Eclipse Comics

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Eclipse Comics
Trading cards
ImprintsIndependent Comics Group
4Winds Creative Group
Eclipse International

Eclipse Comics was an American comic book publisher, one of several independent publishers during the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1978, it published the first

comic book specialty store market. It was one of the first to offer royalties and creator ownership
of rights.

Creators whose early work appears in Eclipse publications included

James Hudnall and Chris Ware, while the publisher also produced creator-owned work by Don McGregor, Mark Evanier, Gene Colan, Alan Moore, Steve Englehart, Steve Gerber and P. Craig Russell
.

History

Foundation

The company was founded as Eclipse Enterprises by brothers Jan and

work-for-hire.[3] Jan Mullaney, a session keyboardist who had toured with the Bee Gees and Bad Company, put up the $2000 starting money.[4]

The name was thought up by Sue Pollina, a friend of the Mullaneys, while the company's first logo was designed by

Staten Island, New York.[5]

Early graphic novels

Eclipse published one of the first original

New Media Publishing, but left after a year to focus on Eclipse.[8]

Ongoing titles

Not wanting to limit the company to graphic novels alone, the brothers devised

Masked Man.[3] October 1981 saw the publication of Jim Starlin's Dreadstar graphic novel The Price when the writer-artist was having contractual issues with Marvel. The success of the volume enabled Starlin to leverage a better deal with Marvel, and led to the creation of Marvel's Epic Comics imprint in 1982. Dean Mullaney would later claim Epic's name was purposefully picked to cause confusion with Eclipse.[4] Another disgruntled Marvel creator to work for Eclipse was Gerber; Eclipse commissioned his Destroyer Duck series. Another anthology, it was partly motivated to allow Gerber to raise funds to sue Marvel over the ownership of Howard the Duck. The first issue of Destroyer Duck sold 80,000 copies and proved to the Mullaneys that colour ongoing comics were viable; a Saber series started in 1982 and would run for 14 issues.[4][3]

In December 1981 production of Destroyer Duck introduced Dean Mullaney to

Cat Yronwode, then news reporter for Comics Buyer's Guide.[9] At the time, Yronwode was working as an archivist for Will Eisner. Yronwode recalled that Eisner and his wife Ann "hosted a party for me with all these comic book men I was flirting with. All these men came up; they all wanted to meet Will. One of them was Dean Mullaney, the co-owner of Eclipse Comics, a small independent publishing house. He was the most flirtatious."[10] The pair began a personal and professional relationship,[4] though the former aspect was initially kept private. Yronwode rapidly became Eclipse's de facto editor-in-chief.[11]

Expansion

Catherine Yronwode and Dean Mullaney at the 1982 San Diego Comic Con

While Jan Mullaney remained based in New York to handle the economic side of the business, Dean Mullaney focused on the role of publisher and Yronwode that of editor-in-chief for Eclipse's growing number of titles, and the pair briefly relocated to Columbia, Missouri.[12] After meeting Mark Evanier and Will Meugniot Eclipse published their first superhero regular series, The DNAgents. It was joined by Eclipse Monthly, a colour successor to Eclipse, the Magazine that continued Static, Dope and Masked Man as well as introducing further characters. Ms. Tree was spun off into its own title, while Yronwode rediscovered Will Eisner's lost 1948 story John Law, which was published for the first time.[13][4] After the stopover in Missouri, Dean Mullaney and Yronwode established Eclipse's main offices in the small town of Guerneville in July 1983.[12] In October 1984 Jan Mullaney opted to discontinue his involvement in order to focus on his music career, leaving his brother as sole publisher and Yronwode officially promoted to editor-in-chief.[4] Eclipse's advertising copy flagged their stance on creator ownership,[14] the maturity of the material[15] and the individuality of the output[16]

