Economy of Italy
AIIB | |
Country group | |
---|---|
Statistics | |
Population | 58,850,717 (31 December 2022)[4] |
GDP | |
GDP rank | |
GDP growth | |
GDP per capita | |
GDP per capita rank | |
GDP by sector |
|
4.5% (2023)[5] | |
Population below poverty line | |
32.9 medium (2021e)[11] | |
Labour force | |
Labour force by occupation |
|
Unemployment | |
Average gross salary | ceramics |
External | |
Exports | $625 billion (2021)[8] |
Export goods | Engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals |
Main export partners |
|
Imports | $570 billion (2021)[8] |
Import goods | Engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco |
Main import partners | |
FDI stock | |
$59.52 billion (2019 est.)[8] | |
Gross external debt | $3.024 trillion (31 December 2020)[19] |
Public finances | |
Revenues | 47.1% of GDP (2019)[21] |
Expenses | 48.7% of GDP (2019)[21] |
Economic aid |
|
$211.3 billion (November 2022 est.)[8] | |
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. |
The economy of Italy is a
In the post-World War II period, Italy saw a transformation from an agricultural-based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the
Italy is the world's
Despite these important achievements, the country's economy today suffers from structural and non-structural problems.
History
The Italian Renaissance was remarkable in economic development. Venice and Genoa were the trade pioneers, first as maritime republics and then as regional states, followed by Milan, Florence, and the rest of northern Italy. Reasons for their early development are for example the relative military safety of Venetian lagoons, the high population density and the institutional structure which inspired entrepreneurs.
After 1600 Italy experienced an economic catastrophe. In 1600 Northern and Central Italy comprised one of the most advanced industrial areas of Europe. There was an exceptionally high standard of living.[51] By 1870 Italy was an economically backward and depressed area; its industrial structure had almost collapsed, its population was too high for its resources, its economy had become primarily agricultural. Wars, political fractionalization, limited fiscal capacity and the shift of world trade to north-western Europe and the Americas were key factors.[52][53]
The economic history of Italy after 1861 can be divided in three main phases:[54] an initial period of struggle after the unification of the country, characterised by high emigration and stagnant growth; a central period of robust catch-up from the 1890s to the 1980s, interrupted by the Great Depression of the 1930s and the two world wars; and a final period of sluggish growth that has been exacerbated by a double-dip recession following the 2008 global financial crush, and from which the country is slowly reemerging only in recent years.
Age of Industrialization
Prior to unification, the economy of the many Italian statelets was overwhelmingly agrarian; however, the agricultural surplus produced what historians call a "pre-industrial" transformation in North-western Italy starting from the 1820s,
After the
However, the diffusion of industrialisation that characterised the northwestern area of the country largely excluded Venetia and, especially, the South. The resulting Italian diaspora concerned up to 26 million Italians, the most part in the years between 1880 and 1914; by many scholars, it is considered the biggest mass migration of contemporary times.[61] During the Great War, the still frail Italian state successfully fought a modern war, being able of arming and training some 5 million recruits.[62] But this result came at a terrible cost: by the end of the war, Italy had lost 700,000 soldiers and had a ballooning sovereign debt amounting to billions of lira.
Fascist regime
Italy emerged from World War I in a poor and weakened condition. The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, at the end of a period of social unrest. However, once Mussolini acquired a firmer hold of power, laissez-faire and free trade were progressively abandoned in favour of government intervention and protectionism.[63]
In 1929, Italy was hit hard by the Great Depression.[64] In order to deal with the crisis, the Fascist government nationalized the holdings of large banks which had accrued significant industrial securities, establishing the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale.[65] A number of mixed entities were formed, whose purpose was to bring together representatives of the government and of the major businesses. These representatives discussed economic policy and manipulated prices and wages so as to satisfy both the wishes of the government and the wishes of business.[63]
This economic model based on a partnership between government and business was soon extended to the political sphere, in what came to be known as
Italy's involvement in World War II as a member of the Axis powers required the establishment of a war economy. The Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 eventually caused the Italian political structure – and the economy – to rapidly collapse. The Allies, on the one hand, and the Germans on the other, took over the administration of the areas of Italy under their control. By the end of the war, Italian per capita income was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century.[66]
Post-war economic miracle
After the end of World War II, Italy was in rubble and occupied by foreign armies, a condition that worsened the chronic development gap among the more advanced European economies. However, the new geopolitical logic of the
The end of aid through the Plan could have stopped the recovery but it coincided with a crucial point in the
These favourable developments, combined with the presence of a large labour force, laid the foundation for spectacular economic growth that lasted almost uninterrupted until the "
The 1970s and 1980s: from stagflation to "il sorpasso"
The 1970s were a period of economic, political turmoil and social unrest in Italy, known as Years of lead. Unemployment rose sharply, especially among the young, and by 1977 there were one million unemployed people under the age of 24. Inflation continued, aggravated by the increases in the price of oil in 1973 and 1979. The budget deficit became permanent and intractable, averaging about 10 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP), higher than any other industrial country. The lira fell steadily, from Lire 560 to the U.S. dollar in 1973 to Lire 1,400 in 1982.[71]
The economic recession went on into the mid-1980s until a set of reforms led to the independence of the
However, the Italian economy of the 1980s presented a problem: it was booming, thanks to increased productivity and surging exports, but unsustainable fiscal deficits drove the growth.
