Economy of metropolitan Detroit

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Downtown Detroit

The metropolitan area surrounding and including Detroit, Michigan, is a ten-county area with a population of over 5.9 million, a workforce of 2.6 million, and about 347,000 businesses.[1] Detroit's six-county

PricewaterhouseCoopers study estimated that Detroit's urban area had a gross domestic product of $203 billion.[4]

About 180,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.[5][6] Metro Detroit has propelled Michigan's national ranking in emerging technology fields such as life sciences, information technology, and advanced manufacturing; Michigan ranks fourth in the U.S. in high tech employment with 568,000 high tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.[7] Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall research and development expenditures in the United States.[8][9] Metro Detroit is the second-largest source of architectural and engineering job opportunities in the U.S.[10] Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world,[11] with the domestic auto industry primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit.[12] As of 2003, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers claimed that new vehicle production, sales, and jobs related to automobile use account for one of every ten jobs in the United States.[13]

In April 2008, metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate was 6.9 percent; in November 2012, it was 7.9 percent.[2][14] Economic issues include the city of Detroit's unemployment rate at 15.8 percent in April 2012.[2] The suburbs typically have low unemployment. The metropolitan economy began an economic recovery in 2010.[15]

Real estate and corporate location

See also: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit

From the metro area economy, Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for in new corporate facilities and expansions.

New Center
area.

Row houses
on John R. Street, renovated as condominiums in 2003

The metro area's resilience has kept the state's economy growing in spite of difficulties. From the third quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2009, Metro Detroit's residential resale housing market struggled, along with the residential real estate trend across the United States creating opportunities for buyers.[20][21] The Case–Shiller index projects Metro Detroit as the nation's third strongest housing market by 2014, attracting interest from international investors.[22] Among the top fifty metropolitan areas, Detroit ranked as the third most affordable in the United States in a Forbes 2011 report.[23] Detroit was among the top five cities in the U.S. for job growth from 2010 to 2012.[24][25][26] A 2011 economic study showed Metro Detroit with the highest share of employment (13.7%) in the technology sectors in the U.S.[27] The state repealed its business tax in 2011 and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduced taxes on business.[28][29] Michigan became the 24th Right to Work state in the U.S. in 2012.

Metro Detroit is home to highly successful real estate developers. Area suburbs are among the more affluent in the U.S.

Bloomfield Hills by Victor International.[31] There are a full range of retail shopping centers from upscale stores to discount chains. In 2007, Bank of America with regional offices in Troy announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan.[32]

The Cool Cities Initiative is an innovative reinvestment strategy for America's northern cities begun by Michigan leaders to rebuild inner cities and downtowns.

Redevelopment of historic buildings is priority for the city.[35]

1001 Woodward in Downtown Detroit, redeveloped into high-rise condominiums

Henry Ford Health System and Vanguard Health Systems announced substantial renovations and expansions in New Center and Midtown Detroit.[37][38]

Lifestyles for rising professionals in Detroit reflect those of other major cities. A 2007 study found that Detroit's new downtown residents are predominantly young professionals (57 percent are ages 25–34, 45 percent have bachelor's degrees, 34 percent have a master's or professional degree).

CNN Money editors.[43] In 2008, Troy, Michigan, ranked as the fourth-most affordable U.S. city with a median household income of 78,800.[44] Oakland County is the fourth wealthiest county in the United States among counties with more than one million people.[30]

Redevelopment of the

Cobo Hall convention and exhibit facility, which hosts the North American International Auto Show, has begun a nearly $300 million renovation to be completed in 2014. Development of Detroit's west river area and its Michigan Central Station
are the next important challenges for the city.

Finance

Woodward Ave., left to right: The First National Building, One Woodward Avenue, the Guardian, The Qube, Greater Penobscot Building, and One Kennedy Square
across from the District.

Metro Detroit is among the top five financial centers in the U.S. having all of the

Raymond James
.

Financial and investment executives have diverse employment opportunities in metropolitan Detroit. Ally Financial, headquartered at Tower 200 of the Renaissance Center, is among the largest holders of mortgages in the United States. Detroit-based Quicken Loans is the fifth-largest retail home mortgage lender in the U.S. and the largest online. The metropolitan area has a range of venture capital firms which finance business start-ups and acquisitions.[46] General Motors invests its $85 billion pension trust, providing funding to the area.[47][48] Detroit's historic Penobscot Building in the downtown financial district is in the heart of the city's wireless Internet zone and fiber-optic network.

Fifth Third Bank, which maintains its regional headquarters at tower 1000 of the Southfield Town Center, announced a $100 million expansion in the Metro Detroit area in order to take market share from Dallas-based rival Comerica, which also maintains a large presence in Michigan. Fifth Third announced it would create 350 new jobs in the area and open 30 to 40 new branches.[49]

In 2009, Quicken Loans more than doubled its mortgage volume from the previous year to $25 billion, experiencing significant growth in market share.[50] In 2010, Quicken began a new division within the company to provide mortgage services to community banks nationwide.[51] In 2011, Quicken Loans relocated its headquarters to downtown Detroit, consolidating about 4,000 of its suburban employees in a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.[52][53][54] In 2011, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan consolidated 6,000 of its employees in downtown Detroit, relocating 3,000 to Tower 500 and 600 of the Renaissance Center from Southfield.[55]

