Echo vowel
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An echo vowel, also known as a synharmonic vowel, is a
Languages
In modern Sanskrit, echo vowels are often added in pronunciation to the visarga.
In
Agent focus | suffix | reduplication | |
---|---|---|---|
echo vowel | wa-uŋulu | uŋul-a | ara uŋul-uŋulu |
drinks | drink! | don't drink | |
phonemic vowel | wa-kanə | kanə-a | ara kanə-kanə |
eats | eat! | don't eat |
Similarly, in the related Uneapa, echo vowels are added after a Proto-Oceanic final consonant, such as *Rumaq "house" > rumaka.
The
Language | stem | base | with suffix | with enclitic |
---|---|---|---|---|
Makassar | /lammor-/ | lámmoroʔ 'cheap' |
/lammor-/ + /-i/ lammóri 'cheapen' |
/lammoroʔ/ + /=i/ lámmoroki 'it's cheap' |
/lambus-/ | lámbusuʔ 'straight' |
/lambus-/ + /-i/ lambúsi 'straighten up' |
/lambusuʔ/ + /=i/ lámbusuki 'it's straight' | |
/lambusuʔ/ + /=aʔ/ lámbusukaʔ 'i am stright' | ||||
Selayar | /lambus-/ | lámbusu 'straight' |
/lambus-/ + /-i/ lambúsi 'straighten up' |
/lambusu/ + /=i/ lámbusui 'it's straight' |
/lambusu/ + /=a/ lámbusua 'i am stright' |
Echo vowels have also been reconstructed for Proto-Macro-Jê.[2]
Syllabaries
Echo vowels are also found in writing, especially with syllabaries. For example, a word kab may be written as if it were kaba, and keb would be written as if it were kebe. Such a system is found in Maya, with complications depending on the quality of the preceding vowel. In Linear B, such final consonants were simply not written. However, consonant clusters were separated with echo vowels: the city of Knossos is written as if it were Konoso (Linear B: 𐀒𐀜𐀰, ko-no-so).
In
See also
- Paragoge (paragogic vowel)
References
- ^ Basri, Hasan; Broselow, Ellen; Finer, Daniel (2012). "The end of the word in Makassar languages" (PDF). In Borowsky, Toni; Kawahara, Shigeto; Sugahara, Mariko; Shinya, Takahito (eds.). Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Selkirk. Advances in Optimality Theory. Sheffield & Bristol, Conn.: Equinox.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.