Economy of Manchester

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Economy of Manchester
The Beetham Tower, one of the largest buildings outside of London
Statistics
Population549,853 (2021)[1]
GDP£28.2 billion (2021)[2]
GDP per capita
£51,330 (2021)[2]
Labour force
294,500 / 73.6% in employment (Oct 2022 – Sep 2023)[a][3]
Labour force by occupation
List
  • 42.8% Professional
  • 16.5% Associate professional
  • 9.1% Elementary occupations
  • 8.2% Administrative and secretarial
  • 5.9% Caring, leisure and other service
  • 5.5% Sales and customer service
  • 4.9% Managers, directors and senior officials
  • 4.0% Process plant and machine operatives
  • — Skilled trades
  • (Oct 2022 – Sep 2023)[b][3]
Unemployment14,600 / 4.7% (Oct 2022 – Sep 2023)[c][3]
Average gross salary
£634.80 per week (2023)[d][3]
External
Exports£6.3 billion (2021)[e][4]
Export goods
£1.6 billion (2021)[f][4]
Imports£5.6 billion (2021)[e][4]
Import goods
£3.4 billion (2021)[f][4]

The economy of Manchester is among the largest in England.

commercial centre is in Manchester city centre, focused on Spinningfields, Mosley Street, Deansgate, King Street and Piccadilly Gardens.[6]

Historically, the world's first industrialised city,

Indices of Multiple Deprivation Manchester is the 4th most deprived local authority in England.[15] On the other hand, Greater Manchester is home to more multi-millionaires than anywhere outside London, with the City of Manchester taking up most of the tally.[16] In 2013 Manchester was ranked 6th in the UK for quality of life, according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities.[17]

Manchester is considered to be a 'beta -'

Manchester Airports Group, which owns other UK airports such as London Stansted Airport, and is the owner of the City of Manchester Stadium, home to one of the world's highest earning football clubs.[22]

Economic indices

Below is a collection of economic indices featuring Manchester. It is important to remember that while useful, surveys and indicators have limitations, and are at times subjective and incomplete. For example, no complete list of factors affecting quality of life can be created, and the way people weight these factors differs.

Quality of Life

Business

  • 9th lowest tax cost of any industrialised city in the world in 2012 according to KPMG's Competitive Alternative report, where the report noted the city was a notable improver in competitiveness compared with other European cities, with currency depreciation, taxation reductions and decreased industrial facilities costs highlighted as factors.[19]: 79 
  • Along with London, Manchester featured in the top 30 cities in the world for investment,[29] and of the top 30, Manchester was 12th for the highest proportion of urban economy derived from financial and business services.[19]: 18 
  • Manchester has also overtaken Stuttgart and Tokyo to rank 24th in the world, 2nd in the UK after London, in the global innovation cities league tables, according to the most recent 2thinknow Consulting report on Innovation Cities.[19]: 138 

GVA

See also: List of UK cities by GVA
GVA for
Greater Manchester South
2002-2012[9]
Year GVA
(£ million)		 Growth (%)
2002 24,011 Increase03.8%
2003 25,063 Increase04.4%
2004 27,862 Increase011.2%
2005 28,579 Increase02.6%
2006 30,384 Increase06.3%
2007 32,011 Increase05.4%
2008 32,081 Increase00.2%
2009 33,186 Increase03.4%
2010 33,751 Increase01.7%
2011 33,468 Decrease00.8%
2012 34,755 Increase03.8%

The

NUTS 3
areas for statistical purposes:
Greater Manchester South (Manchester, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford)
Greater Manchester North (Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Wigan)

Manchester can only be analysed alongside neighbouring

metropolitan boroughs within GM South, which tend to have high levels of economic coherence nevertheless; for example, Salford Central railway station is less than 150 meters (170 yards) away from the boundary of Manchester city centre whilst Salford itself has no identifiable city centre.[30]

In 2012, Greater Manchester South's

UK
. Compared with other
Core Cities average of 2%.1[9]

Total GVA and GVA per head, 2012[9]
Area GVA
(£ million)		 GVA growth (%)
2011-12		 GVA
(£ per head)		 GVA per head growth (%)
2011-12
GM South 34,755 Increase03.8% 23,476 Increase02.9%
Greater Manchester 50,991 Increase03.1% 18,870 Increase02.5%
Core Cities average1
 13,752 Increase02.0% 22,452 Increase01.0%

1excluding Manchester, included Newcastle, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Nottingham, Bristol and Birmingham

