Eastern Yugur language
| Eastern Yugur | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Yugur (2000)[1] |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2007)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yuy |
| Glottolog | east2337 |
| ELP | East Yugur |
Eastern Yugur is the
Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of fluent speakers.[4][5] Language contact with neighbouring languages, particularly Chinese, has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers.[5] Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating declining language competency.[6]
Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar, Western Yugur, and Eastern Yugur in his 1893 book written in Russian, The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lateral | |||||||
Stop
|
voiceless | p | t
|
k | q | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
Affricate
|
voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ||||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | s | ɬ
|
ʃ | χ | h | ||
| voiced | β | ɣ | ʁ | |||||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n
|
ŋ | ||||
| voiceless | n̥ | |||||||
| Trill | r
|
|||||||
Approximant
|
l
|
j | ||||||
The phonemes /ç, çʰ, ɕ, ɕʰ, ʂ, ʑ/ appear exclusively in Chinese loanwords.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
High
|
i | y | ʉ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | ə | o ɔ |
Low
|
ɑ | |||
Vowel length is also distributed.
References
- ^ a b Eastern Yugur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ JSTOR 43391252.
- ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
- ^ "East Yugur". Glottolog. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
- ^ ISBN 978-94-6252-288-6.
- ISBN 978-94-6252-314-2.
- JSTOR 2718250.
- ^ Roos, Martina Erica (2000). The Western Yugur (Yellow Uygur) Language: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
- ^ "Yugurology". The Western Yugur Steppe. Archived from the original on October 5, 2003.
- ^ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
- ^ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
- ^ Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886 (in Russian). Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
- ^ Chuluu (1994)
Further reading
- 保朝鲁; 贾拉森 (1991). Dōngbù yùgù yǔ hé ménggǔ yǔ 东部裕固语和蒙古语 [Eastern Yugur and Mongolian] (in Chinese). Huhehaote: Neimenggu renmin chubanshe. OCLC 299469024.
- Chuluu, Üjiyediin (Chaolu Wu) (1994). Introduction, Grammar and Sample Sentences for Jegün Yogur (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 54. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 32579233.
- Stuart, Kevin C., ed. (1996). Blue Cloth and Pearl Deer: Yogur Folklore (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 73. Translated by Zhang, Juan. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 41180478.
