palatalization
Bulgarian Macedonian English
бял [bʲa̟ɫ] or [bja̟ɫ] бел [bɛɫ] white
дядо [ˈdʲa̟do] or [ˈdja̟do] дедо [ˈdɛdɔ] grandfather
кестен [kɛstɛn] костен [ˈkɔstɛn] chestnut
  • The consonant group чр- [t͡ʃr-] in the beginning of the word, which was present in the Old Church Slavonic, predominantly was replaced with чер- in Bulgarian. In Macedonian this consonant group is replaced with цр-. There are examples that this process of replacing чр- with цр- was already happening in the 14th century in the Northern and Western Macedonian dialects.
The consonant group чр
Macedonian Bulgarian English
цреша [ˈt͡srɛʃa] череша [t͡ʃeˈrɛʃə] cherry
црн [t͡sr̩n] черен [ˈt͡ʃerɛn] black
црта [ˈt͡sr̩ta] черта [t͡ʃerˈta] line

Morphology

  • Definite article: The Macedonian language has three
    definite articles pertaining to position of the object: unspecified, proximate (or close), and distal (or distant). All three have different gender forms, for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns and adjectives. Bulgarian has only one definite article pertaining to unspecified position of the object. The difference is owing again to a choice made during codification: dialects in eastern North Macedonia have only one definite article, while there are dialects in Bulgarian that have triple definite article, such as the Tran dialect, Smolyan dialect, etc. Torlak dialects in Serba also have triple definite article.[87]
Definite article
Position Macedonian Bulgarian English
unspecified собата стаята the room
proximate собава - this room
distal собана - that room
unspecified собите стаите the rooms
proximate собиве - this rooms
distal собине - that rooms
  • Short and long definite articles: In Bulgarian, the masculine gender has two forms of definite articles: long (-ът, -ят) and short (-а, -я), depending on whether the noun has the role of subject or object in the sentence. The long form is used for a noun that's the subject of a sentence, while the short form is used for nouns that are direct/indirect objects. In Macedonian language, such a distinction is not made, and there is only the -от form for masculine nouns, besides, of course, the other two forms (-ов, -он) of the triple definite article.
Example:
Bulgarian
Професорът е много умен. -The professor is very smart. (The professor is a subject → long form -ът)
Видях професора. -I saw the professor. (The professor is a direct object → short form -а)
Macedonian
Професорот е многу паметен. -The professor is very smart.
Го видов професорот. -I saw the professor.
However, no Bulgarian dialect has both a short and a long definite article—all of them have either or. The rule is an entirely artificial construct suggested by one of the earliest Bulgarian men of letters, Neofit Rilski, himself from Pirin Macedonia, in an attempt to preserve the case system in Bulgarian.[88][89] For more than a century, this has been one of the most reviled grammatical rules in Bulgarian and has consistently been described as artificial, unnecessary and snobbish.
  • Demonstrative pronouns: Similar to the article, the demonstrative pronouns in the Macedonian standard language have three forms: for pointing close objects and persons (овој, оваа, ова, овие), distant objects and persons (оној, онаа, она, оние) and pointing without spatial and temporal determination (тој, таа, тоа, тие). There are only two categories in the Bulgarian standard language: closeness (този/тоя, тази/тая, това/туй, тези/тия) and distance (онзи/оня, онази/оная, онова/онуй, онези/ония). For pointing objects and persons without spatial and temporal determination are used the same forms for closeness.
Demonstrative pronouns
Speaker close distance without spatial
and temporal determination
farther away
Macedonian Го гледам ова дете тоа дете она дете
Bulgarian Виждам това дете това дете онова дете
English I see this child the child that child
  • Plural with the suffix -иња [inja] for neuter nouns: In the standard Macedonian language, some neuter nouns ending in -e form the plural with the suffix -иња.[90] In the Bulgarian language, neuter nouns ending in -e usually form the plural with the suffix -е(та) [-(e)ta] or -е(на) [-(e)na], and the suffix -иња does not exist at all.
Plural with the suffix -иња [inja]
Macedonian Bulgarian English
море [more]
мориња [morinja]
море [more]
морета [moreta]
sea
seas
име [ime]
имиња [iminja]
име [ime]
имена [imena]
name
names
  • Present tense : Verbs of all three conjugations in Macedonian have unified ending -ам in 1st person singular: (пеам, одам, имам) for 1st person singular. In Bulgarian, 1st and 2nd conjugation use -а (-я): пея, ходя, and only 3rd conjugation uses - ам: имам.
  • Past indefinite tense with има (to have): The standard Macedonian language is the only standard Slavic language in which there is a past indefinite tense (the so-called perfect), which is formed with the auxiliary verb to have and a verbal adjective in the neuter gender.[91] This grammatical tense in linguistics is called have-perfect and it can be compared to the present perfect tense in English, Perfekt in German and passé composé in French. This construction of има with a verbal adjective also exists in some non-standard forms of the Bulgarian language, but it is not part of the standard language and is not as developed and widespread as in Macedonian.
Example: Гостите имаат дојдено. - The guests have arrived.
  • Changing the root in some imperfect verb forms is characteristic only for the Bulgarian language. Like all Slavic languages, Macedonian and Bulgarian distinguish perfect and imperfect verb forms. However, in the Macedonian standard language, the derivation of imperfect verbs from their perfect pair takes place only with a suffix, and not with a change of the vowel in the root of the verb, as in the Bulgarian language.
Changing the root in some imperfect verb forms
Bulgarian Macedonian
отвори → отваря отвори → отвора
скочи → скача скокне → скока
изгори → изгаря изгори → изгорува
Example:
Уплаших се от лаещите кучета. / Уплаших се от кучетата, които лаеха. - I was scared by the barking dogs./I was scared by the dogs that barked. (Bulgarian)
Се исплашив од кучињата што лаеја - I was scared by the dogs that barked. (Macedonian)
  • Conditional mood: In Bulgarian it is formed by a special form of the auxiliary 'съм' (to be) in conjugated form, and the aorist active participle of the main verb, while in Macedonian it is formed with the unconjugated form 'би' (would), and the aorist active participle of the main verb.
Bulgarian
person gender and number
m.sg. f.sg. n.sg. pl.
1st бѝх чѐл бѝх чѐла (бѝх чѐло) бѝхме чѐли
2nd бѝ чѐл бѝ чѐла (бѝ чѐло) бѝхте чѐли
3rd бѝ чѐл бѝ чѐла бѝ чѐло бѝха чѐли
Macedonian
person gender and number
m.sg. f.sg. n.sg. pl.
1st би читал би читала би читало би читале
2nd би читал би читала би читало би читале
3rd би читал би читала би читало би читале
  • Future-in-the-past: Both languages have this complex verb tense, but its formation differs.