Productivity

GVA per employee in Greater Manchester South is estimated to be £46,500 in 2012. Compared with other

NUTS 3 city areas in the UK, Greater Manchester South ranks 4th, behind London (£75,100), Edinburgh (£54,100) and Leeds (£46,900).[10]

GVA per employee, 2012[10]
Area GVA
per worker (£)		 GVA per worker
% change 2007-12
GM South 46,500 Increase012%
Core Cities average2
 40,100 Increase010.1%

2excluding Manchester, included Newcastle, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Nottingham, Bristol and Birmingham

GVA by sector

Industry breakdown, 2011[9]
Sector Value
(£ millions)		 Growth
2010–11 (%)		 % of total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 25 Decrease08.0 <0.1
Production 3,441 Decrease01.8 10.3
of which manufacturing 2,711 Increase01.5 8.1
Construction 1,688 Decrease03.5 5.0
Distribution; transport; accommodation and food 6,613 Decrease03.1 19.8
Information and communication 1,828 Increase00.2 5.5
Financial and insurance services 3,217 Decrease015.9 9.6
Real estate activities 4,192 Increase013.1 12.5
Business service activities 4,652 Increase015.9 13.9
Public administration, education and health 6,563 Decrease00.9 19.6
Other services and household activities 1,248 Decrease05.0 3.7
Total 33,468 Decrease00.8

GDP

According to the 2012 Eurostat figures, GDP per capita (in euros) of Greater Manchester is = €27,500 just ahead the West-Midlands with €26,600 but only half the GDP per capita of Dublin[31] €56,671, London with €54,200 or Paris with €60,100.[32]

Greater Manchester has a total GDP of 62 billion, West Midlands has a total GDP of 122 billion but less than the €103.000 bn in Greater Dublin,[33] $690.000 bn in Greater London[34] and $882.000 bn for the Paris region.[32]

Employment, Welfare and Education

The mid-year estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,800 in 2012 and population growth on the previous year was 1.56%, the second highest of the

brain drain to the South, where some 1,600 people moved from London to Manchester in 2010.[37]

Employment

Employment Statistics (Jul 12-Jun 13)[38]
Age 16-64 Manchester
(%)		 North West
(%)		 Great Britain
(%)
Economically active 69.4 75.4 77.3
In employment 60.8 69.1 71.1
Unemployed 11.9 8.2 7.8
% of economically active who are self-employed 6.4 8.4 9.5

It would appear that Manchester has a high rate of economic inactivity, however Manchester has an above average student population size, where 39.5% of those economically inactive are students vs. the British average of 25.4%.[39]

Earnings

Earnings by workplace2 2013[40]
Full-time workers Manchester
(£)		 North West
(£)		 Great Britain
(£)
Weekly pay (all workers) 524.9 480.5 517.8
Male 570.8 516.9 558.3
Female 485.8 432.2 459.6
Gender pay gap 14.9% 16.4% 17.7%
Hourly pay (all workers) 13.89 12.25 13.17
Male 14.48 12.73 13.80
Female 13.26 11.56 12.27
Gender pay gap 8.4% 9.2% 11.1%
Earnings by residence1 2013[40]
Full-time workers Manchester
(£) 		North West
(£)		 Great Britain
(£)
Weekly pay (all workers) 461.6 483.2 518.1
Male 478.5 519.4 558.8
Female 432.8 432.2 459.8
Gender pay gap 9.6% 16.8% 17.7%
Hourly pay (all workers) 12.15 12.34 13.18
Male 12.23 12.84 13.80
Female 11.83 11.59 12.27
Gender pay gap 3.3% 9.7% 11.1%

1Median earnings in pounds for employees living in the area.

2Median earnings in pounds for employees working in area.

Education

Qualifications 2012[41]
Level Manchester
(%)		 North West
(%)		 Great Britain
(%)
NVQ4 and above 37.4 30.3 34.4
NVQ3 and above 56.0 52.0 55.1
NVQ2 and above 69.1 69.9 71.8
NVQ1 and above 79.5 83.1 84.0
Other qualifications 7.3 5.8 6.3
No qualifications 13.3 11.1 9.7
General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) 2012[42]
Manchester
(%) 		England
(%)
Pupils achieving 5+ GCSEs, A*-C 81.3 81.8
Pupils achieving 5+ GCSEs, A*-C with English and Maths 53.2 59.4
Pupils achieving no GCSEs 1.6 0.5

Business activity

As the UK economy continued to recover from the downturn experienced in 2008–10, Manchester compared favourably to other areas. It achieved the strongest annual growth in business stock (of 5%) of all the Core Cities.[43] The city experienced a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase of all the Core Cities; however this was offset by strong growth in new businesses which resulted in a strong net growth.

