Economy of South America
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (February 2024) |
It has been suggested that Latin American economy be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024. |
Statistics | |
---|---|
Population | 434 million[1][2] |
GDP | |
GDP rank | |
GDP growth | 1.6% (2023 est.)[5] |
GDP per capita | |
GDP per capita rank | |
Millionaires (US$) | 915,000 (2022)[8] |
Public finances | |
75.1% of GDP (2023 est.)[9] | |
Most numbers are from the International Monetary Fund. IMF South America Datasets All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. |
World economy |
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The economy of South America comprises approximately 434 million people living in the 12 sovereign states and three dependent territories of South America, which encompasses 6 percent of the world's population. South America ranks fifth[10] in terms of nominal GDP by continent, behind North America and after Oceania.
South America has two major trade blocks: Mercosur and the Andean Community. Brazil is the largest economy in South America in terms of Nominal GDP, it has a vast and diverse economic landscape encompassing agriculture, manufacturing, services, and natural resources. Due to Brazil's major economy, it has a large influence over its neighbors, and even globally. Argentina which is South America's second largest economy, boasts a rich history of industrialization and a well-developed agricultural sector. Despite economic challenges and very high inflation, Argentina uses its abundant natural resources and skilled workforce to drive economic growth and innovation. Together, Brazil and Argentina serve as economic powerhouses and as such, are major influences to surrounding countries. Uruguay stands out as it boasts the highest GDP per capita in the region. Renowned for its stable political environment, strong social welfare system, and diversified economy, Uruguay has consistently ranked among the top nations in terms of human development and standard of living. Uruguay has a large agriculture sector and has made previous strategic investments in technology and innovation, Uruguay's economy thrives on both domestic consumption and international trade. Guyana ranks second which is attributed to its oil and gas sector.[11]
History
20th century
From the 1930s to the 1980s, countries in South America used import substitution, an economic policy that replaces foreign businesses as well as imports with domestic production. This was a policy made to increase domestic manufacturing. Furthermore, national spending on arms soared during periods of military rule. Increasingly, South American countries began to borrow from foreign private banks and international lending institutions, such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, to fund existing programs while also trying to expand their economic productivity through investments. However, this policy created a debt crisis in South America.[12]
The continent has fallen further behind North America over the past two centuries. This can be explained by South America's high concentration on primary commodities as well as the state of the educational system and institutional structure, some of which are still related to its colonial past, others to recent political developments.[13]
From the 1990s on, countries in South America switched over to the
.21st century
In 2016, four countries, which include Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, and Venezuela, experienced a decline in output. Other countries in the region were observing a slowdown in growth rates.[14] Brazil saw this decline in output due to increasing unemployment levels, worsening financial conditions, and political issues, which, in turn, led to a decrease in private domestic consumption and investment.[14] Argentina also experienced a recession in private consumption and investment; however, it was because of the removal of public service subsidies due to a short-term rise in inflation. In contrast, Peru differed from other countries in the region, demonstrating an increase in growth rates thanks to copper production.
In 2017, the economy started to recover for the first time since 2014. The main contributor to economic growth is private consumption.
In 2017,
By country
Country | GDP (nominal) $bn 2023 [16] |
GDP (PPP) $bn 2023 [16][17] |
GDP per capita $,000 2023 [16] |
Merchandise exports $bn 2022 [18] |
Human Development Index 2021 [19] |
% with less than $2.15 per day 2021 [20] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 622 | 1,240 | 27 | 103 | 0.84 | 1 |
Bolivia | 47 | 125 | 10 | 15 | 0.69 | 2 |
Brazil | 2,130 | 4,100 | 20 | 380 | 0.75 | 6 |
Chile | 344 | 600 | 30 | 107 | 0.86 | 0.7 |
Colombia | 364 | 1,000 | 19 | 72 | 0.75 | 7 |
Ecuador | 120 | 243 | 13 | 36 | 0.74 | 3 |
Falkland Islands[21] | 0.2 | 71 | ||||
French Guiana[22] | 5 | 20 | ||||
Guyana | 16 | 49 | 61 | 5 | 0.71 | |
Paraguay | 44 | 117 | 16 | 15 | 0.72 | 1.3 |
Peru | 265 | 550 | 16 | 71 | 0.76 | 3 |
Suriname | 3.5 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 0.73 | |
Uruguay | 76 | 103 | 29 | 23 | 0.81 | 0.1 |
Venezuela | 92 | 21 | 8 | 23 | 0.69 | |
Total | 4,100 | 8,200 | 19 | 850 |
Economy of:
Economic sectors
Agriculture
Throughout history, since the
As one of the most important contributors of the world's agricultural market,
Other exports from the
In the
The four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. Currently:
- Brazil is the world's largest producer of ;
- Argentina is the world's largest producer of ;
- Chile is one of the 5 largest world producers of cherry and cranberry, and one of the 10 largest world producers of grape, apple, kiwi, peach, plum and hazelnut, focusing on exporting high-value fruits;
- Colombia is one of the 5 largest producers in the world of coffee, avocado and palm oil, and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of sugarcane, banana, pineapple and cocoa;
- Peru is the world's largest producer of quinoa; is one of the 5 largest producers of avocado, blueberry, artichoke and asparagus; one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and cocoa; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and pineapple, and also has a considerable production of grape, sugarcane, rice, banana, maize and cassava; its agriculture is considerably diversified;
Animal husbandry
In 2018, Argentina was the 4th largest producer of beef in the world, with a production of 3 million tons (behind only USA, Brazil and China). Uruguay is also a major meat producer. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand tons of beef.[35]
In
Industry
The World Bank annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$173.6 billion), Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value), Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).[37]
80% of the manufacturing of the Latin America region falls on Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.[38]
In 2019, Argentina was the 31st world producer of steel, the 28th producer of vehicles, the 22nd world producer of beer, the 4th world producer of soybean oil and the 3rd world producer of sunflower oil, among other industrial products.[56][57][58][59]
Mining
Mining is one of the most important economic sectors in South America, especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent has large productions of gold (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina);[60] silver (mainly in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);[61] copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);[62] iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);[63] zinc (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);[64] molybdenum (Chile and Peru);[65] lithium (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);[66] lead (Peru and Bolivia);[67] bauxite (Brazil);[68] tin (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);[69] manganese (Brazil);[70] antimony (Bolivia and Ecuador);[71] nickel (Brazil);[72] niobium (Brazil);[73] rhenium (Chile);[74] iodine (Chile),[75] among others.
Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production.[82] In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of iodine[83] and rhenium,[84] the second largest producer of lithium[85] and molybdenum,[65] the sixth largest producer of silver,[86] the seventh largest producer of salt,[87] the eighth largest producer of potash,[88] the thirteenth producer of sulfur[89] and the thirteenth producer of iron ore[90] in the world.
In 2019, Peru was the 2nd largest world producer of copper[91] and silver,[86] 8th largest world producer of gold,[92] 3rd largest world producer of lead,[67] 2nd largest world producer of zinc,[93] 4th largest world producer of tin,[94] 5th largest world producer of boron[95] and 4th largest world producer of molybdenum.[65]
In 2019, Bolivia was the 8th largest world producer of silver;[86] 4th largest world producer of boron;[95] 5th largest world producer of antimony;[96] 5th largest world producer of tin;[94] 6th largest world producer of tungsten;[97] 7th largest producer of zinc,[98] and the 8th largest producer of lead.[67][99][100]
In 2019, Argentina was the 4th largest world producer of lithium,[85] the 9th largest world producer of silver,[86] the 17th largest world producer of gold[92] and the 7th largest world producer of boron.[95]
Oil and gas
In the production of oil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day, Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand barrels / day, Ecuador in 28th with 531 thousand barrels / day and Argentina 29th with 507 thousand barrels / day. As Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of OPEC. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investments.[105]
In the production of natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.[106]
In the beginning of 2020, in the production of
Tourism
In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Argentina was the 47th most visited country, with 6.9 million international tourists (and revenues of US$5.5 billion); Brazil was the 48th most visited with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of US$5.9 billion); Chile in position 53 with 5.7 million tourists (and revenues of US$2.9 billion); Peru in position 60 with 4.4 million tourists (and income of US$3.9 billion); Colombia 65th with 3.8 million tourists (and income of US$5.5 billion); Uruguay 69th with 3.4 million tourists (and income of US$2.3 billion). Please note that the number of tourists does not always reflect the monetary amount the country gets from tourism. Some countries carry out higher level tourism, obtaining more benefits. Tourism in South America is still little evolved: in Europe, for example, countries obtain annual tourist values such as U $73.7 billion (Spain), or U $67.3 billion (France). While Europe received 710 million tourists in 2018, Asia 347 million and North America 142.2 million, South America received only 37 million, Central America 10.8 million and the Caribbean 25.7 million.[108]
Gallery
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Grape plantation in Argentina. Argentina and Chile are among the 10 largest grape and wine producers in the world and Brazil among the 20 largest.
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Maize in Dourados. Brazil and Argentina are among the 5 largest world producers
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Salmon farming in Chile. One third of all salmon sold in the world comes from the country.
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Neugebauer Chocolate Factory in Arroio do Meio. South America specializes in food processing
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Steel-maker CSN, in Volta Redonda. Brazil is one of the 10 largest steel producers in the world, and Argentina is one of the 30 largest
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Klabin industrial complex, in Ortigueira. Brazil is the second largest pulp producer and the eighth largest paper producer in the world
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Portico of the Democrata men's shoe factory, in Franca. Brazil is the fourth largest shoe manufacturer in the world.
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Hering, in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The country has one of the 5 largest textile industries in the world
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Mercedes-Benz plant in São Paulo. Mexico and Brazil are among the 10 largest vehicle manufacturers in the world and Argentina among the 30 largest.
-
Copper mine in Chile. Latin America produces more than half of the world's copper
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Colombian emerald. The country is the largest producer of emeralds in the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers
-
Copacabana Palace, the best hotel in South America, in Rio de Janeiro. Tourism brings important currencies to the continent.
-
Honey production in Argentina. The country is the third largest producer of honey in the world.
-
Sunflower plantation in Argentina. The country is the world's third largest producer of sunflower seed.
-
Chilean cherries. Chile is one of the top 5 producers of sweet cherries in the world.
-
Chilean kiwi. The country is one of the 10 largest kiwi producers in the world.
-
Palm plantation in Magdalena. Colombia is one of the top 5 palm oil producers in the world.
-
Pineapple in Brazil. The country is the 3rd largest producer in the world. South America produces close to 20% of the world's pineapple.
Transport
Roads and highways
Transport in South America is basically carried out using the
Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of
Due to the
Airports
There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States.
Ports
About
Railways
The Brazilian
Waterways
Among the main Brazilian
Energy
Brazil
The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.[105] In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.[107]
Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.[116] In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).[117][118]
In 2013, the
As of July 2022,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power was 22 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%.[121][122] While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;[123][14] the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.[124] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.[125] In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.[126][127] In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),[128][129] and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.[130]
Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.
As of October 2022,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of
In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.[138]
Other countries
After Brazil, Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. Bolivia stands out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.[139][140][141][142][128]
See also
- Latin American economy
- List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)
- List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)
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