In Bulgarian it is made up of the past imperfect of the verb ща (will, want) + the particle да (to) + the present tense of the main verb.

In Macedonian it is formed with the clitic ќе + imperfect of the verb.

Example (чета/чита, to read):

Bulgarian
person number
sg. pl.
1st щях да чета щяхме да четем
2nd щеше да четеш щяхте да четете
3rd щеше да чете щяха да четат
Macedonian
person number
sg. pl.
1st ќе читав ќе читавме
2nd ќе читаше ќе читавте
3rd ќе читаше ќе читаа

Vocabulary

A primary objective of Bulgarian men of letters in the 1800s was to restore the Old Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian vocabulary that had been lost or replaced with Turkish or Greek words during Ottoman rule through the mediation of Church Slavonic. Thus, originally Old Bulgarian higher-style lexis such as безплътен (incorporeal), въздържание (temperance), изобретател (inventor), изтребление (annihilation), кръвопролитие (bloodshed), пространство (space), развращавам (debauch), създание (creature), съгражданин (fellow citizen), тщеславие (vainglory), художник (painter), was re-borrowed in the 1800s from Church Slavonic and Russian, where it had been adopted in the Early Middle Ages.[93][94][95]

There are 12 phono-morpohological that point at the Old Bulgarian origin of a word in Church Slavonic or Russian:[96]

  • Use of the Bulgarian reflexes щ and жд for Pra-Slavic *tʲ/kt and *dʲ instead of the native Russian ones ч // and ж /ʑ/, e.g., заблуждать (mislead), влагалище (vagina);
  • Replacement of East Slavic pleophonic -olo/-oro with -la/-ra. Thus, East Slavic forms such as голова (head) and город (city) exist side by side with Old Bulgarian главный (primary) and гражданин (citizen);
  • Use of word-initial a, e, ю, ра and la, e.g., единовластие (absolutism) rather than одиноволостие, which would be the expected form based on East Slavic phonology, юность (youth), which replaced Old Russian ѹность, работа (work), which replaced Old Russian робота;
  • Use of prefixes such as воз- and пре- instead of the native East Slavic вз- and пере-, e.g., воздержание (abstention) or преображать/преобразить (transform);
  • Use of Old Bulgarian suffixes such as -тель, -тельность, -ствие, -енство, -ес, -ание, -ащий, -ущий, -айший, -ение, -ейший, e.g., благоденствие (prosperity), упражнение (exercise), пространство (space), стремление (aspiration), etc. etc. that can be traced back to use in Old Bulgarian manuscripts.
  • Etc.