Business Demography, 2012
Area Business Stock Births Deaths 5 year
survival rates
(% annual changes)
Manchester Increase05.0% Increase06.5% 18.2% 41.5%
Greater Manchester Increase01.2% Increase02.5% 9.5% 42.4%
Core Cities average Increase03.1% Increase06.2% 4.3% 40.4%

Headquarters

See also: List of companies based in Greater Manchester

Manchester is a major headquarters location, with a growing number of global, European and national headquarter offices. International property experts

pharmaceutical
company based in the North of England.

Manchester's ability to host major headquarter offices has been recently proven by the action taken by the BBC to move significant parts of its operation to MediaCityUK on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford and Trafford, by the growth of shared service centres for Sainsbury's, Marks & Spencer and the Royal Bank of Scotland, and by the presence foreign language back-office teams serving more than 20 different markets.[44]

Logistics

2nd largest shopping centre in the UK

Manchester is the preferred distribution hub for global companies like

Kuehne & Nagel and Wincanton. Manchester is centrally located and has more motorways than any other UK city. Every major population centre from Edinburgh to London can be reached within a four-hour drive; and 60% of UK companies are within a two-hour drive.[45]

Airport City, freight and distribution firm DHL has agreed to relocate major operations to the site.[46]

industrial estate,[47] and remains the largest in Europe.[48] The site is also home to Trafford Park EuroTerminal, a rail freight terminal and a large container depot. Future enhancements of the site are entailed in the proposed £50 billion Atlantic Gateway, which could be one of the most expensive and expansive development projects in UK history. It would involve the creation of Port Salford, an inland freight terminal accessible to the Irish Sea via the Manchester Ship Canal
.

Banking, finance and insurance

The Manchester city region accounts for 7% of all financial services output and 10% of all employment in the UK, and over 60 banks have operations in Manchester, 40 of which are overseas-owned, making it the largest regional corporate finance and stockbroking centre in England.

Core Cities after Bristol.[51] Of all the 10 largest financial centres in the UK, only Manchester and Cardiff have maintained financial sector employment levels, whilst other cities sustained heavy job losses in recent years.[52]

Some notable operations in the city include the

Bank of New York Mellon opened its Manchester headquarters in 2005, and since then has expanded to over 1,100 employees and added a second office in Spinningfields. The bank describes Manchester as one of its "three global growth centres",[52] with the office handling £15 billion worth of transactions across 80 global money markets every day.[54]

Bank of New York Mellon and the Royal Bank of Scotland, Spinningfields is the location for other banks including Barclays and HSBC, and other professional services firms such as Deloitte
.

Assets which contribute to the success of Manchester's

London Heathrow Airport. The Lord Mayor of the City of London once said "Manchester is part of the Square Mile and the Square Mile is part of Manchester".[59]

Construction

The city and Greater Manchester region have benefited from large-scale developments such as the ongoing

Manchester Airport City, which will be the largest UK development project since the London 2012 Olympics,[61] the Etihad Campus project[62] in conjunction with Manchester City F.C. and the £50 billion Atlantic Gateway project which aims to reinvigorate the Manchester Ship Canal. The University of Manchester is also investing £1 billion in developing its campus over the next decade.[63]

Retail

The pedestrianised

boutiques. Overall, Manchester has the highest number of "premium retailers" and in 2010 turnover in Manchester city centre was £921m.[64]

Exchange Square
.

Former stores include

Affleck's Palace
).

There are various markets[65] held regularly within the city. In the run up to Christmas, the Manchester Christmas Markets[66][67] take over Albert Square, St. Ann's Square and surrounding streets. It started as a traditional German/French Christmas market, hence the large number of Glühwein & sausage stalls. This has grown year on year and boasts an increasingly wide range of stalls from Western Europe (such as the Netherlands, Italy, Spain). The markets provide food and drink into the evening extending the use of the city centre and lending a friendly spirit to Christmas shopping.

Infrastructure

Main article: Transport in Manchester
West Didsbury. It is head office for Siemens
Automation and Drives

Manchester is regarded as the

Manchester city region was ranked in the top 10 in Europe for transport links by Cushman & Wakefield
's European cities monitor 2011.

