Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Eastern Turkic Khaganate | |||||||||||||
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Ötüken | |||||||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||||||
Religion | Tengrism, Buddhism[2] | ||||||||||||
Khagan | |||||||||||||
• 603–609 | Yami Qaghan | ||||||||||||
• 620–630 | Illig Qaghan | ||||||||||||
• 645–650 | Chebi Khan | ||||||||||||
Establishment | |||||||||||||
Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Göktürk civil war, Eastern Khaganate founded | 581 | ||||||||||||
• East-West split | 603 | ||||||||||||
• Conquest by Tang dynasty | 630 | ||||||||||||
• Empire reestablished | 639 | ||||||||||||
• Reconquest by Tang dynasty | 645 | ||||||||||||
• Second Turkic Khaganate established | 682 | ||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
624[3] | 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | China Kazakhstan Mongolia Russia |
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate (
History
Outline
In 552–555 the Göktürks replaced the Rouran Khaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630). They quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the Western Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia separated from the Eastern Khaganate in the Mongolian Plateau. In the early period the Central Plain regimes were weak and paid tribute to the Turks at times. The Tang dynasty eventually overthrew the Eastern Turks in 630.
Before the Khaganate
The ethnonym Türk (pl. Türküt, >
The Chinese Book of Zhou (7th century) presents an etymology of the name Turk as derived from 'helmet', explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the Altai Mountains.[22] Hungarian scholar András Róna-Tas (1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word, tturakä 'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.[23]
In 439 a man surnamed Ashina led 500 families west from Gansu to Gaochang near Turfan.[24] In about 460 the Rouran moved them east to the Altai, which was an important source of metalwork for Siberia and Mongolia. David Christian says that the first dated mention of ‘Turk’ appears in Chinese annals in 542 when they made annual raids across the Yellow River when it froze over. In 545 the future Bumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with the Western Wei (535–57) without regard to his Rouran overlords. Later the Turks were sent east to suppress a rebellion by the Kao-ch’e, but the Turks absorbed them into their own army. Bumin demanded a royal bride from the Rouran and was denounced as a ‘blacksmith slave’. Bumin took a bride from the Western Wei, defeated the Rouran ruler in Jehol and took the royal title of Khagan (552).
Strictly speaking, the politonym Kök Tür(ü)k "Blue ~ Heavenly Turks", found on the Orkhon inscriptions, only denotes the Eastern Turks,[25] as Old Turkic kök means "heaven, blue" and signifies the cardinal direction east.[26] The Uyghurs, another people contemporary to Eastern Turks' Latter Göktürk successors, were also Turkic speakers yet used Türük to denote Latter Göktürks, not themselves.[27] Chinese chroniclers used 突厥 Tūjué or Tújué to denote First Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turks, as well as peoples politically associated with Eastern Turks such as: the "Wooden-Horse Tujue" (including the Tuvans,[28] whom Book of Sui and History of the Northern Dynasties listed as a Tiele tribe),[29][30] the Tujue Sijie 突厥思結[31][32] (a tribe who were also members of the Tiele and later Toquz Oghuz), as well as the Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 and Khazars (突厥曷薩 Tūjué Hésà or Tújué Hésà; 突厥可薩部 Tūjué Kěsà bù or Tújué Kěsà bù), as well as the Shatuo's and Khazars' predecessors, the Western Turks 西突厥 Xī Tūjué or Xī Tújué, who were not named as Türük, but On-Ok "Ten Arrows, Ten Tribes" in the Orkhon inscriptions.[33][34] Only later would Islamic chroniclers use Turks to denote Inner Asian nomadic peoples, and then modern historians would use Turks to refer to all peoples speaking Turkic languages, differentiated from non-Turkic speakers.[35][36]
Nominal unity (552–581)
The west was given to Bumin's younger brother
East-West split (581-603)
In 581 the
Independence (603–630)
From 603 the east and west were definitely split. The east went to Yami Qaghan (603-09) as a sort of Suu vassal. He admired Han culture and had the Han people build him a civilized house in the Ordos country.
As the Sui dynasty's power waned, some individuals agreed to become vassals of Shibi Qaghan (609–19) and adopted Turkic-style titles, as well as the Khaganate's wolf's-head banners.[38] In 615, the Sui lured his Sogdian advisor into a trap and killed him. He stopped paying tribute and briefly besieged Emperor Yang of Sui in Shanxi.