Information technology

Metro Detroit accounts for the State's national ranking in emerging technology fields such as life sciences, information technology, and advanced manufacturing; Metro Detroit's technology sector is fifth in the U.S. for total employment and fourth in the percent of employment concentrated within the sector.[10] In 2010, the Detroit area became the fastest growing region in the U.S. for high technology jobs.[56] Downtown Detroit maintains a wireless Internet zone and has seen an influx of information technology jobs.[57] A report by the Silicon Valley based TechNet group found Michigan to be the leading state for stimulating demand for broadband, positioning it during the early 2000s.[58] The Michigan Information Technology Center provides education, support services, and conferencing facilities for the region's information technology companies.[59] The metro area is home to high tech business incubators such as the Michigan Security Network, a consortium which coordinates business growth of cybersecurity, biodefense, and border security sectors.[60][61]

Some of the metro area's information technology and software companies with a major presence or headquarters include

headquarters and technology center in the Detroit suburb of Auburn Hills. VisionIT and Kelly IT Resources are other large employers headquartered in the metro area filling a wide range of needs. Five of the world's twenty largest employers began in Metro Detroit.[64]

On June 30, 2015, Quicken Loans announced the opening of its new state-of-the-art, 66,000-square-foot Technical Center in Corktown. The new facility will feature two 10,000-square-foot server rooms in addition to training, office, meeting, and technical support space. Half of the data center including one server room will be occupied by the Quicken Loans' technology team. An equal-sized 33,000 square foot portion of the building, including the second 10,000 square-foot server room, is available for lease.[65][66]

Higher education and research

See also:
United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center; University Research Corridor; and Center for Automotive Research
The Lawyers Club at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor

Metro Detroit has diversified its economic base though initiatives in emerging technologies. Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall

medicine, business, and law are consistently among the top-ranked in the United States.[68][69][70][71] In 2002, the state constructed the NextEnergy Center just north of Wayne State University to focus on fuel cell
development and alternative energy.

The area is home to many post-secondary institutions of higher learning and research, including:

Rochester College, Madonna University, Marygrove College, University of Detroit Mercy
, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University.

On the Canadian side of the border, Windsor's two post-secondary institutions have partnered with auto makers to open high tech research and training facilities. The University of Windsor is home to the University of Windsor/DaimlerChrysler Canada Automotive Research and Development Centre. St. Clair College has the Ford Centre for Excellence in Manufacturing.[72][73]

Health care and biomedical

See also: Michigan Life Sciences Corridor

Metro Detroit area is one of the leading health care economies in the U.S. according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components, with the region's hospital sector ranking fourth in the nation.

St. John, Oakwood
, St. Joseph, Karmanos Cancer Center, and the John D. Dingell and Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.

Beginning in 2010, Oakland University in Rochester opened Michigan's fourth medical school in a partnership with Beaumont Hospitals. The school will boost the region's economy with jobs in the life sciences, research, clinical trials, and doctors[76] Wayne State University in Detroit has the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the nation's fourth largest medical school overall.[77] Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for-profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 billion in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 million to retire debts, at least $350 million in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment.[38][78]

In January 2009, the University of Michigan established the North Campus Research Complex through its purchase of the former Pfizer research facility with 30 buildings on 174 acres (0.70 km2) in Ann Arbor in order to create about 2,000 jobs through establishing commercial partnerships.[79] The Community Foundation of Southeast Michigan administers $100 M of private foundation grants for the regions New Economy Initiative to spur investment in a variety of metro area projects.[80] A BioEnterprise Midwest Healthcare Venture report found that the Detroit - Ann Arbor region attracted $312 M in new biotechnology venture capital investments from 2006 to 2009.[81][82]

In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Center, the Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of its South Campus site, a $500 million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center for

Cardinal Health, Inc.[83][84] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).[85][86] As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center.[87]

Manufacturing and industry

Top publicly traded
companies in Metro Detroit
according to revenues
with metro and U.S. rankings
Metro
rank		 Corporation US
rank
1 General Motors 6
2 Ford 7
3 Dow 38
4 Aptiv 121
5 Ally 147
6 TRW Automotive 169
7 Lear 195
8 Penske Automotive 225
9 Masco 277
10 Visteon 282
11 DTE Energy 285
12 Meritor 346
13 CMS Energy 369
14 Autoliv 376
15
Pulte Homes
 393
16 Kelly Services 437
17 BorgWarner 453
18 Cooper Standard 814
19 Valassis 809
20
Affinia Group
 853
21 American Axle 874
Source: Fortune [88]
See also: List of Michigan companies
Ford Dearborn Proving Ground (DPG), completed major reconstruction and renovations in 2006.

As the world's traditional automotive center, Metro Detroit is headquarters to America's "Big Three" automakers, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler.[11][89][90] Virtually every major global automaker has a presence in the area including technology and design centers. Oakland County's "Automation Alley" has over 1,800 of world's advanced technology companies with Metro Detroit ranking fifth in the U.S. in technology sector employment.

Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) is in the suburb of Troy. OnStar and Ally Financial are a source for growth.