Increased output included Scott McCloud's Zot! (which the writer-artist originally submitted through the mail) and Doug Moench's Aztec Ace.[12] Yronwode would effectively become the face of the company, continuing to write her influential Fit to Print comic in Comics Buyer's Guide and from late 1984 penning the Penumbra column printed in most Eclipse titles; it had previously been named Notes from Surf City in reference to the 1963 Jan and Dean song, an in-joke between the similarly named Mullaney brothers.[4] During this time her name was professionally rendered as "cat ⊕ yronwode" in CBG and Eclipse material, though other publishers were less exhaustive. The comic market experienced a downturn in 1984 due to a crowded market but Eclipse were successful enough to weather it; when rival Pacific Comics folded, Mullaney was able to arrange purchasing their titles. This included Dave Stevens' The Rocketeer, Mr. Monster and Somerset Holmes, as well as a recently signed deal for the American rights to Quality Communications' acclaimed British anthology Warrior. They also set up the Independent Comics Group to publish two issues of the anthology Twisted Tales, while Fred Burke would also join the company in 1984. Burke would go on to edit and write numerous titles for Eclipse.[17]

The inherited deal with Quality was fortuitously timed;

Saga of the Swamp Thing for DC Comics, triggering the so-called British invasion. The Warrior deal brought in Axel Pressbutton and The Spiral Path, which would be coloured by Eclipse and printed in limited series, as well as taking over Peter Milligan's Strange Days anthology, starring Johnny Nemo.[4] The deal also included the acclaimed revival of Marvelman written by Moore, though legal issues – resulting in the book being retitled Miracleman – had to be resolved before Eclipse could run the title.[18] Miracleman was originally one of three 75¢ books launched by Eclipse (along with The New Wave and the new-material Laser Eraser and Pressbutton) as part of a short-lived deal with a Finnish printer at the time they were the cheapest direct market full colour comics ever made. However, the results of the printing were severely lacking and the price soon became unviable, with Eclipse reverting the books to their standard 95¢ bracket after the initial printing contract expired. After the Warrior material ran out Moore continued the series at Eclipse. Other new additions around this time were Timothy Truman's Scout, Larry Marder's Tales of the Beanworld and Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, Don Chin's spoof of the already-parodic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, while Russell continued his adaptations with comic versions of the operas Salome and Pelleas and Melisandre under the Night Music banner. Eclipse also produced a series of Murray Ward's indexes to various DC titles, continuing from his deal with Pacific; to avoid the complication of Eclipse's logo appearing on books featuring another publisher's intellectual property, these were published via a sub-label named the Independent Comic Group.[4]

Eclipse attempted to innovate with new publishing models for comics. Among these were so-called "micro-series", limited series of two bi-weekly or even weekly issues;

Disney Michael Jackson vehicle Captain EO)[19] and – later – flexi disc records containing theme songs for titles. By this point, Eclipse was selling around half a million comics a month, and was the third largest comics publisher after Marvel Comics and DC Comics.[20]

Flooding

Eclipse suffered a major setback on February 14, 1986, when the

Red Cross canoe;[22] while he was able to save much of the original artwork in the offices by moving it up to the third floor[21] It destroyed the company's inventory of back issues,[22] as well as colour separations for planned reprints of Zot! and Yronwode's notes for a non-fiction book about Steve Ditko.[23] The subject was covered in Fit to Print and Penumbra columns.[24] The events would be alluded to in a tongue-in-cheek framing sequence Yronwode wrote for Miracleman #8.[25] The damage caused was estimated at $200,000.[26]

Despite the material and financial losses, in July 1986 the company launched its first regular bi-weekly title,

aviator hero originally published by Hillman Periodicals between 1942 and 1953, the series was written by the prolific Chuck Dixon. The title initially had another unusual format, being a 16-page 50¢ full-colour title initially.[21] While this was eventually dropped, Airboy would be a critical and commercial success for Eclipse, and several spin-off titles followed. Superhero series The New Wave also launched using the bi-weekly model before becoming a standard monthly.[27] To deal with the increasing output both Burke and Letita Glozer (Yronwode's half-sister) were added to the full-time editorial staff, while Beau Smith would join as Sales Manager.[22]