In 615 Emperor Yang assigned Li Yuan, who would later become the first emperor of the Tang dynasty, the impossible task of protecting the Sui dynasty's northern border. In 617, when tens of thousands of Turks reached Taiyuan, they found the gates open and the city suspiciously quiet. Fearing an ambush, the Turk's retreated. Li Yuan's deception had been successful and he quickly pressed his advantage offering the Turks "prisoners of war, women, jade and silks" in return for their friendship. The Turks declined, demanding instead that Li Yuan become a "Son of Heaven" and accept a Turkic title and banner.[38]
Shibi's younger brother Chuluo (619–20) ruled for only 18 months. The next brother, Illig Qaghan (620–30), was the last independent ruler. He led yearly raids against the new Tang dynasty (618–907). In 626 he reached the gates of Chang’an. Emperor Taizong of Tang, who had just overthrown his father, chose to pay an enormous ransom. Taizong waited and enlarged his cavalry. In 627-29 unusual cold led to mass livestock deaths and famine. Instead of lowering taxes, Illig raised them. The Xueyantuo, Uyghurs, Bayegu and some of Illig's people rebelled and in 629 were joined by the Khitans and Taizong. Six Tang armies attacked in a 1200 kilometre front and Illig was captured (630). See Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks.
After the First Khaganate (630–683)
After the fall of the Khaganate
See also
History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
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History of Mongolia |
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- Göktürks
- Gokturk family tree
- Gokturk civil war
- Turks in the Tang military
- Turkic peoples
- Timeline of Turks (500–1300)
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ Lirong MA: Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy. In: Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia). Band 8, Nr. 2, Juni 2014
- ^ Гумилёв Л. Н. Древние тюрки. — СПб.: СЗКЭО, Издательский Дом «Кристалл», 2002. — С. 576. — ISBN 5-9503-0031-9.
- JSTOR 1170959.
- ^ ALTINKILIÇ, Dr. Arzu Emel (2020). "Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi" (PDF). Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research: 1101–1110.
- ^ Narantsatsral, D. "THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB" (PDF). The Journal of International Civilization Studies.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-108-54810-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
- ^ ALTINKILIÇ, Dr. Arzu Emel (2020). "Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi" (PDF). Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research: 1101–1110.
- ^ Narantsatsral, D. "THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB" (PDF). The Journal of International Civilization Studies.
- ^ Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2009). "Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')". Transoxiana. 14: Fig.16.
- ^ Grünwedel, Albert (1912). Altbuddhistische Kultstätten Chinesisch Turkistan. p. 180.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, p. 93-95
- ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 143: "Subsequently, "Türk" would find a suitable Turkic etymology, being conflated with the word türk, which means one in the prime of youth, powerful, mighty (Rona-Tas 1991,10–13)."
- ^ (Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17
- ^ a b “Türk” in Turkish Etymological Dictionary, Sevan Nişanyan.
- ^ Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)
- ^ “türe-” in Turkish Etymological Dictionary, Sevan Nişanyan.
- ^ “*töre-” in Sergei Starostin, Vladimir Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003), Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
- American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"". bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, and A. P. Martinez (2012), ARCHIVUM EURASIAEMEDII AEV, p. 85
- ^ Clauson, G. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish (1972). p. 542-543
- ^ Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Page 295
- ^ Golden, Peter B. "Türks and Iranians: Aspects of Türk and Khazaro-Iranian Interaction". Turcologica (105): 25.
- ^ Christian, page 251, citing 'Sui annals'
- ^ Cheng Fangyi. "The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oghuric Tribes". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi: 86.
- ^ Golden, P.B. (1992) Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples Series: Turcologia, Volume 9. Otto-Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden p. 117
- ^ Bayanchur Inscription, text at Türik Bitig
- Xin Tangshu vol. 217btxt: "木馬突厥三部落,曰都播、彌列、哥餓支," tr. "The three Wooden Horse Tujue tribes, called Dou-bo, Mi-lie, [and] Ge-e-zhi"
- Suishu vol. 84 Tiele
- ^ Beishi Vol. 99
- ^ Sima Guang et al. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 196
- ^ Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 114 (in Russian)
- ^ Tonyukuk inscriptions, text at Türik Bitig
- ^ Bilge Khagan inscriptions text at Türik Bitig
- ^ Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–32
- ^ Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 197-239
- ISBN 978-1-78831-722-1.
- ^ a b Wang, Zhenping and Joshua A. Fogel (Ed.). 2017. 1. Dancing with the Horse Riders: The Tang, the Turks, and the Uighurs. In Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia, 11–54. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved 12 Feb. 2018
Bibliography
- Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, volume 2, p174-206
- Denis Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p285-297 (better for early period)
- David Christian (historian), History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, p248-257 (early period)
- Lev Gumilyov, The Ancient Turks, 1967 (long account in Russian at: [1])