In spite of foreign competition for market share, Detroit's automakers have continued to gain volume from previous decades with the expansion of the American and global automotive markets. Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006,

economic and financial crisis impacted global auto industry sales. For 2010, the domestic automakers reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.[95][96][97][98][99][57] The sales revenue from just one of Detroit's automakers exceeds the combined total for all of the top companies in many major U.S. cities. A Center for Automotive Research (CAR) study estimated that tax revenue generated by the automotive industry in the United States for a single year, 2010, amounted to $91.5 billion in state and local tax revenue and additional $43 billion in federal tax revenue.[100]

The Renaissance Center is the headquarters of General Motors.

The area includes a variety of manufacturers and is an important component of U.S. national security.

Dow Chemical is a significant company in the metro region. The metro region's large energy producers include DTE and CMS
.

Labor force distribution in Detroit by category:
  Construction
  Manufacturing
  Trade, transportation, utilities
  Information
  Finance
  Professional and business services
  Education and health services
  Leisure and hospitality
  Other services
  Government

With its major port status, the city's infrastructure accommodates heavy industry.

Marathon Oil Company maintains a large refinery in Detroit, expanded to refine oil sands from Canada.[102] Lafarge's cement distribution facility constructed at the city's Springwells Industrial Park in 2005 includes North America's largest cement silo.[103]

Detroit's automakers are building vehicles like the

Chrysler is focusing much of its research and development into biodiesel.[106] Two days after the September 11, 2001, attacks, GM announced it had developed the world's most powerful fuel cell stack capable of powering large commercial vehicles.[107] In 2002, the state of Michigan established NextEnergy, a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to enable commercialization of various energy technologies, especially hydrogen fuel cells. Its main complex is located north of Wayne State University. In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries which are expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020.[108]

On quality, Cadillac outscored all other luxury automakers in two of three quality surveys by AutoPacific, Strategic Vision, and

J.D. Power in 2003.[109] Ford led all other automakers in the 2007 J.D. Initial Quality survey.[110]

Trade

The Greater Detroit Foreign Trade Zone (GDFTZ) was created in 1981 through the U.S.

expressway system which, together with its status as a major port city, provide advantages to its location as a global business center.[92] There are no toll roads in Michigan.[113]

Metro Detroit is the country's number-one exporting region and busiest commercial port.

Detroit River International Crossing project calls for a second bridge to be built across the Detroit River
to facilitate increased trade and ease of travel.

Many people commute across the Detroit-Windsor international border daily. Professions identified in the

Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone P.L.C., is one of the largest in the United States. Metro area business leaders belong to the Detroit Economic Club, headquartered at 211 West Fort Street
. The U.S. dollar is readily accepted as currency in Windsor.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in metropolitan Detroit
The Ambassador Bridge, a suspension bridge that connects Detroit with Windsor, Ontario, in Canada. It is the busiest international border crossing in North America in terms of trade volume.

Metro Detroit offers a comprehensive system of transit services for the central city and region. The

Ann Arbor, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Ypsilanti, The Henry Ford, Dearborn, and Detroit's New Center Amtrak station.[120]

Aerial of Detroit Metro Airport (DTW), one of the largest air traffic hubs in the US

As a major U.S. port, Detroit is an important center for transportation & logistics employment including its aviation,

Flint and Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio, are other commercial passenger airports. Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), commonly called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side, and offers charter service.[122] Willow Run Airport in Ypsilanti is for commercial aviation. One economic development strategy proposed is an Aerotropolis, a concept utilizing Detroit Metropolitan Airport as a central business district.[123] Detroit Renaissance, now known as Business Leaders for Michigan, announced an eleven-point strategy to transform the region's economy which includes development of the Aerotropolis.[124]

The U.S. Department of Transportation has awarded $244 M in grants for high-speed rail upgrades between Chicago and Detroit.[125] A consortium of investors including the Canadian Pacific Railway has proposed a new larger rail tunnel to accommodate large double stacked freight cars under the Detroit River which could open in 2015.[126] With the new tunnel potentially emerging near the Michigan Central Station, a redeveloped station could play a role as a trade inspection facility.[127]

Tourism

Tourism in metropolitan Detroit is an important economic factor, comprising nine percent of the area's two million jobs.[128] About 15.9 million people visit the area annually spending an estimated $4.8 B.[129][130] Besides casino gaming, the region's leading attraction is The Henry Ford, America's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.[131][132] The Detroit International Riverfront links the Renaissance Center to a series of venues, parks, restaurants, and hotels by a riverfront walkway.

The region hosts large multi-day events with crowds of hundreds of thousands to over three million people for annual events such as the

Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, the North American International Auto Show, and the Motown Winter Blast on Campus Martius Park. The city's Midtown and New Center areas anchored by Wayne State University attract millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[133] Mall developers consider the metro area's Somerset Collection to be among the nation's top privately held mall properties with 2004 gross annual sales of about $600 M and sales per square foot at $620 compared to the national average of $341.[134]

The area has hosted several major sporting events such as

U.S. cities with teams from four major sports
.

The area's 24,000-acre (97 km2) network of

Western Lake Erie
shoreline.

The city of Detroit functions as an entertainment hub for the entire region,

Caesars Windsor (2007), and Hollywood Casino
(2008) comprise the regions four major casino resorts.

