Edict of Amboise

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Edict of Amboise
Condé
Original
signatories
Catherine de' Medici
Parties
  • Crown
  • Protestant rebels
LanguagesFrench

The Edict of Amboise, also known as the Edict of Pacification, was signed at the

Château of Amboise on 19 March 1563 by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France. The Edict ended the first stage of the French Wars of Religion, inaugurating a period of official peace in France by guaranteeing the Huguenots
religious privileges and freedoms. However, it was gradually undermined by continuing religious violence at a regional level and hostilities renewed in 1567.

Background

The Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici, circa 1560, who favoured compromise with the Huguenots minority

Hoping to resolve the increasingly bitter conflict between French

French War of Religion.[2]

On 2 April,

Anne de Montmorency, the Constable of France, continued negotiations on behalf of the Crown but his terms were also unacceptable; they included a ban on Protestant preachers and the exile of Condé and other Protestant leaders until Charles IX of France reached his majority.[5]

Catholic success in retaking areas seized by the Huguenots meant prospects for a negotiated peace dwindled and fresh attempts to negotiate terms as Condé approached Paris in November 1562 were largely a delaying tactic until reinforcements could arrive.

The assassination of Guise in February 1563 during the siege of Orleans removed a major obstacle to a negotiated peace, while the demoralised Royal army was unable to press its advantage.[8] Shortly after this, Catherine travelled to Orléans and on 8 March she negotiated the release of Condé and Montmorency by their respective captors.[9] Under her supervision, the two men met on the nearby Île aux Bœufs to discuss peace terms, [10] and on 19 March, the Edict of Amboise was approved by the Conseil du Roi.[11] Unlike subsequent edicts, which were marked with green wax to indicate they were intended to be permanent, the Edict of Amboise was sealed with yellow wax, denoting it as only temporary and undermining Protestant trust in its provisions.[12]

Terms

Huguenot leader Gaspard II de Coligny, one of those who felt it better to continue fighting than accept the restricted terms of the Edict

The agreement was modelled on the previous Edict of January, though with greater restrictions.[8] Although it allowed liberty of conscience and the right for Huguenots to practise their religion in private, [13] communal Calvinist worship was restricted to the suburbs of one town in each baillage or sénéchausée in general.[14] Exemptions included towns held by Protestants prior to 7 March, which were allowed freedom of worship, as well higher rank Protestant nobles, who could hold services in their feudal holdings.[9] Lower rank gentry were given the same rights but only for their immediate family members and servants.[15] Despite the baillage provision, Protestant worship was banned in Paris.[13]

Any property of the Catholic church seized during the war was to be returned,[9] with reciprocal arrangements for Huguenots deprived of offices and goods, including those who lived in Paris, a provision largely designed for the benefit of Condé.[15] The government agreed to pay accrued wages for the Huguenot army provided it left the country and discharged Condé from reimbursing revenues gained from levying taxes during the civil war.[15] Finally all political and religious leagues were banned along with armed assemblies.[14] The Edict also granted a general amnesty for crimes committed during the war, a provision that came into force only after the hastily scheduled execution of Jean de Poltrot, alleged assassin of Guise.[16] [a] Seeking to cause conflict over such disputes was forbidden and perpetrators could be sentenced without a trial.[15]

A series of amendments were passed on 22 December; freedom of worship for upper Protestant nobility on their own estates excluded lands purchased from the Catholic church, while those with multiple residences could do so when they moved between them. Governors could nominate baillage suburbs, with or without the aid of commissioners, while Protestant worship could only continue in towns occupied prior to 7 March if still in their possession at the end of the war and could not be re-introduced in towns they had lost. Protestant Parisians could not travel out of the area to worship and would have to move out of the region if they wanted to do so. Burials were to occur at mutually agreed sites outside the city walls and to prevent conflict, funeral corteges could have no more than 30 members.[15]

However, significant elements on both sides viewed the Edict as unsatisfactory and preferred to continue fighting. The Guise party argued too many concessions had been made, while the Huguenot faction known as the "Party of the

Theodor Beza, felt they did not go nearly far enough and largely favoured the Protestant nobility led by Condé.[18]

Registration and enforcement

Since many on both sides opposed the Edict, ensuring acceptance became a major issue, while solutions included

Parlement de Paris.[20] Even this arbitrary device failed to secure adherence at a local level, as in Tours where Protestants were denied the site of worship given to them by the edict, or in Romans-sur-Isère where they refused to reinstate the Mass.[21]

More immediate problems included the need to demobilise the Protestant mercenaries, with the unpaid troops marauding and plundering Champagne unhindered for many weeks, until expelled with the help of regular troops from

Blaise de Montluc and Tavannes in Burgundy.[25]

Registration

For the Edict to be legal, it first had to be registered by the regional Parlements, most of whom opposed the clauses relating to the toleration of the Huguenots.