Nevertheless, none of this went without a problem. In the end, a number of Russified Old Bulgarisms replaced preserved native Old Bulgarisms, e.g., the Russified невежа and госпожа ("ignoramus" & "Madam") replaced the native невежда and госпожда, a number of other words were adopted with Russified phonology, e.g., утроба (O.B. ѫтроба, "uterus") rather than ътроба or вътроба, свидетел (O.B. съвѣдѣтель, "withness") rather than сведетел, началник (O.B. начѧльникъ, "superior") rather than начелник—which is what would have been expected given the phonetic development of the Bulgarian language, others had changed their meaning completely, e.g., опасно (O.B. опасьно) readopted in the meaning of "dangerously" rather than "meticulously", урок (O.B. ѹрокъ) readopted in the meaning of "lesson" rather than "condition"/"proviso", yet many, many others that ended up being Russian or Church Slavonic new developments on the basis of Old Bulgarian roots, suffixes, prefixes, etc.

Unlike Bulgarian, Macedonian has borrowed mostly from Serbian and has used the wealth of its dialects.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ISBN 158811502X, The typology of Balkan evidentiality and areal linguistic, Victor Friedman, p. 123.
  2. ^ Simeon Radev. Македония и Българското възраждане, Том I и II (Macedonia and the Bulgarian Revival), Издателство „Захарий Стоянов“, Фондация ВМРО, Sofia, 2013, pp. 119
  3. ^ When Blaze Koneski, the founder of the Macedonian standard language, as a young boy, returned to his Macedonian native village from the Serbian town where he went to school, he was ridiculed for his Serbianized language.Cornelis H. van Schooneveld, Linguarum: Series maior, Issue 20, Mouton., 1966, p. 295.
  4. , pp. 367–375.
  5. ^ Kronsteiner, Otto, Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischen Literatursprache : Der späte Fall von Glottotomie? in: Die slawischen Sprachen (1992) 29, 142–171.
  6. ; p. 123.
  7. ; pp. 429–447.
  8. .
  9. ; pp. 168–183.
  10. ^ Motoki Nomachi, “East” and “West” as Seen in the Structure of Serbian: Language Contact and Its Consequences; p. 34. in Slavic Eurasian Studies edited by Ljudmila Popović and Motoki Nomachi; 2015, No.28.
  11. ^ Friedman V A (2006), Balkans as a Linguistic Area. In: Keith Brown, (Editor-in Chief) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Second Edition, volume 1, pp. 657–672. Oxford: Elsevier.
  12. .
  13. , p. 510.
  14. , pp. 66–86.
  15. .
  16. ^ , p. 434.
  17. ^ Mladenov, Stefan (1914). "К вопросу о границе между болгарским и сербским языком" [On the Border of the Bulgarian and the Serbian language]. Русский филологический вестник (72): 383–408.
  18. ^ Misirkov, Krste (September 1898). "Значение на Моравското или ресавското наречие, за съвременната и историческата етнография на Балканския полуостров" [The Significance of the Morava or Resava Dialect to the Modern and Historical Ethnography of the Balkan Peninsula]. Български преглед. V. Sofia: 121–127.
  19. ^ Tsonev, Benyo (1916). "Научно пътешествие в Поморавието и Македония" [Scientific Exploration of the Pomoravlje and Macedonia]. Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието, 1916 г.: 153–154.
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  21. . The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the communist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian
  22. ^ Shklifov, Blagoy; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003). Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония [Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 28–36.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. . Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  24. ^ Chambers, Jack; Trudgill, Peter (1998). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 7. Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.
  25. ^ a b Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
  26. .
  27. , p. 436.
  28. .
  29. ^ Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels), p. 13 "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"
  30. . In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis.
  31. , p. 42.
  32. .
  33. , p. 47.
  34. .
  35. , p. 355.
  36. . Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  37. . Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  38. ^ From Rum Millet to Greek and Bulgarian Nations: Religious and National Debates in the Borderlands of the Ottoman Empire, 1870–1913. Theodora Dragostinova, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
  39. ^ "Венедиктов Г. К. Болгарский литературный язык эпохи Возрождения. Проблемы нормализации и выбора диалектной основы. Отв. ред. Л. Н. Смирнов. М.: "Наука"" (PDF). 1990. pp. 163–170. (Rus.). Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  40. ^ Ц. Билярски, Из българския възрожденски печат от 70-те години на XIX в. за македонския въпрос, сп. "Македонски преглед", г. XXIII, София, 2009, кн. 4, с. 103–120.
  41. , pp. 246–251
  42. ^ Makedoniya July 31st 1870
  43. ^ p. 443
  44. ^ Благой Шклифов, За разширението на диалектната основа на българския книжовен език и неговото обновление. "Македонската" азбука и книжовна норма са нелегитимни, дружество "Огнище", София, 2003 г. . стр. 7–10.
  45. ^ Благой Шклифов, За разширението на диалектната основа на българския книжовен език и неговото обновление. "Македонската" азбука и книжовна норма са нелегитимни, дружество "Огнище", София, 2003 г. . стр. 9.
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