Air

Main article: Manchester Airport

Far-East, and the airport has been awarded the UK's best airport every year from 2008 to 2012.[70]

The airport is owned by a

Manchester Airports Group. Manchester City Council has a majority 35.5% stake with 45% owned by the nine boroughs of Greater Manchester who all have a 5% stake and the rest by private investors. The airport employs approximately 19,000 people.[71]

Rail

Manchester is served by four stations in the city centre;

Manchester Victoria (9.8 million passengers), Manchester Oxford Road (8.3 million passengers) and Deansgate (0.35 million passengers), which form the Manchester station group with a combined passenger usage of 37 million passengers in 2011-12.[72] Manchester will be at the heart of the £560 million Northern Hub development, which will see all four Manchester stations connected, increased electrification of networks, increased frequencies and reduced journey times between Northern cities.[73][74]

Under government plans, Manchester Piccadilly will be connected to London Euston via High Speed 2, a high-speed railway, by 2033.[needs update] Trains will also stop at Manchester Airport. Journey times from Manchester to London are expected to reduce from 2h:08m to 1h:08m.[75]

Local Transport

The city is served by the UK's largest light rail network, the

Salford, Eccles to the west, Manchester Airport and Altrincham in the south and Ashton-under-Lyne to the east. The most recent expansion of the Metrolink service to Trafford Park and the Trafford Centre opened in March 2020.[76]
The network serves key destinations including MediaCityUK, Chorlton, the Etihad Stadium, East Didsbury, Central Park and Kingsway Business Park.

The city's bus services, GM Buses, were demerged in 1996 with Stagecoach Group gaining control of GM South bus services and First Bus gaining control of GM North bus services. Stagecoach Manchester is Stagecoach Group's largest subsidiary carrying over 87 million passengers a year and employing 1,700 staff.[77] First Greater Manchester also operate a thorough bus service in Manchester alongside Stagecoach.

Technology

Manchester is the only city in the UK to offer next generation fibre optic broadband speeds up to 200Mbit/s, and serves as a testbed for new technologies.

Midlands
and North of England, and is the only access point outside London, offering access to world networks at a much lower cost than through London.

Manchester is at the forefront of

SMEs, is headquartered in Manchester. Several hosting and colocation providers such as UKFast, Daisy Group
and Datacentreplus have invested in new data centres in Manchester to support cloud computing.

Manchester is also home to a burgeoning community of digital companies, specialising in fields as diverse as SEO (search engine optimisation), web design and online PR.[79] The rise of Manchester's digital commerce scene is evidenced by the establishment of its own online hub Manchester Digital, along with websites aimed at bringing together companies and individuals involved in more specific fields, such as SEO.[80]

Tourism

The City of Manchester Stadium which once hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games
McVitie's factory on Stockport Road

Manchester is the second most visited city in England (after London) and the third most visited in the United Kingdom (behind Edinburgh).[81]

Visit Manchester is the tourist board for the city-region and is a division of Marketing Manchester, which was established in 1996. It is the agency charged with promoting the city of Manchester on a national and international stage. The organisation aims to develop the Manchester city-region into a leading leisure, learning and business destination for domestic and international visitors, enhance the national and international reputation of the city-region and promote sustainable economic development and growth.

Sport

The city has links with Umbro and Reebok, both companies were founded nearby in Wilmslow and Bolton respectively. Another major sports apparel company, Adidas, has its UK head office in Stockport[82] and its national distribution warehouse in nearby Trafford Park[83] - both sites total 60% of Adidas's UK workforce.[84]

Manchester is also popularly known for its major football clubs,

Tottenham Hotspur) can boast comparable figures according to the 2015-16 Deloitte Money League table.[86][circular reference
]

Food and drink

Manchester has a range of restaurants, bars, and clubs, spanning the famous "Curry Mile" in Rusholme to traditional ‘grub’. The Chinatown area of the city features many oriental foods. Modern bars and bistros line Deansgate Locks in the city centre. In addition to these there are many independent fast food retailers throughout Manchester. There are now many top class restaurants.

The city is also home to some famous food manufacturing companies. Kellogg's have based their European headquarters in Trafford Park since 1937. It is currently the largest cereal factory in the world, with Corn Flakes the most widely produced product. McVitie's also has a key production site in Stockport Road where it has been based since 1917.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In employment and aged 16 or over (quantity) or aged 16–64 (percent)
  2. ^ Percent is a proportion of all persons in employment aged 16 and over
  3. ^ Unemployed aged 16 and over. Percent is a proportion of economically active.
  4. ^ Median gross weekly pay for full time employees resident in Manchester
  5. ^ a b Goods and services
  6. ^ a b Excluding services

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