Distribution of individual Parlements 1789; Besançon, Metz, Nancy, Douai, Pau and Rousillon were added in the 17th century
  • The
    Parlement de Normandie, or Parlement de Rouen, strongly resisted efforts by Brissac to enforce registration, and the local administration, the Council of 24 asked for exemption from its provisions. When this was denied, Parlement passed their own law voiding key parts of the Edict, which was only registered after the murder in late April of several Protestants seeking to return to the city.[28]
  • Registration was forced through the Parlement de Bordeaux by its President Jacques-Benôit Lagebaton, who was subsequently hounded from office for his decision.[27] Both Bordeaux and the Parlement de Toulouse passed amended versions of the Edict, forcing Charles to issued both with a lit de justice.[30]
  • The Parlement d'Aix refused to acknowledge receipt of the edict for a year, forcing the King to replace its most recalcitrant members in November 1564.[31] Replacing them with selected judges from Paris did not resolve the issue and further Catholic resistance in the region continued.[14]
  • The only Parlements prepared to register the Edict without compulsion were those of
    Rennes, which had been reinstated only in 1554 and was more susceptible to Royal influence. Both issued statements urging the different faiths to unite and uphold royal edicts.[32]

Enforcement

Marshalls
charged with helping enforce the Edict in the provinces

Even when coerced into registration, many Parlements proved unwilling to enforce the legislation they had just passed.

Charles de Montmorency-Damville in the Île-de-France and Gaspard de Saulx in Burgundy.[35] Its vagueness on several key issues allowed the commissioners to adapt the terms to fit local needs, such as legislation on whether Protestants must decorate their houses for Catholic ceremonies.[36]

To assist enforcement, senior military officers were deputised to cover different regions.

Imbert de La Plâtière was assigned the regions of Touraine, Anjou, Maine, Poitou, parts of Brittany and lower Normandy. With such broad remits, they soon found themselves overstretched in their ability to provide backing to the commissioners.[37]

In January 1566, concerns over the number of cases being sent to the Crown for arbitration led to abolition of the commissioner system, which was replaced with "neutral chambers" set up by the regional Parlement.[38]

Legacy of peace

Ultimately the agreement failed to achieve its primary purpose of ending religious divisions and the next stage of the war began in 1567, caused by Huguenot fears the Edict was about to be revoked and the outbreak of

Netherlands.[39] More than this though, the Edict was undermined by ongoing popular religious violence in the regional communities, as demonstrated in 1572 by the provincial killings that followed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris.[40]

Notes

  1. ^ Wounded by Poltrot, Guise died six days later, largely as a result of his surgeons constantly bleeding him [17]

References

  1. ^ Potter 1997, pp. 45–46.
  2. ^ Carroll 2009, p. 18.
  3. ^ Thompson 1909, p. 149.
  4. ^ Thompson 1909, p. 151.
  5. ^ Thompson 1909, p. 153.
  6. ^ Thompson 1909, pp. 174–175.
  7. ^ Carroll 2009, p. 166.
  8. ^ a b Holt 2005, p. 55.
  9. ^ a b c Knecht 1996, p. 37.
  10. ^ Roberts 2013, p. 32.
  11. ^ Thompson 1909, p. 190.
  12. ^ Roberts 2013, p. 64.
  13. ^ a b Thompson 1909, p. 191.
  14. ^ a b c Salmon 1975, pp. 147–148.
  15. ^ a b c d e Potter 1997, pp. 82–85.
  16. ^ Sutherland 1981, p. 290.
  17. ^ Sutherland 1981, p. 279.
  18. ^ Kingdon 1967, p. 149.
  19. ^ a b Holt 2005, p. 59.
  20. ^ a b Holt 2005, p. 58.
  21. ^ Nicholls 1994, p. 23.
  22. ^ Thompson 1909, pp. 192–193.
  23. ^ Salmon 1975, p. 149.
  24. ^ Thompson 1909, pp. 215–216.
  25. ^ Holt 2020, p. 159.
  26. ^ Diefendorf 1991, p. 72.
  27. ^ a b Holt 2005, p. 57.
  28. ^ Benedict 2003, pp. 114–115.
  29. ^ Holt 2020, pp. 155–156.
  30. ^ a b Holt 2005, p. 60.
  31. ^ Foa 2004, pp. 263–264.
  32. ^ Roberts 2007, p. ?.
  33. ^ Foa 2004, p. 258.
  34. ^ Foa 2004, p. 264.
  35. ^ Foa 2004, pp. 268–270.
  36. ^ Foa 2004, p. 267.
  37. ^ Roberts 2013, pp. 65–66.
  38. ^ Roberts 2013, pp. 70–71.
  39. ^ Salmon 1975, pp. 168–169.
  40. ^ Benedict 2003, p. 126.

Sources

External links