Great Recession
Italy was among the wealthy countries that were hardest hit by the
Economic recovery
In the period 2014-2019, the economy partially recovered from the disastrous losses incurred during the
Economy resilient
Starting from February 2020 after the United States had the first originated from China, Italy was the first country in Europe to be severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,[88] that eventually expanded to the rest of the world. The economy suffered a massive shock as a result of the
Currency
Despite the fact that the first Italian coinage systems were used in the
Since Italy has been for centuries divided into many
Overview
Data
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation below 5% is in green.[101]
Year | GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP) |
GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal) |
GDP growth
(real) |
Inflation rate
(in Percent) |
Unemployment
(in Percent) |
Government debt
(in % of GDP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 614.4 | 10,895.8 | 482.7 | 8,559.5 | 3.1% | 21.8% | 7.4% | n/a |
1981 | 676.3 | 11,973.7 | 437.7 | 7,749.8 | 0.6% | 19.5% | 7.6% | n/a |
1982 | 719.2 | 12,723.3 | 432.6 | 7,652.9 | 0.2% | 16.5% | 8.3% | n/a |
1983 | 754.2 | 13,334.6 | 448.9 | 7,936.2 | 0.9% | 14.7% | 7.4% | n/a |
1984 | 805.0 | 14,231.6 | 443.5 | 7,840.8 | 3.0% | 10.7% | 7.8% | n/a |
1985 | 852.2 | 15,060.2 | 458.0 | 8,093.6 | 2.6% | 9.0% | 8.2% | n/a |
1986 | 893.0 | 15,777.1 | 648.7 | 11,461.2 | 2.7% | 5.8% | 8.9% | n/a |
1987 | 943.1 | 16,664.2 | 814.2 | 14,385.8 | 3.1% | 4.7% | 9.6% | n/a |
1988 | 1,015.7 | 17,942.2 | 902.0 | 15,934.2 | 4.0% | 5.1% | 9.7% | 95.2% |
1989 | 1,089.9 | 19,238.7 | 938.1 | 16,560.6 | 3.3% | 6.2% | 9.7% | 97.9% |
1990 | 1,153.1 | 20,338.1 | 1,170.8 | 20,651.8 | 2.0% | 6.4% | 8.9% | 101.1% |
1991 | 1,209.2 | 21,309.8 | 1,236.8 | 21,795.7 | 1.4% | 6.2% | 8.5% | 104.7% |
1992 | 1,245.7 | 21,941.9 | 1,312.4 | 23,116.6 | 0.7% | 5.0% | 8.8% | 112.3% |
1993 | 1,264.6 | 22,255.4 | 1,055.3 | 18,572.9 | -0.8% | 4.5% | 9.8% | 123.4% |
1994 | 1,318.4 | 23,193.6 | 1,088.5 | 19,149.5 | 2.1% | 4.2% | 10.6% | 130.1% |
1995 | 1,382.1 | 24,314.4 | 1,175.3 | 20,675.3 | 2.7% | 5.4% | 11.2% | 119.4% |
1996 | 1,425.3 | 25,073.3 | 1,312.8 | 23,094.4 | 1.3% | 4.0% | 11.2% | 119.1% |
1997 | 1,476.4 | 25,957.8 | 1,243.2 | 21,858.5 | 1.8% | 1.8% | 11.2% | 116.8% |
1998 | 1,520.0 | 26,712.1 | 1,271.7 | 22,348.1 | 1.8% | 2.0% | 11.3% | 114.1% |
1999 | 1,566.5 | 27,526.6 | 1,253.7 | 22,029.7 | 1.6% | 1.7% | 10.9% | 113.3% |
2000 | 1,662.7 | 29,208.9 | 1,147.2 | 20,153.1 | 3.8% | 2.6% | 10.1% | 109.0% |
2001 | 1,733.3 | 30,429.9 | 1,168.0 | 20,505.9 | 2.0% | 2.3% | 9.1% | 108.9% |
2002 | 1,764.8 | 30,964.9 | 1,275.9 | 22,386.3 | 0.3% | 2.6% | 8.6% | 106.4% |
2003 | 1,802.1 | 31,513.1 | 1,577.2 | 27,580.5 | 0.1% | 2.8% | 8.5% | 105.5% |
2004 | 1,876.8 | 32,577.2 | 1,805.7 | 31,342.8 | 1.4% | 2.3% | 8.0% | 105.1% |
2005 | 1,951.5 | 33,621.3 | 1,859.2 | 32,031.4 | 0.8% | 2.2% | 7.8% | 106.6% |
2006 | 2,047.8 | 35,131.2 | 1,949.7 | 33,448.1 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 6.9% | 106.7% |
2007 | 2,134.4 | 36,478.4 | 2,213.4 | 37,828.3 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 6.2% | 103.9% |
2008 | 2,154.4 | 36,513.9 | 2,408.4 | 40,819.0 | -1.0% | 3.5% | 6.8% | 106.2% |
2009 | 2,053.7 | 34,561.9 | 2,197.5 | 36,982.8 | -5.3% | 0.8% | 7.9% | 116.6% |
2010 | 2,114.0 | 35,415.9 | 2,137.8 | 35,815.6 | 1.7% | 1.6% | 8.5% | 119.2% |
2011 | 2,173.2 | 36,250.6 | 2,294.6 | 38,276.0 | 0.7% | 2.9% | 8.6% | 119.7% |
2012 | 2,172.4 | 36,143.0 | 2,088.3 | 34,743.8 | -3.0% | 3.3% | 10.9% | 126.5% |
2013 | 2,187.4 | 36,288.5 | 2,142.0 | 35,535.0 | -1.8% | 1.2% | 12.4% | 132.5% |
2014 | 2,200.3 | 36,460.7 | 2,162.6 | 35,836.2 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 12.8% | 135.4% |
2015 | 2,241.5 | 37,175.6 | 1,836.8 | 30,463.7 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 12.0% | 135.3% |