To avoid further flooding the company also relocated to Forestville in Sonoma County, California.[28] In July 1987, Yronwode used her Fit to Print column to announce her forthcoming marriage to Dean Mullaney, set to take place on August 15 in Forestville; readers were encouraged to write in to receive invitations.[29]

Setbacks

Eclipse's creator-owned ethos had commercial flaws; as the company owned few of its properties it was dependent on its freelancing creators to keep popular titles going as fill-in issues and spin-offs had to be cleared with the creators, who also had the rights to take their work to other publishers when contracts expired. After losing his lawsuit over Howard the Duck, Gerber wound down Destroyer Duck to return to his former employers Marvel as a freelancer;

Stig's Inferno soon after transferring it to Eclipse when he received offers to work on Booster Gold;[33] and Miracleman slowed to a point where the bi-monthly title shipped three issues between April 1988 and December 1989 due to artist John Totleben's health issues.[34]

While Airboy and Scout remained solid sellers for the company further attempts to expand into superhero comics, such as The New Wave, Kurt Busiek's The Liberty Project, Tim Truman's The Prowler and Chuck Dixon's Strike! encountered little long-term success. Between 1987 and 1988 Eclipse's share of the market fell from around 8%[35] to 3.6% (also falling behind First Comics.[36] The successful emergence of Dark Horse Comics (who also took on Mr. Monster) further ate into Eclipse's share. The company began to explore non-fiction; Yronwode and Robbins co-wrote Women and the Comics, a volume on the history of female comic strip and comic book creators. As the first book on this subject, its publication was covered in the mainstream press in addition to the fan press.[37][38][39]

Eclipse International

Attempting to diversify, in 1988 the company created a new division, Eclipse International, to publish material from overseas. One source was

Lum * Urusei Yatsura the title was halted due to "circumstances beyond [either party]'s control".[42] In November 1988 Viz chose not to renew their contract with Eclipse, instead setting up their own American publishing wing. Eclipse continued to work with Studio Proteus on other manga imports, including Dominion and The Lost Continent. The company also commissioned Adam Warren to create an English-language version of Dirty Pair.[43]

Alongside this it partnered with the British independent publisher

Steed and Mrs. Peel (based on television show The Avengers but renamed to avoid confusion with the highly prominent Marvel Comics series of that name) by Grant Morrison and Ian Gibson; and Eddie Campbell's The Complete Alec.[47] The collection won the 1991 UK Comic Art Award for Best Graphic Novel Collection.[48]
The deal ended in 1992.

Total Eclipse

As their tenth anniversary approached, Eclipse planned Total Eclipse, a company-wide crossover in the style of DC's blockbuster Crisis on Infinite Earths. Due to most of its characters being creator-owned permission had to be sought from each individually; many acceded.[49] Eclipse put considerable resources into the prestige-format "super series", including hiring Crisis writer Marv Wolfman to script the series and commissioning covers from Bill Sienkiewicz.[50] Despite promotional stunts such as bespoke plastic bags for comics stores,[51] Total Eclipse was beset by delays and a commercial and critical failure, nixing any hopes of relaunching the likes of Strike! and The New Wave on the back of its success.[52] Soon afterwards production problems saw the stalwart Airboy put on hiatus after 50 issues,[53] while Scout would likewise stall before mooted third series Scout: Marauder could begin. At the end of 1989 Eclipse would announce they were turning away from mainstream comics to 'special projects'.[54]

Trading cards

One of these avenues were adult-orientated trading cards. In 1988 Eclipse had become the first comics company to produce such items with the

Iran-Contra Scandal Trading Cards, with text written by Paul Brancato and featuring art by Salim Yaqub.[55] These were a commercial success, and led to other similar sets on other deliberately provocative subjects – gaining Eclipse considerable mainstream publicity in the process.[56]

Other sets included:

Less sensational subject matter also included baseball bloopers,[81] James Bond, Country Music and National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon.[82]