Movie studios in metro area help to establish the state as a legitimate contender in the 12-month-a-year film business.[139] Motown Motion Picture Studios (2009) with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2) will produce movies at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.[140]

Retail

See also: List of shopping malls in Michigan
Woodward Avenue

Metro Detroit has many chain retailers and

Clinton Township.[142] Several suburban municipalities, including Birmingham, Royal Oak
, Rochester, and Grosse Pointe, contain their own street-side shopping districts.

Greektown Historic District

Many local merchants and restaurants are located within the Detroit city-limits including

Eastern Market Historic District; however, the city of Detroit has few big chain retailers.[143][144] A 2007 Selzer and Co. poll found that nearly two-thirds of suburban residents said they occasionally dine and attend cultural or professional sporting events in downtown Detroit.[145] The Fairlane Town Center
, a super-regional shopping mall in Dearborn, is about 15 minutes from downtown Detroit.

A 2007 Social Compact report showed that city of Detroit residents spend about $1.7 B annually in the suburbs for retail goods and services.

Old Redford
section of the northwest side in 2015.

As of 2009, the city's major bookstore is Wayne State University Bookstore, leaving an opening for a major book store chain. New car dealerships have migrated to the suburbs.[143] The decline of chain fast-food outlets within Detroit has closely paralleled that of the city itself, including a notable decline of locations of Yum! Brands-owned restaurants within the city limits to the point that Taco Bell is down to two locations on the city's west side, as well as an additional store in Wayne State University, as of 2019.

Supermarkets and grocery stores

As of 2009, German-based supermarket chain

Spartan Stores were the grocery chains operating within the city of Detroit.[143][147] In 2011, Whole Foods Market announced a new Midtown location in the city of Detroit.[150][151] This location opened in June 2013 to much fanfare. Many independent grocery stores serve neighborhoods in Detroit; however, a 2009 University of Michigan report estimated that neighborhoods within the city limits of Detroit have sufficient income to sustain from $210 million to $377 million in additional grocery retail spending which has leaked to nearby suburbs and that the city could support up to 1,000,000 square feet (92,900 m2) of additional retail grocery space.[144][152] The report noted that retail grocery traffic tends to stimulate growth of other types of retail and that large retail chains have been slow to realize the growth potential for the city.[152]

As of 2011, according to Martin Manna, the Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce's executive director, 75 of the 84 supermarkets in the Detroit city limits are owned by

Chaldean Americans.[153] Metro Foodland in the city is an African American owned business; it is the final remaining black-owned supermarket in Detroit, a majority black city. The owner, James Hooks, said that there always have been few black-owned grocery stores in Detroit. Former employees of Hooks had established two other black-owned stores, and both stores closed.[154] Southwest Detroit has many independent grocery stores.[155] In particular Southwest Detroit has several Hispanic supermarkets, or supermercados, that stock meat, specialty produce, and tortillas.[156]

Media

Main article: Media in Detroit

As the traditional automotive center, the region is a major source for related journalism and business news.

radio market in the United States,[159]
though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.

Movie theaters

As of 2015 there was one movie theater within the Detroit city limits showing first-run films: Bel Air 10 in northeast Detroit. There are some independent theater options: the Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit Film Theatre, the Cinema Detroit in Midtown, and the Redford Theatre in northwest Detroit. The Renaissance Center previously had the first-run theater Ren Cen 4 but it closed in the summer of 2015.[160]

In 2015, there were 49 movie theaters in the Metro Detroit area outside the city of Detroit totaling 522 screens, many of them also showing first-run films and offering

Rave Motion Pictures
Ann Arbor 20 in Ypsilanti.

MJR Digital Cinemas
and Phoenix Theaters.

Historic highlights

Further information: History of Detroit

President

B-24 Liberator bomber, still the most produced allied heavy bomber in history, quickly shifted the balance of power. The aviation industry could produce, if everything went all right, one Consolidated Aircraft B-24 Bomber a day at an aircraft plant. Ford would show the world how to produce one B-24 an hour, and at peak production Ford produced 650 per month at Willow Run by 1944. Ford's Willow Run factory broke ground in the April 1941. At the time, it was the largest assembly plant in the world, with over 3,500,000 square feet (330,000 m2). Edsel Ford, Henry Ford's son, under stress, died in the spring of 1943 of stomach cancer, prompting Henry Ford to resume day-to-day control of the Ford Motor Company. Willow Run completed its first B-24 in October 1942, with production increasing substantially by August 1943. Pilots and crew slept on the 1,300 cots waiting to fly the B-24s as they rolled off the assembly line at Ford's Willow Run facility.[162]