2016 | 2,420.4 | 40,230.7 | 1,876.6 | 31,190.8 | 1.3% | -0.1% | 11.7% | 134.8% |
2017 | 2,529.5 | 42,111.5 | 1,961.1 | 32,648.8 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 11.3% | 134.2% |
2018 | 2,613.9 | 43,610.3 | 2,092.9 | 34,917.6 | 0.9% | 1.2% | 10.6% | 134.4% |
2019 | 2,674.0 | 44,702.9 | 2,011.5 | 33,627.9 | 0.5% | 0.6% | 9.9% | 134.1% |
2020 | 2,461.9 | 41,279.1 | 1,891.1 | 31,707.1 | -9.0% | -0.1% | 9.3% | 155.3% |
2021 | 2,734.6 | 46,164.6 | 2,101.3 | 35,472.8 | 8.3% | 1.9% | 9.5% | 150.9% |
2022 | 3,022.2 | 51,061.8 | 1,996.9 | 33,739.8 | 3.9% | 8.7% | 8.8% | 147.2% |
2023 | 3,124.4 | 52,825.3 | 1,991.0 | 33,662.3 | 0.9% | 5.2% | 9.4% | 147.1% |
2024 | 3,232.6 | 54,681.4 | 2,059.4 | 34,835.9 | 1.3% | 1.7% | 9.3% | 146.1% |
2025 | 3,328.6 | 56,320.8 | 2,133.1 | 36,092.6 | 1.1% | 2.1% | 9.2% | 144.9% |
2026 | 3,428.0 | 58,024.2 | 2,213.7 | 37,470.1 | 1.1% | 2.0% | 9.1% | 143.5% |
2027 | 3,520.3 | 59,611.0 | 2,289.8 | 38,774.6 | 0.7% | 2.0% | 9.0% | 142.5% |
Companies
Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2016, the Fortune Global 500, nine are headquartered in Italy.[102]
Rank (World) | Rank (Italy) | Company | Headquarters | Revenue (€bn) | Profit (€bn) | Employees (World) | Main sector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19 | 1 | Fiat | Turin | 152.6 | 0.83 | 225,587 | Automotive |
49 | 2 | Generali | Trieste | 102.6 | 2.25 | 74,000 | Insurance |
65 | 3 | Eni | Rome | 93.0 | 1.33[103] | 80,911 | Petroleum |
78 | 4 | Enel | Rome | 83.9 | 2.44 | 62,080 | Electric utility |
224 | 5 | Intesa Sanpaolo | Turin | 42.2 | 3.04 | 90,807 | Banking |
300 | 6 | UniCredit | Milan | 34.6 | 1.88 | 117,659 | Banking |
305 | 7 | Poste italiane |
Rome | 34.1 | 0.61 | 142,268 | Postal services
|
404 | 8 | Telecom Italia |
Rome | 26.6 | 0.44[104] | 66,025 | Telecommunications |
491 | 9 | Unipol | Bologna | 21.5 | 0.30 | 14,223 | Insurance |
Figures are for 2016. Figures in italic = Q3 2017
In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in Italy is Services with 654,065 companies followed by Retail Trade and Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate with 519,448 and 348,881 companies respectively.[105]
Wealth
Italy has over 1.4 million people with a net wealth greater than $1 million, a total national wealth of $11.857 trillion, and represents the 5th largest cumulative net wealth globally (it accounts for 4.92% of the net wealth in the world).[106] According to the Credit Suisse's Global Wealth Databook 2013, the median wealth per adult is $138,653 (5th in the world),[106] while according to the Allianz's Global Wealth Report 2013, the net financial wealth per capita is €45,770 (13th in the world).[107]
The following top 10 list of Italian billionaires is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes in 2017.[108]
Rank (World) | Rank (Italy) | Name | Net Worth ($bn) | Main source | Main sector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
29 | 1 | Maria Franca Fissolo Ferrero & family | 25.2 | Ferrero SpA | Food |
50 | 2 | Leonardo Del Vecchio | 17.9 | Luxottica | Eyewear |
80 | 3 | Stefano Pessina | 13.9 | Walgreens Boots | Pharmaceutical retail |
133 | 4 | Massimiliana Landini Aleotti | 9.5 | Menarini | Pharmaceutical |
199 | 5 | Silvio Berlusconi | 7.0 | Fininvest | Financial services |
215 | 6 | Giorgio Armani | 6.6 | Armani | Fashion |
250 | 7 | Giorgio Perfetti |
5.8 | Perfetti Van Melle | Confectionery |
385 | 8 | Paolo & Gianfelice Rocca | 3.4 | Techint | Conglomerate |
474 | 9 | Giuseppe De'Longhi | 3.8 | De'Longhi
|
Small appliance |
603 | 10 | Patrizio Bertelli | 3.3 | Prada | Apparels |
Regional data
Rank | Region | GDP €m | 2015 GDP €m | % of Nation | € per capita (2022) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | Italy | 1,946,479 | 1,645,439 | 100.00 | 34,084 |
1 | Lombardy | 439,986.38 | 357,200 | 21.71 | 46,000 |
2 | Lazio | 212,911.42 | 192,642 | 11.09 | 38,800 |
3 | Veneto | 180,173.48 | 151,634 | 9.21 | 38,700 |
