Eastern hoolock gibbon

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Eastern hoolock gibbon
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hoolock
Species:
H. leuconedys
Binomial name
Hoolock leuconedys
(Groves, 1967)
Eastern hoolock gibbon range

The eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) is a

Hylobatidae. It is one of three species of hoolock gibbon. This species is found in east of the Chindwin River, such as the Mahamyaing Wildlife Sanctuary, and in south west Yunnan of China. Recent study published in April, 2021, in International Journal of Primatology confirmed that this species is not found in India as it was thought to be.[3]

Taxonomy

Mootnick and

Hoolock. This genus was argued to contain two distinct species which were previously thought to be subspecies: Hoolock hoolock and Hoolock leuconedys.[5] The ranges of the two species are unclear and may overlap, and intermediates may occur.[1]

Habitat and ecology

The eastern hoolock gibbon is a forest-dwelling primate that prefers a continuous canopy, which makes them vulnerable to loss of habitat. They can be found in deciduous or evergreen forests.[1] They also reside in partially deciduous hill forests as well as broadleaf pine forests, and can be found as high as 2,700 m in elevation in northeastern Myanmar.[1] The eastern hoolock gibbon has been found in tropical environments that experience monsoon rains and have cool, dry winters. and lowland tropical environments.[6][7]

The eastern hoolock gibbon is an omnivorous animal, with fruits making up the majority of its diet at about 65%, with 60% of the fruits being figs.[6] They also eat lichens, invertebrates, bird eggs, plant parts (buds, shoots, leaves, flowers), and insects.[6] The majority of what they eat depends on their location and the density of the available resources, but fruits always show to be their most dominant food type.[6] Gibbon groups sleep in trees that are close to each other, focusing on the tallest canopy trees, and tend to choose areas located either on hilltops or slopes.[6] They also sleep in a fetal position with their arms hugging their knees into their chests.[6] Gibbons are more active in the summer, awaking earlier in the day than in the winter, and socialize more with each other while being awake for about 8–10 hours a day, sleeping shortly before dusk arrives.[6] They have food competition with Malayan giant squirrels, so chase them away from their food resources, but are subject to attacks by thrushes, magpies, and drongos, with the drongos being the most aggressive over food.[6]

Threats

The primary threat facing this species is habitat loss and degradation due to human activities, such as logging, mining, construction, and agriculture.

Nisaetus nipalensis), and larger gibbons have been killed by domestic dogs from local villages while crossing gaps between forests.[7] They are also subject to predation by leopards, pythons, and vultures.[6]

Conservation

So far, China has created the

Tongbiguan National Nature Reserves that currently house small populations of the eastern hoolock gibbon, and the Mahamyaing Sanctuary in Myanmar also acts as a gibbon shelter, as does the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve, which has noted that some gibbons live within its boundaries.[1] Within Arunachal Pradesh, the Forest Department has been working with the Wildlife Trust of India to transfer gibbon groups to the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Biological Park of Itanagar has created a program to captive-breed this species and release them into the wild with the collaboration of the Central Zoo Authority.[1] India has also made killing or capturing the eastern hoolock gibbon illegal, but has few resources to be able to enforce the laws, thus is more focused on protecting larger mammals.[6]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Hoolock leuconedys.
  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T118355453A17968300.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. PMID 5626313
    .
  4. S2CID 8394136
    .
  5. S2CID 86331056
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gron KJ. 2008 August 13. Primate Factsheets: Hoolock gibbon (Hoolock) Conservation . <http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/hoolock_gibbon/cons>. Accessed 2016 November 14.
  7. ^
    S2CID 55701721
    .
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