Largest employers

See also: List of Michigan companies
Metro Detroit's 25 largest employers[163]
Company/organization Metro location Full-time local
employees 		Classification
Ford Motor Company 1 American Road, Dearborn 95,342 Automotive
General Motors 300 Renaissance Center, Detroit 91,861 Automotive
Stellantis North America 1000 Chrysler Drive, Auburn Hills 72,597 Automotive
Detroit Public Schools
 3011 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit 37,329 Education
Rock Ventures 1092 Woodward Ave., Detroit 17,000[164] Financial services
University of Michigan Main Campus, Ann Arbor 16,832 Education and research
University of Michigan Health System
 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor 16,551 Health care
U.S. Postal Service 1401 W. Fort St., Detroit 15,385 Postal service
U.S. Government 477 Michigan Ave., Detroit 15,328 Federal government
Henry Ford Health System
 1 Ford Place, Detroit 15,139 Health care
St. John Health System
 28000 Dequindre, Warren 14,288 Health care
City of Detroit
2 Woodward Ave.
, Detroit 		13,762 City government
Trinity Health
 27870 Cabot Dr., Novi 13,012 Health care
Beaumont Hospitals 3601 W. 13 Mile Rd., Royal Oak 15,638 Health care
State of Michigan Cadillac Place, Detroit 11,177 State government
Detroit Medical Center 3800 John R., Detroit 11,003 Health care
Oakwood Healthcare Inc. 1 Parklane Blvd., Dearborn 7,515 Health care
DTE Energy 2000 Second Ave., Detroit 7,188 Energy company
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan 600 E. Lafayette Blvd., Detroit 7,007 Health care
HP Enterprise Services
 500 Renaissance Center, Detroit 6,711 Information technology
Comerica 500 Woodard Ave., Detroit 6,169 Financial services
Wayne State University 658 W. Kirby, Detroit 5,046 Education and research
Wayne County 600 Randolph, Detroit 5,091 County government
Visteon 1 Village Center Dr., Van Buren Township 4,497 Automotive
Johnson Controls 49200 Halyard Dr., Plymouth 4,205 Automotive