4 | Emilia-Romagna | 176,844.9 | 149,525 | 9.08 | 41,600 |
5 | Piedmont | 145,913.79 | 127,365 | 7.74 | 35,700 |
6 | Tuscany | 128,308.37 | 110,332 | 6.70 | 36,500 |
7 | Campania | 119,467.68 | 100,544 | 6.11 | 22,200 |
8 | Sicily | 97,124.1 | 87,383 | 5.31 | 21,000 |
9 | Apulia | 85,960.7 | 72,135 | 4.38 | 22,900 |
10 | Liguria | 53,854.51 | 47,663 | 2.90 | 37,200 |
11 | Marche | 45,859.37 | 40,593 | 2.47 | 32,200 |
12 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 43,048.67 | 35,669 | 2.17 | 37,600 |
13 | Sardinia | 37,978.08 | 32,481 | 1.97 | 25,000 |
14 | Calabria | 36,081.42 | 32,795 | 1.99 | 20,300 |
15 | Abruzzo | 34,572.45 | 32,592 | 1.98 | 28,300 |
16 | South Tyrol | 29,106.27 | - | 56,900 | |
17 | Umbria | 24,264.04 | 21,438 | 1.30 | 29,500 |
18 | Trentino | 24,002.76 | - | 46,100 | |
19 | Basilicata | 15,252.69 | 11,449 | 0.69 | 29,500 |
20 | Molise | 7,219.42 | 6,042 | 0.36 | 25,800 |
21 | Aosta Valley | 5,404.03 | 4,374 | 0.27 | 45,700 |
Southern question
In the decades following the
In southern Italy, the unification of the country broke down the feudal land system, which had survived in the south since the Middle Ages, especially where land had been the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious bodies or the king. The breakdown of feudalism, however, and redistribution of land did not necessarily lead to small farmers in the south winding up with land of their own or land they could work and make profit from. Many remained landless, and plots grew smaller and smaller and so less and less productive, as land was subdivided amongst heirs.[113]
This gap between northern and southern Italy was also induced by the region-specific policies selected by the post-unitary governments.[114] For example, the 1887 protectionist reform, instead of safeguarding the arboriculture sectors crushed by 1880s fall in prices, shielded the Po Valley wheat breeding and those Northern textile and manufacturing industries that had survived the liberal years due to state intervention.[115] A similar logic guided the assignment of monopoly rights in the steamboat construction and navigation sectors and, above all, the public spending in the railway sector, which represented 53% of the 1861–1911 total.[116]
The resources necessary to finance the public spending effort were obtained through highly unbalanced land property taxes, which affected the key source of savings available for investment in the growth sectors absent a developed banking system.
The north–south gap was intensified by language differences. Southerners spoke the Sicilian language or a variation of it: a language that developed from Latin and other influences independently of and prior to the Tuscan dialect that was adopted as the official Italian language ("standard Italian"). The Sicilian language is a complete, distinct language with its own vocabulary, syntax and grammar rules, the latter being less complex than standard Italian. But because of its similarity to Italian, northerners incorrectly assumed that it was an imperfect dialect of Italian and denigrated it as the "dialect of the poor and ignorant". This has led to continued bias by the North against southerners who "don't speak proper Italian".
After the rise of Benito Mussolini, the "Iron Prefect" Cesare Mori tried to defeat the already powerful criminal organizations flourishing in the South with some degree of success. Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an Italian Empire and Southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies. With the invasion of Southern Italy during World War II, the Allies restored the authority of the mafia families, lost during the Fascist period, and used their influence to maintain public order.[120] Mussolini also established laws requiring standard Italian to be taught in school, and discouraging the use of local Italian dialects throughout the nation, as well as the Sicilian language.