Decline and closure

After the failure of Total Eclipse, Eclipse would largely discontinue superhero comics bar the ongoing Zot! (which would end in 1991

The Spider[86] or zeitgeist-tapping spoofs such as X-Farce[87] (a satire on Rob Liefeld's X-Force) and Loco vs. Pulverine[88] (based on Lobo and Wolverine) made any impression on sales charts. Several titles, such as a new Aztec Ace mini-series and several titles under the Eclipse F/X horror label, were announced but failed to reach publication.[59]

By 1991 Eclipse typically held around 1% of the market and had been definitively overtaken by Malibu, Valiant and Image. Having always done most of their business with comic stores rather than larger retailers, Eclipse were one of many small publishers adversely affected by the post-speculator boom contraction of the direct market, and by a problematic contract with the book publisher HarperCollins.[89]

Bankruptcy

Problems were exacerbated when Mullaney and Yronwode underwent a messy divorce during 1993;[90] Yronwode would later claim that Mullaney began behaving erratically and emptying Eclipse accounts.[91] The company was left so low on resources that despite receiving completed versions of Miracleman #25 and spin-off Miracleman Triumphant #1 no printer would extend them credit to print the comics.[92] Eclipse's last publication was its Spring 1993 catalog, which was a complete bibliography of its publications, and it ceased business in 1994[93] before finally filing for bankruptcy in 1995.[94]

Assets

The company's intellectual property rights were later acquired by Todd McFarlane for a total of $25,000.[95] Due to most of the company's titles being creator-owned this largely consisted of the Airboy characters and trademarks for some of the anthology titles; at the time McFarlane and others involved believed it also included a two-third share in Miracleman.[96] Eventually it would be discovered that Quality Communications, and thus Eclipse, had never correctly licensed the characters from creator Mick Anglo.[97]

Controversies

Payment of creators

After their contract with Eclipse ended in 1988, manga translator Toren Smith's Studio Proteus signed with Dark Horse. Finding his income suddenly increasing despite similar sales, Smith instigated an audit of Eclipse's finances, revealing the keeping of two sets of books to avoid paying the agreed royalties. A large judgement was eventually made against Eclipse, the losses from which were a factor in the company's strained finances.[92]

Garry Leach,[98] Dez Skinn,[99] Alan Davis,[100] Neil Gaiman,[92] Mark Buckingham,[101] Dave Stevens[102] and Mike Deodato[92] have all gone on the record to state they were either not paid or not paid correctly for work with Eclipse, while Davis has also stated his work was published without his permission.[100]

Lawsuits

In 1992, the convicted

USD$8.5 million for having an image of his face depicted on a trading card; he claimed his face was his trademark. The judge dismissed the case after ruling that, if Bianchi had been using his face as a trademark when he was killing women, he would not have tried to hide it from the police.[103][104]

Eclipse was also a plaintiff when Nassau County, New York, seized a crime-themed trading card series of theirs under a county ordinance prohibiting sales of certain trading cards to minors.[105] The case, in which Yronwode testified and the American Civil Liberties Union provided Eclipse's representation, reached the 2nd Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. It ruled against the county, overturning the ordinance.[106][107][108]