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Regional Profile Archived February 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Regional Chamber. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  3. ^ "U.S. Metro Economies: GMP - The Engines of America's Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2008.
  4. ^ "City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". www.citymayors.com.
  5. ^ Henion, Andy (03-22-2007). City puts transit idea in motion. The Detroit News. (About 80,500 people work in downtown which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c d e f The Urban Markets Initiative, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact, Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity Archived September 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  7. ^ MEDC (2009).Michigan: High Technology Focus Archived March 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine State of Michigan. Retrieved on June 23, 2009.
  8. ^ a b MEDC,(2009).Michigan Advantage Archived March 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine State of Michigan. Retrieved on June 23, 2009.
  9. ^ a b NSF 01-320 (2001).R&D Spending is Highly Concentrated in a Small Number of States National Science Foundation
  10. ^ a b c Automation Alley Technology Industry Report (2011 Edition) Archived July 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Anderson Economic Group. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  11. ^ a b "Michigan Cities". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2009. [Detroit] is the automobile capital of the world
  12. ^ Sean P. McAllinden, Ph.D. (2003).Economic Contribution of the Auto Industry to the U.S. Economy Archived April 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Center for Automotive Research. Retrieved on January 11, 2009. "The U.S. automotive industry is still the largest automotive industry in the world."
  13. ^ Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (2006). From the 2003 Study "Contributions of the Automotive Industry to the U.S. Economy" University of Michigan and the Center for Automotive Research[permanent dead link]Autoalliance.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2007.
  14. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics (December 2012). Unemployment rates for metropolitan areas. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  15. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (December 1, 2010).Brookings: Metro Detroit economy on 'road to full recovery'. Mlive. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  16. ^ a b MEDC (March 3, 2005) Michigan #2 in the Nation for New Corporate Facilities and Expansions in 2004 Globeinvestor.com PR NEWS WIRE. Retrieved on May 2, 2007.
  17. ^ Lane, Amy (March 5, 2010). Michigan retains 3rd-place ranking by Site Selection magazine. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on April 17, 2010.
  18. ^ Medernach, Karen and Mike O'Conner (March 2010).2007-2009 New Corporate Facilities and Expansions Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Site Selection. Retrieved on April 17, 2010.
  19. ^ Metro Detroit Office Market report. Colliers International. Retrieved on August 16, 2008.
  20. ^ Mortgage Foundation (website). Michigan Housing Market Report: Detroit Home Prices Plummet. Retrieved on April 7, 2007.
  21. ^ Bourdet, Dorothy (November 22, 2006).The incredible deflating housing market. Detroit Free Press.
  22. ^ "Businessweek - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com.
  23. ^ Forbes ranks Cincinnati #5 for affordable cities Archived January 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Fox 19.com, (January 11, 2011). Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  24. ^ Detroit among top five cities across country for job growth Archived October 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. ABC News 7 WXYZ.com, October 28, 2012.
  25. ^ Giang, Vivian (October 26, 2012).The 10 US Cities with the Best Job Growth. Business Insider Yahoo.com.
  26. ^ Headapohl, Jackie (March 30, 2011).Detroit in top 5 markets for engineering services sector. MLive
  27. ^ Technology industry report 2011. Anderson Group, 2011.
  28. ^ Luke, Peter (May 25, 2011). "Gov. Rick Snyder signs Michigan business/income tax overhaul into law". Bridge Magazine. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  29. ^ Bell, Dawson (November 18, 2011). "Michigan Supreme Court hands Gov. Rick Snyder a victory on plan to tax pensions". Lansing State Journal. Retrieved December 3, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ a b "2004–05 Community profile Oakland County" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009. Oakland County also ranks as the fourth wealthiest county in the nation among counties with populations of more than one million people.
  31. ^ Turtle Lake in Bloomfield Hills Archived May 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on March 31, 2007.
  32. ^ Crain's Detroit Business (October 4, 2007).Bank of America commits $25 B for community development in Michigan. Metro Mode Media. Retrieved on September 6, 2008.
  33. ^ Cool Cities Initiative Retrieved on April 7, 2007.
  34. ^ Haya El Nasser (May 27, 2006).[1]. USA Today. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  35. ^ Kaffer, Nancy (March 31, 2010).Detroit to begin demolition of dangerous buildings. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved on July 1, 2010.
  36. ^ Detroit Riverfront Conservancy Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
  37. ^ Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
  38. ^
    Archive-It
    . Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
  39. ^ a b Reppert, Joe (October 2007).Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down Archived September 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Social Compact. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.
  40. ^ a b Harrison, Sheena (June 25, 2007). DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved on November 28, 2007. "New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact."
  41. ^ Halaas, Jaime (December 20, 2005).Inside Detroit Lofts Model D Media.
  42. ^ "Waterfront Living: River rebirth draws residents downtown - Detroit News and Information - Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. July 2, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  43. CNN Money
    . Retrieved on October 22, 2007.
  44. ^ Gopal, Prashant. (August 29, 2008). America's Most and Least Affordable Housing Markets. Business Week.
  45. ^ Detroit Regional Chamber of Commerce Retrieved on April 4, 2007.
  46. ^ Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC).Venture Capital Firms Archived February 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine State of Michigan Retrieved on April 12, 2007.
  47. ^ Burr, Barry S. (February 23, 2009).GM's pension fund. Crain communications, Pensions & Investments. Retrieved on July 15, 2009.
  48. ^ Bruno, Mark (March 19, 2007)."GM could become a bond trail blazer" Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Pensions & Investments online
  49. ^ Smith, Joel (March 13, 2007).Fifth Third escalates banking turf war.[permanent dead link] The Detroit News. Retrieved on July 5, 2010.
  50. ^ Golobay, Diana (March 4, 2010).Quicken Loans Doubles Mortgage Volume in 2009 Archived March 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Housing Wire. Retrieved on July 5, 2010.
  51. ^ Prior, John (May 17, 2010).Quicken Loans to Provide Origination Outsourcing for Smaller Banks Archived May 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Housing Wire. Retrieved on July 5, 2010.
  52. ^ Howes, Daniel (November 12, 2007).Quicken moving to downtown Detroit. The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.
  53. ^ Duggan, Daniel and Tom Henderson (November 13, 2007).Gilbert: Moving to Detroit the right thing' - 'and the smart thing'. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  54. ^ Howes, loc. cit.