In the 1950s the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno was set up as a huge public master plan to help industrialize the South, aiming to do this in two ways: through land reforms creating 120,000 new smallholdings, and through the "Growth Pole Strategy" whereby 60% of all government investment would go to the South, thus boosting the Southern economy by attracting new capital, stimulating local firms, and providing employment. However, the objectives were largely missed, and as a result, the South became increasingly subsidized and state-dependent, incapable of generating private growth itself.[121]
The imbalance between North and South was reduced in the 1960s and 1970s through the construction of public works, the implementation of agrarian and scholastic reforms,
Economic sectors
Primary
According to the last national agricultural census, there were 1.6 million farms in 2010 (−32.4% since 2000) covering 12,700,000 ha or 31,382,383 acres (63% of which are located in
Italy is the
In fact,
Secondary
Italy is the world's sixth-largest manufacturing country.[36] Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but it has a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them grouped in clusters, which are the backbone of the Italian industry.[134] This results in a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche market and luxury products, that is less capable of competing on quantity but is more capable of facing the competition of emerging economies based on lower labour costs, given the higher quality of its products.[135]
The industrial districts are regionalized: in the Northwest, there is a large modern group of industries, as in the so-called "industrial triangle" (Milan-Turin-Genoa), where there is an area of intense machinery, automotive, aerospace production and shipbuilding; in the Northeast, an area that experienced social and economic development mostly around family-based firms, there are mostly small and medium enterprises of lower technology but high craftsmanship, specializing in machinery, clothing, leather products, footwear, furniture, textiles, machine tools, spare parts, home appliances, and jewellery. In central Italy, there are mostly small and medium-sized companies specializing in products such as textiles, leather, jewellery but also machinery.[134][136] According to a study carried out in 2015 by the Edison Foundation and Confindustria on the most industrialized provinces in Europe, of the five most industrialized provinces in Europe, three are Italian provinces. Brescia turns out to be the first European province for value added by industry, with an added value over 10 billion euros.[137]
The
Tertiary
In Italy, services represent the most important sector of the economy, both in terms of number of employees (67% of the total) and value-added (71%).[141] Furthermore, the sector is by far the most dynamic: over 51% of the more than 5,000,000 companies operating in Italy today belong to the services sector, and in this sector over 67% of new businesses are born.[142] Very important activities in Italy are tourism, trade, services to people and businesses (advanced tertiary).
In 2006 the main sectoral data are: for trade, there are 1,600,000 enterprises, equal to 26% of the Italian entrepreneurial fabric, and over 3,500,000 work units. Transport, communications, tourism and consumption outside the home, over 582,000 businesses, equal to 9.5% of the entrepreneurial fabric, almost 3,500,000 work units. Business services: 630,000 registered companies, equal to 10.3% of the entrepreneurial fabric, over 2,800,000 work units.[142] In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises.
Italy is the
The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early
The following is a list of the main Italian banks and insurance groups ranked by total assets and gross premiums written.
- As of 31 December 2013
|
|
Infrastructure
Energy and natural resources
Italy consumed about 185
Most raw materials needed for manufacturing and more than 80% of the country's energy sources are imported (99.7% of the solid fuels demand, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 13% of electricity).[168][169] Due to its reliance on imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity.[170]
In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's
Solar energy production alone accounted for almost 9% of the total electric production in the country in 2014, making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world.[164] The Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station, completed in 2010, is the largest photovoltaic power station in Italy with 85 MW. Other examples of large PV plants in Italy are San Bellino (70.6 MW), Cellino san Marco (42.7 MW) and Sant’ Alberto (34.6 MW).[173] Italy was also the first country to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity.[171]
Renewable sources account for 27.5% of all electricity produced in Italy, with hydro alone reaching 12.6%, followed by solar at 5.7%, wind at 4.1%, bioenergy at 3.5%, and geothermal at 1.6%.[174] The rest of the national demand is covered by fossil fuels (38.2% natural gas, 13% coal, 8.4% oil) and by imports.[174]
Italy has managed four nuclear reactors until the 1980s, but in 1987, after the
In the early 1970s Italy was a major producer of
Transportation
Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were 668,721 km (415,524 mi) of serviceable roads in Italy, including 6,487 km (4,031 mi) of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by
Italy was the first country in the world to build
The
Since October 2021, Italy's
Italy has been the final destination of the Silk Road for many centuries. In particular, the construction of the Suez Canal intensified sea trade with East Africa and Asia from the 19th century. Since the end of the Cold War and increasing European integration, trade relations, which were often interrupted in the 20th century, have intensified again. In 2004 there were 43 major seaports including the Port of Genoa, the country's largest and the third busiest by cargo tonnage in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the increasing importance of the maritime Silk Road with its connections to Asia and East Africa, the Italian ports for Central and Eastern Europe have become important in recent years. In addition, the trade in goods is shifting from the European northern ports to the ports of the Mediterranean Sea due to the considerable time savings and environmental protection. In particular, the deep water port of Trieste in the northernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea is the target of Italian, Asian and European investments.[185][186][187][188][189][190] The national inland waterway network comprises 1,477 km (918 mi) of navigable rivers and channels. In 2007 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.[191]