Titles

Main article: List of Eclipse Comics publications

See also

References

  1. Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species
    . Eclipse Enterprises.
  2. Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species
    . Eclipse Enterprises.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Mullaney, Dean (w). "Ten Years After!" Total Eclipse, no. 1 (May 1988). Eclipse Comics.
  4. ^
    Fantagraphics Books
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  5. ^ "Eclipse Comics". USPTO Report.
  6. ^ Gough, Bob (2001). "Interview with Don McGregor". MileHighComics.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  7. ^ Rockwell, John (April 5, 1990). "Conan in Comics? Yes. Hulk? Sure. But Fafner? Wotan?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015.
  8. ^ Bails, Jerry; Ware, Hames (eds.). "Dean Mullaney". Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  9. ^ Mullaney, Dean (w). "Kingston, Youngstown, San Bernandino?" Total Eclipse, no. 2 (August 1988). Eclipse Comics.
  10. ISBN 1-59582-011-6
    .
  11. Fantagraphics Books
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  12. ^ a b c Mullaney, Dean (w). "In Chicago Even Beans Do It!" Total Eclipse, no. 3 (November 1988). Eclipse Comics.
  13. ^ Markstein, Don. "John Law". Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
  14. ^ "This guy is totally bored with comics! (advertisement)". Amazing Heroes. No. 62/1985 Preview Issue. Redbeard, Inc. January 1, 1985.
  15. ^ "I grew up! (advertisement)". Amazing Heroes. No. 66. Redbeard, Inc. March 1, 1985.
  16. ^ "The Eclipse Formula (advertisement)". Amazing Heroes. No. 67. Fantagraphics. March 15, 1985.
  17. ^ Mullaney, Dean (w). "California, Here I Come!" Total Eclipse, no. 4 (January 1989). Eclipse Comics.
  18. ISBN 9780786473601
    .
  19. Fantagraphics Books
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1603601801
    .
  21. ^
    Fantagraphics Books
    . March 1, 1986.
  22. ^ a b c d Mullaney, Dean (w). "Ten Years Later" Total Eclipse, no. 5 (April 1989). Eclipse Comics.
  23. ^
    Fantagraphics Books
    . August 15, 1988.
  24. ^ Yronwode, Catherine; Nagasiva, Nagasiva (2002). "The Lesser Book of the Vishanti: A Companion to the Dr. Strange Comic Books". LuckyMojo.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  25. Yronwode (w), Beckum, Chuck (a). "(untitled framing sequence)" Miracleman
    , no. 8 (June 1986). Eclipse Comics.
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  28. Fantagraphics Books
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  29. Fantagraphics Books
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  30. ^ Shayer, Jason (December 2008). "Steve Gerber in the Marvel Universe". Back Issue! (#31). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 33–40.
  31. Fantagraphics Books
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  33. Fantagraphics Books
    . August 15, 1987.
  34. ISBN 9781605490274
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  35. Fantagraphics Books
    . September 15, 1987.
  36. Fantagraphics Books
    . March 15, 1989.
  37. ^ "Women in the Comics: Assertive and Independent Women Make a Comeback" Miami Herald (newspaper), December 1, 1988.
  38. ^ "Comic Books Are For Adults Too" by William Singleton, Scripps Howard News Service, Chronicle-Telegram (newspaper), January 7, 1988.
  39. ^ "Funny How Things Change" Daily Herald (newspaper), December 28, 1988.
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  41. Fantagraphics Books
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  42. Fantagraphics Books
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  43. Fantagraphics Books
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  44. Fantagraphics Books
    . February 29, 1988.
  45. ^ Curson, Natasha. "Acme – take two Earthquake Pills and exit over cliff...," Natasha Curson blog (August 18, 2010).
  46. ISBN 978-1-84411-004-9
    , p. 293.
  47. ^ Yang, Sam. "A Loaf of Bread, A Jug of Wine and Eddie Campbell," The Comics Journal #145 (Oct. 1991), p. 59.
  48. ^ "British Awards Announced," The Comics Journal #142 (June 1991), p. 17.
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  50. Fantagraphics Books
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  51. Fantagraphics Books
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  52. ^ Williams-Pennick, Virginia (October 15, 1988). "Comics in Review". Amazing Heroes. No. 151. Fantagraphics.
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  55. Fantagraphics Books
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  56. ^ "The Beautifully Drawn True Crime Trading Cards From The '90s Were An Instant Outrage". Ranker.