  55. ^ "Blue Cross Blue Shield employees gear up to move to Detroit's Renaissance Center". mlive.com. July 29, 2010.
  56. ^ Flinn, Roy and Jeff Green (March 24, 2011).Detroit auto, tech firms woo Silicon Valley talent. San Francisco Chronicle with Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  57. ^ a b Arend, Mark (January 2012).Where the Tech Jobs Are. Site Selection.
  58. ^ Bowman, Lisa, M. (July 17, 2003). Michigan winning the broadband race CNET News. Retrieved on April 12, 2007.
  59. ^ Michigan Information Technology Center Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  60. ^ Zemke, Jon (September 10, 2009).Defense firms coordinate attack with Michigan Security Network. Metromode. Retrieved on January 2, 2010.
  61. ^ (June 11, 2009).Troy law firm opens North Woodward Tech Incubator. Metromode. Retrieved on January 2, 2010.
  62. ^ a b Gallagher, John (June 27, 2009).GE to create 1,200 jobs in Michigan: New facility to hire tech-savvy workers Archived January 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
  63. ^ a b Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal. The Guardian. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
  64. ^ The Detroit Almanac (2001). Detroit Free Press.
  65. ^ "Construction Underway On New, Detroit-based Quicken Loans Technology Center - Quicken Loans Pressroom". quickenloans.com. May 20, 2014.
  66. ^ "Gilbert unveils new Quicken computer center". freep.com.
  67. ^ Anglebrandt, Gary (December 22, 2010).Detroit to get first U.S. patent satellite office. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  68. ^ "Ranking of Executive Education at Michigan's Ross School of Business". Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  69. ^ "University of Michigan Medical School ranks among top 10 in country in U.S.News & World Report | University of Michigan Health System". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  70. ^ "Michigan Engineering | Rankings". Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  71. ^ "Law School Rankings". www.top-law-schools.com.
  72. ^ University of Windsor. "University of Windsor/DaimlerChrysler Canada Automotive Research and Development Centre" Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on April 11, 2007.
  73. ^ St Clair College. "Ford Centre for Excellence in Manufacturing". Retrieved on April 11, 2007.
  74. ^ Devol, Ross C. and Rob Koepp (August 2003).America's Health Care Economy Archived February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Miliken Institute. Retrieved on November 6, 2011.
  75. ^ Michigan Health & Hospital Association (June 2006).The Economic Impact of Health Care in Michigan (Third Edition) Archived November 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on October 23, 2007.
  76. ^ Schultz, Marisa and Mike Wilkinson (April 6, 2007).Auto Oakland U. to open medical school. Detroit Free Press
  77. ^ Careers at the DMC, retrieved 6/24/09
  78. ^ "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center". crainsdetroit.com. June 11, 2010.
  79. ^ Rigg, Sarah A. (January 1, 2009).University of Michigan buys former Pfizer site in surprise deal. MLive. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.
  80. ^ Zemke, Jon (March 5, 2009).New Economy Initiative makes big investment in Metro Detroit. Metromode. Retrieved on January 2, 2009.
  81. ^ Metro Detroit, Michigan score high in biotech VC rankings. Metromode Dec 17, 2009. Retrieved on July 14, 2010.
  82. ^ Midwest Health Care Startups Raise $780 M in 2009 Archived September 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. BioEnterprise. Retrieved on July 14, 2010.
  83. ^ "Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development". Huffington Post. May 30, 2012.
  84. ^ "Blight removal in Detroit isn't impossible, but it is difficult". October 2, 2014.
  85. ^ Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).WSU to build $93M biotech hub. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.
  86. ^ "Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.
  87. ^ "Wayne State breaks ground on Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research Building". Today at Wayne. July 2, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  88. ^ Fortune companies - Michigan.CNN Money, 2009. Retrieved on July 14, 2010.
  89. ^ "SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  90. ^ Lawrence, Peter (2009).Interview with Michigan's Governor Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Corporate Design Foundation. Retrieved on June 17, 2009. "Michigan is known as the world's automotive center."
  91. ^ a b Why MITA will be a success. Michigan International Trade Association. Retrieved on September 3, 2007. "Detroit is the most active commercial port of entry in the USA." "Greater Detroit is the number one exporting region among 310 defined metropolitan areas (CMSA) in the U.S."
  92. ^ a b Regional Advantages for International Business Archived September 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. World Trade Center Detroit Windsor. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
  93. ^ World Book Inc., Volume 5. 2008.
  94. ^ National Association of Manufacturers (February 2008).Facts about Michigan Manufacturing. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  95. ^ Shoenberger, Robert (May 25, 2010).Rebounding auto industry boosts Shiloh Industries' second-quarter sales, profit. Cleveland.com. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  96. ^ Schroeder, Robert (July 30, 2010).Obama says U.S. auto industry on rebound. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on September 9, 2010.
  97. ^ GM posts profit, CEO Whitacre to retire. CNN Money. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
  98. ^ Cwiek, Sarah (November 30, 2010).New study shows strong economic recovery in Metro Detroit Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. NPR Michigan. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
  99. ^ Buss, Dale (April 1, 2012).7 Things Chrysler Could Use To Mount a Good 'Second Half'. Forbes.
  100. ^ Eisenstein, Paul A. (April 2012). "Assessment of tax revenue generated by the auto industry" (PDF). Center for Automotive research. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  101. ^ Clark, Wesley K. (November 17, 2008).What's Good for G.M. Is Good for the Army. The New York Times. Retrieved on February 1, 2009.
  102. ^ Reuters (June 20, 2008).Construction Begins on Marathon's Detroit Refinery Upgrade Project. Retrieved on September 20, 2008.
  103. ^ Concrete Monthly (October 2005).Lafarge's new $30 million cement terminal is important part of Detroit revitalization Archived June 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 16, 2008.
  104. ^ Dorinda Elliott (January 30, 2006). "Can This Man Save The American Auto Industry?" Time.
  105. ^ Kiley, David (June 13, 2001). GM buys stake in firm tapping hydrogen power. USA Today.
  106. ^ PRNewswire (March 22, 2006). Diesel Jeep Liberty Sales Double Expectations Yahoo News.
  107. ^ GM announces world's most powerful fuel cell stack (13 September 2001) Archived March 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. GM Press Release.
  108. ^ Priddle, Alisa and David Shepardson (August 6, 2009).Mich. gets $1.3B battery jolt[permanent dead link]. The Detroit News. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  109. ^ Auto Quality (June 4, 2003). USA Today
  110. ^ Initial Quality Winners from J.D Power Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. MSN Autos. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  111. ^ Welcome to GDFTZ.com! Archived May 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greater Detroit Foreign Trade Zone, Inc. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  112. ^ |topnews|text|FRONTPAGE Metro Detroit exports grow 12%, is now fourth largest export market in U.S.[permanent dead link]. Detroit News, September 13, 2012.
  113. ^ Why doesn't Michigan have toll roads. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved on September 5, 2007. "A system of toll free highways has been viewed as important to commerce, industry, tourism, and general economic development."