Poverty
In 2015, poverty in Italy hit the highest levels in the previous 10 years. The level of absolute poverty for a two-person family was €1050.95/month. The poverty line per capita changed by region from €552.39/month to €819.13/month. The number of those in absolute poverty rose nearly an entire per cent in 2015, from 6.8% in 2014 to 7.6% in 2015.[192] In Southern Italy the numbers are even higher, with 10% living in absolute poverty, up from 9 per cent in 2014. Northern Italy is better off at 6.7%, but this is still an increase from 5.7% in 2014.[192]
The national statistics reporting agency, ISTAT, defines absolute poverty as those who can not buy goods and services which they need to survive. In 2015, the proportion of poor households in relative poverty also increased to 13.7 from 12.9 in 2014. ISTAT defines relative poverty as people whose disposable income is less than around half the national average. The unemployment rate in February 2016 remained at 11.7%, which has been the same for almost a year, but even having a job does not guarantee freedom from poverty.[193]
Those who have at least one family member employed still suffer from 6.1% to 11.7% poverty, the higher number being for those who have factory jobs. The numbers are even higher for the younger generations because their unemployment rate is over 40%. Also, children are hit hard. In 2014, 32% of those aged 0–17 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, which is one child out of three. While in the north the poverty rate is about the same as that of France and Germany, in the south it is almost double that figure. In the last ISTAT report, poverty is in decline.
According to Eurostat, by 2023 63% of Italian households will struggle to make ends meet, making it one of the European countries with the most widespread economic difficulties, surpassing France, Poland, Spain and Portugal. The European average is 45.5%.[196]
See also
- Economic history of Italy
- Economic impacts of climate change in Italy
- Economy of fascist Italy
- Economy of Europe
- Il sorpasso (economics)
- Macroeconomic data in EMU
- PIGS (economics)
References
- ^ "Milan, Italy's Industrial and Financial Capital". 18 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ "Istat: nascite 2022 ancora in calo (-1,9%)". ilsole24ore.com. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2023". IMF. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Economic forecast for Italy".
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects – Italy". International Monetary Fund. April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "CIA World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Poverty in Italy". ISTAT. 5 September 2022.
- ^ "At-risk-of-poverty rate". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ a b "Specific Country Data | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ "Population, aged 15-74 - EU labour force survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d "EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT (PROVISIONAL ESTIMATES) - APRIL 2023". istat.it. Italian National Institute of Statistics. June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org.
- ^ "Taxing Wages 2023: Indexation of Labour Taxation and Benefits in OECD Countries | READ online".
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b "Interscambio commerciale italiano con il resto del mondo infoMercatiEsteri - www.infomercatiesteri.it - infoMercatiEsteri - www.infomercatiesteri.it". www.infomercatiesteri.it.
- ^ "Euromoney Institutional Investor Company". Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ "Italy confirms 2023 debt guidance despite ballooning state budget deficit". reuters.com. reuters.com. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Euro area and EU27 government deficit both at 0.6% of GDP" (PDF). ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ Bufacchi, Isabella (16 October 2014). "Moody's confirms stable outlook on Italy's "Baa2" sovereign rating". Il Sole 24 Ore. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Fitch Affirms Italy at 'BBB+'; Outlook Stable". Reuters. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Scope affirms Italy's BBB+/Stable long-term credit ratings". Scope Ratings. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-191-64770-3.
- ^ "Manufacturing by Country 2024".
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook: Italy". CIA. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Select Country or Country Groups". www.imf.org.
- ^ "The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index" (PDF). The Economist. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Stringa, Giovanni (5 January 2013). "Italia terza al mondo per riserve d'oro, per ogni cittadino dote di 1.650 euro". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Quel bilancio Ue poco equilibrato". Il Sole 24 Ore. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Manufacturing, value added (current US$) Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine". accessed on 17 May 2017.
- ^ "Manufacturing statistics". Eurostat. November 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Workman, Daniel (27 December 2018). "Italy's Top 10 Exports". World's Top Exports.
- ^ Workman, Daniel (2 March 2019). "Top Industrial Robots Exporters". World's Top Exports.
- ^ a b Woodard, Richard (19 March 2013). "Italian wine now 22% of global market". Decanter. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Gustafson, Krystina (31 December 2015). "The world's biggest luxury markets in 2015". www.cnbc.com.
- ^ "Italy remains the third market for luxury goods". Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ "The Power of Cooperation – Cooperatives Europe key statistics 2015" (PDF). Cooperatives Europe. April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ISTAT. 22 December 2020.
- ISTAT. 13 December 2018.
- ^ "GDP per capita growth (annual %) | Data". data.worldbank.org.
- ^ "In Italia 3,7 milioni di lavoratori in nero". LaStampa.it. 14 October 2016.