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  58. Fantagraphics Books
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  59. ^
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  60. ^ Crossen, Judith. "Trading Card Fame for S&L Scoundrels", Reuters via Philadelphia Daily News, September 9, 1991
  61. Boston Globe
    , September 18, 1991
  62. ^ "Insider Trading with Keating, Milken", Los Angeles Daily News, October 20, 1991
  63. ^ Rubin, Paul (August 14, 1991). "Keating Gets Carded: Your Money Might Be Safer in These than in an S&L". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  64. Fantagraphics Books
    . May 1990.
  65. ^ Jones, Kathryn. "Price tag on JFK intrigue Assassination aficionados spawn cottage industry",The Dallas Morning News, November 22, 1991
  66. ^ "Kennedy Assassination is an Industry with Growing Market", Associated Press via The Chronicle-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio), November 28, 1991
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  68. ^ "1992: Crime and Punishment Trading Cards". Total Eclipse.
  69. ^ "Where It's Wall-to-Wall Celebrities : An Illustrator Pictorializes Star-Conscious L.A. for Palms' Famous Gallery". Los Angeles Times.
  70. The Record (Bergen County
    , New Jersey), April 30, 1992
  71. ^ "'True Crime' Cards Thriving Despite Outrage", The New York Times, June 16, 1992
  72. Sacramento Bee
    , June 19, 1992
  73. ^ "Killer Cards: Two groups trying to deal fatal blow to criminal cards", The Oregonian, August 18, 1992
  74. Fantagraphics Books
    . July 1992.
  75. ^ "1993: True Crime Trading Card Booklets". Total Eclipse.
  76. ^ "AIDS cards to include condoms", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (newspaper), September 23, 1992)
  77. Dallas Morning News
    , July 7, 1993
  78. ^ "AIDS Activism turns to cards", Dayton Daily News, July 13, 1993
  79. Boston Globe
    , January 15, 1994
  80. ^ Hutchinson, B. (1993). It’s in the AIDS cards. Alberta Report / Newsmagazine, 20(25), 21
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  82. ^ "Trading Cards". Total Eclipse.
  83. Fantagraphics Books
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  87. Fantagraphics Books
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  88. Fantagraphics Books
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  89. ^ MacDonald, Heidi (March 30, 2007). "Mullaney on Eclipse". "The Beat" (column), Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on May 7, 2007.
  90. ^ "Newswatch: Business News: Eclipse Copes with Divorce and Back Debt". The Comics Journal (165): 12. January 1994.
  91. ISBN 9781605490274
    .
  92. ^
    ISBN 9781605490274
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  93. ^ "Comics Publishers Suffer Tough Summer: Body Count Rises in Market Shakedown". The Comics Journal (172): 13–18. November 1994.
  94. ^ "Newswatch: Eclipse Files for Bankruptcy". The Comics Journal (174): 25. February 1995.
  95. ^ "McFarlane Buys Eclipse Assets at Auction". The Comics Journal (185): 14–15. March 1996.
  96. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Last Legal Post for a long time". Journal.neilgaiman.com. February 25, 2004. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  97. ^ "CCI: Cup O Joe – Marvelman at Marvel". Comic Book Resources. July 24, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  98. ISBN 9781605490274
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  99. ISBN 9781605490274
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  100. ^
    ISBN 9781605490274
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  101. ISBN 9781605490274
    .
  102. ^ "Comic Book Artist Magazine #15 - Dave Stevens Interview - TwoMorrows Publishing". twomorrows.com.
  103. ^ "Serial Killer Sues Trading Card Maker", San Jose Mercury News, December 18, 1992
  104. ^ "Card-Carrying Rebels: Two Guerrilla Journalists Turn Crime and Crises into Camp Collectibles" by Kathleen Donnelly, San Jose Mercury News (newspaper), January 10, 1993
  105. ^ "Nassau County Limits Sale of Crime Trading Cards". The New York Times (newspaper), June 16, 1992
  106. ^ "Nassau Is Faulted for Law Over Killer Trading Cards", The New York Times (newspaper), October 17, 1995
  107. ^ "Arts & First Amendment Issues: Comic Books". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on December 21, 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-26.
  108. ^ "ECLIPSE ENTERPRISES INC v. GULOTTA | FindLaw". caselaw.findlaw.com. 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.

External links

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