  114. ^ Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary (May 11, 2005) Archived November 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  115. ^ Trade Point Detroit Windsor. Retrieved on May 24, 2009.
  116. ^ Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Archived March 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  117. ^ "Ambassador Bridge". www.ambassadorbridge.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  118. ^ Transit Windsor. "Routes and Schedules". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2006.
  119. ^ Detroit Area Transit Systems Archived April 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. focalhost.com. Retrieved on April 7, 2007.
  120. ^ Ann Arbor - Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on May 20, 2008.
  121. ^ "Michigan Business References" Archived June 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Michigan Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved on July 11, 2010.
  122. ^ Sapte, Benjamin (2003). Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971 Archived April 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
  123. ^ Greg Lindsay (July/August 2006). The rise of the Aerotropolis Fast Company.
  124. ^ Detroit Renaissance, (May 3, 2007). Road to Renaissance Archived August 6, 2010, at WebCite Press Release.
  125. ^ "High-speed rail grants include $244 million for Detroit-to-Chicago Amtrak improvements". annarbor.com.
  126. ^ Shea, Bill (June 17, 2010).Windsor Port Authority joins group seeking to build $400 million rail tunnel. Crain's Detroit. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
  127. ^ "New York Times asks: What's to be done with Michigan Central Station?". Model D.
  128. ^ "Detroit: Economy Major Industries and Commercial Activity". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  129. ^ Michigan's Future - (July 10, 2007).Metro Detroit visitors, spending at the highest level since 9/11 Archived December 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Michigan's Future citing CIC Research Inc. study for 2006. Retrieved on November 6, 2007.
  130. ^ Metro Detroit Convention and Visitors Bureau statistics Archived December 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 4, 2007.
  131. ^ America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Archived October 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress. Retrieved on May 2, 2007.
  132. ^ State of Michigan: MI Kids (2006).Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Archived December 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 2, 2007.
  133. ^ Midtown Archived April 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Model D Media. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
  134. ^ Groover, Joel (June 1, 2004). Privacy Please Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retail Traffic Penton Media. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
  135. ^ Huron Clinton Metro Parks Archived March 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
  136. ^ Cities located close to Detroit. Time and Date world clock distances. Retrieved on September 2, 2007.
  137. ^ a b Audi, Tamara (September 26, 2007). What Happens In Detroit. The Wall Street Journal, B6. "But the market at issue, as MGM Mirage sees it, includes a 300-mile (480 km) radius of potential overnight clients across the region".
  138. ^ Mink, Randy, and Karen Mink (July 2001). Detroit Turns 300 - Detroit 300 Festival. Travel America, World Publishing Co., Gale Group.
  139. ^ USA Today (February 3, 2009).Film production studios coming to Michigan cities. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
  140. ^ Gallaher, John and Kathleen Gray and Chris Christoff - (2/03/09).Pontiac film studio to bring jobs Archived February 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Free Press.
  141. ^ Grossman, Andrew. "Retailers Head for Exits in Detroit". The Wall Street Journal. June 16, 2009. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  142. ^ "Decade in review: Business". The Detroit News. December 31, 2009. Retrieved on January 8, 2010.
  143. ^ a b c Foley, Aaron (June 18, 2009).Detroiters complain of lack of shopping options. MLive.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.
  144. ^ a b Guest, Greta (June 30, 2009). "Grassroots grocery aims to fill a niche in Detroit". Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine Detroit Free Press. Retrieved on July 12, 2009.
  145. ^ Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors. Detroit Free Press. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
  146. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  147. ^ a b Foley, Aaron (June 28, 2009). "Meijer's potential Detroit location spurs city-suburb debate". Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine MLive.com. Sunday . Retrieved on July 13, 2009.
  148. ^ a b Guest, Gretta (August 15, 2009).Meijer will build store in Detroit. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved on August 15, 2009.
  149. ^ Trop, Jaclyn (April 1, 2009).open-air Detroit mall moves ahead. The Detroit News. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.
  150. ^ "Find a Whole Foods Market Store Near You". Whole Foods Market. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
  151. ^ Dolan, Matthew (July 27, 2011).Whole Foods to Open Store in Detroit in 2013. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  152. ^ a b Larson, Larissa (October 21, 2009).The Role of Urban Food Retail in Detroit's Economic Development and Revitalization Archived August 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. University of Michigan, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Retrieved on July 6, 2010.
  153. The E.W. Scripps Co.
    August 11, 2011. Retrieved on September 19, 2013.
  154. ^ DetroitBlogger John. "The black market". Metro Times. June 20, 2012. Retrieved on July 25, 2012. "Though many small businesses in the city are struggling right now, hundreds of supporters came out for this one. Because this isn't just any grocery store. It's the last black-owned supermarket in Detroit. Local media stopped by. Jet magazine called. How is it possible, they all wanted to know, that in a city whose population is mostly black, there is just one black-owned supermarket? " and "There never were many black-owned grocery stores in the city, he notes. Until recently there were two others, started by former employees of his, actually, and both went out of business, leaving him with the title."
  155. MLive
    . July 24, 2013. Retrieved on July 29, 2013.
  156. ^ Selasky, Susan M. "Southwest Detroit's Hispanic groceries have what you need for Cinco de Mayo". Detroit Free Press. May 3, 2012. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.
  157. ^ Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine The Nielson Company(April 2, 2007).
  158. ^ Shaw's Saskatoon Channel Lineup (April 7, 2007) Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The Saskatoon Free-Net.
  159. ^ Market Ranks and Schedule. Arbitron.com. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
  160. ^ Felton, Ryan. "Ren Cen 4 movie theater in downtown Detroit closes" (Archive). Metro Times. July 1, 2015. Retrieved on July 9, 2015.
  161. ^ Lankton, Larry (November–December 1991). "Autos to Armaments: Detroit Becomes the Arsenal of Democracy" (PDF). Michigan History. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  162. ^ Nolan, Jenny (January 28, 1997).Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy . Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on August 7, 2010.
  163. ^ Crain's List (2007).Largest Metro Detroit Employers Archived July 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Crain's Detroit Business. Retrieved on August 22, 2008.
  164. ^ "Fast Facts - Quicken Loans Pressroom". quickenloans.com.

References and further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_metropolitan_Detroit&oldid=1209765483"