- ^ "Il Sud d'Italia e i settori che evadono di più". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 29 August 2019.
- ISBN 9781107507180.
- ISBN 9789813108844.
- S2CID 219359647.
- ^ Carlo M. Cipolla, "The Decline of Italy: The Case of a Fully Matured Economy." abFZxxxx Economic History Review 5#2 1952, pp. 178–187. online
- ISBN 9781107507180.
- ^ ISBN 9780199936694.
- ISBN 978-0415057752.
- ISBN 978-0313314834.
- ^ Hildebrand, George Herbert (1965). Growth and Structure in the Economy of Modern Italy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 307–309.
- ISBN 978-0198287735.
- ISBN 978-0582493841.
- Banca d'Italia. p. 4.
- ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-582-48361-3. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-27921-5. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Welk, William G. (1938). Fascist Economy Policy: An Analysis of Italy's Economic Experiment. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 166. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ]
- ]
- ^ Tagliabue, John (11 August 2007). "Italian Pride Is Revived in a Tiny Fiat". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-521-37840-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-49627-8.
- ISBN 978-3-11-012158-2.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-3110114409.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ISTAT. Archived from the originalon 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ a b Vietor, Richard (1 April 2001). "Italy's Economic Half-Miracle". Strategy&. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ "Italian Stock Exchange: Main Indicators (1975–2012)". Borsa Italiana. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Italy: General government gross debt (Percent of GDP)". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ISBN 978-9-0902-7915-2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ ""Secular stagnation" in graphics". The Economist. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- OECD. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Moody, Barry; Mackenzie, James (8 November 2011). "Berlusconi to resign after parliamentary setback". Reuters. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "General government gross debt". Eurostat. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Auret, Lisa (18 May 2010). "Could Italy Be Better Off than its Peers?". CNBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Sanderson, Rachel (10 January 2011). "Italian deficit narrows in third quarter". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Krugman, Paul (24 February 2013). "Austerity, Italian-Style". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Orsi, Roberto (8 October 2013). "The Demise of Italy and the Rise of Chaos". London School of Economics. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Italy exits recession as exports boost growth". Financial Times. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus in Italia, i dati e la mappa". ilsole24ore.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "L'Italia che riparte". ilsole24ore.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Krugman, Paul (23 July 2020). "Why Can't Trump's America Be Like Italy?". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ "BTP Futura – Prima Emissione". borsaitaliana.it. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "Recovery Fund e bilancio: ecco le poste in gioco al Consiglio europeo". ilsole24ore.com. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Special European Council, 17-21 July 2020 Retrieved 15 November 2020.
- ^ "EU recovery fund gives chance to 'change the face' of Italy". Reuters. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "IL FIORINO DI FIRENZE, STORIA DEL "DOLLARO DEL MEDIOEVO"" (in Italian). 19 January 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini (2009). Le monete di Venezia descritte ed illustrate da Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini (in Italian). "Progetto Gutenberg Piero Vianelli. p. 136.
- ^ "IL VALORE DELLE MONETE ROMANE" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Italian coins". ilmarengo.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Forex Trading Information, Learn About Forex Trading". forex-guide.net. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was Nigeria in 1973, when the pound was replaced by the naira.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
- ^ Mehta, Stephanie (2016). "2016 Fortune Global 500". Fortune. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Results for the third quarter and the nine months of 2017". Eni. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Telecom Italia Q3 Profit Declines". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Industry Breakdown of Companies in Italy". HitHorizons.
- ^ a b "Global Wealth Databook 2013" (PDF). Credit Suisse. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ "Global Wealth Report 2013" (PDF). Allianz. August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ "The World's Billionaires, 2017 Rankings". Forbes. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions". Eurostat. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ "Net income: Regions and type of municipality". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ "meridionale, questione nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Latifondo" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ S2CID 153889304.
- ^ Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 141.
- ^ Pescosolido, Guido. Unità Nazionale e Sviluppo Economico 1750–1913. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. pp. 64, 177–182, 202.
- ^ Giovanni Iuzzolino, Guido Pellegrini and, Gianfranco Viesti. "Convergence among Italian Regions, 1861–2011".
- ^ Pescosolido, Guido (2014). Unità Nazionale e Sviluppo Economico 1750–1913. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. pp. 90–92, 118–120, 157.
- ^ Parravicini, Giannino (1958). La Politica Fiscale e le Entrate Effettive del Regno d'Italia 1860–1890. Turin: ILTE.
- ISBN 978-0-472-10895-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7603-2457-8.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ISSN 2049-9280.
- ^ "Principali aggregati dei conti economici regionali". www.istat.it (in Italian). 2 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Le statistiche sui livelli dei prezzi al consumo sul territorio: primi risultati e prospettive. La domanda di informazioni sui differenziali territoriali tra i prezzi" (PDF). www.istat.it (in Italian). 25 October 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ "Occupati e disoccupati". www.istat.it (in Italian). 2 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Senza la mafia il Sud raggiunge il Nord". Censis (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "L'Italia è il maggiore produttore di vino" (in Italian). 25 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ "L'Italia è il paese con più vitigni autoctoni al mondo" (in Italian). 3 June 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ ISTAT. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "How pasta became the world's favourite food". bbc. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "I finti prodotti italiani? Anche in Italia!" (in Italian). 4 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "In cosa consiste l'Italian Sounding" (in Italian). 25 March 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector". Global Witness.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4331-0187-8.
- ^ "Knowledge Economy Forum 2008: Innovative Small And Medium Enterprises Are Key To Europe & Central Asian Growth". World Bank. 19 May 2005. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-7591-0280-4.
- ^ "BRESCIA, THE CAPITAL OF EUROPEAN INDUSTRY".
- ^ "Auto: settore da 144mila imprese in Italia e 117 mld fatturato". adnkronos.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ "Country Profiles – Italy". acea.thisconnect.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
- ^ "Foreign tourist numbers in Italy head towards new record" Archived 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 21 May 2017.
- ^ "I numeri dei Terziario - Confcommercio - Anno 2008" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Il vero "motore" dell'economia è il settore terziario" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ italy24.ilsole4ore.com, "Borsa Italiana Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine"
- ^ source sense.com, "Borsa Italiana"
- ^ news.bbc.co.uk, "London Stock Exchange Buys Borsa"
- ^ finanzalternativa.it, "[2]"
- World Tourism Organization. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ "Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015 Italy" (PDF). World Travel and Tourism Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ "In Italia 11mila matrimoni stranieri, un turismo da 599 milioni" (in Italian). February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ "10 Migliori destinazioni italiane per vita notturna" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ "Turismo naturalistico: cos'è e dove praticarlo in Italia" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Viaggiare in Italia: giro turistico" (in Italian). Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Il benessere genera il 5,3% del Pil mondiale: e in Italia è boom per Spa e turismo "wellness"" (in Italian). 11 October 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ "Turismo religioso, in Italia 3 milioni di pellegrini l'anno e 8,6 milioni di presenze" (in Italian). 24 July 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Il meglio per il turismo subacqueo in Italia" (in Italian). 27 March 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ "VACANZE IN MONTAGNA IN ITALIA: IN INVERNO E IN ESTATE" (in Italian). 30 July 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Il turismo balneare" (in Italian). 14 February 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Crociere, Cemar: 8,8 milioni di passeggeri nei porti italiani" (in Italian). 27 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 76. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-860-78484-5. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-275-96777-2. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "Italy's fourth-biggest bank returns to the stockmarket". The Economist. 26 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Leading Italian Companies". Mediobanca. October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Il rapporto Comuni Rinnovabili 2015". Comuni Rinnovabili (in Italian). Legambiente. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- ^ BP data [3]
- ^ "Summary for Eni SpA". Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ^ "In Val d'Agri with Upstream activities". Eni. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ISBN 978-92-79-09835-2. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ISBN 978-92-79-11151-8. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ a b c "Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries". World Nuclear Association. December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Inventario delle risorse geotermiche nazionali". UNMIG. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ "TERNA statistics data". Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^ "The Italian Montalto di Castro and Rovigo PV plants". www.solarserver.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Rapporto Statistico sugli Impianti a fonti rinnovabili". Gestore dei Servizi Energetici. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "Nuclear Production". Enel. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ a b Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). "The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece". The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ a b c "The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world". Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ European Commission. "Panorama of Transport" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
- ^ John Sousanis (15 August 2011). "World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units". Ward AutoWorld. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ "Frecciarossa 1000 in Figures". Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- ^ Buckley, Julia (18 October 2021). "Italy reveals its new national airline". CNN. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Villamizar, Helwing (15 October 2021). "Italian Flag Carrier ITA Airways Is Born". Airways Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "Trasporto aereo in Italia (PDF)". ISTAT. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.
- ^ Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
- ^ Chazizam, M. (2018). The Chinese Maritime Silk Road Initiative: The Role of the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly, 29(2), 54–69.
- ^ Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019.
- ^ Linda Vierecke, Elisabetta Galla "Triest und die neue Seidenstraße" In: Deutsche Welle, 8 December 2020.
- ^ "HHLA PLT Italy starting on schedule | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide". www.hellenicshippingnews.com.
- ISBN 978-92-79-04618-6. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
- ^ National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ "Unemployment by sex and age – monthly average". eurostat.ec. eurostat. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ^ "Italy: tackling child poverty and overcoming the crisis – European Platform for Investing in Children (EPIC) – European Union". europa.eu. Europa. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ^ "Increasing absolute poverty due to inflation" (PDF) (in Italian).
- ^ "Oltre il 63% delle famiglie italiane fatica ad arrivare a fine mese" [Over 63% of Italian families struggle to make ends meet. Eurostat, the European average is 45.5%] (in Italian). 21 October 2023.
External links
- Italian National Institute of Statistic (ISTAT)
- Italy – OECD
- Italy profile at The World Bank
- The leading international footwear exhibition (MICAM) Archived 2 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Italian Business Facts