Edmonton
Edmonton | |
---|---|
City of Edmonton | |
GDP per capita (Edmonton CMA) | CA$63,601 (2022)[12] |
Website | edmonton |
Edmonton (/ˈɛdməntən/ ED-mən-tən) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. Edmonton anchors the northern end of what Statistics Canada defines as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor", a region spanning between Edmonton and the city of Calgary, Alberta's largest city, which includes the many smaller municipalities between the two.[13]
The area that later became the city of Edmonton was first inhabited by
As of
Known as the "Gateway to the North",[25] Edmonton has become a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.[26] Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts festivals year-round, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City".[1] It is home to Canada's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004);[27][28][29] and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.[30]
Etymology
Established as the first permanent settlement in the area of what is now Edmonton, the
Indigenous languages refer to the Edmonton area by multiple names which reference the presence of fur trading posts.[35][36] In Cree, the area is known as ᐊᒥᐢᑿᒌᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ amiskwacîwâskahikan,[37] which translates to "Beaver Hills House" and references the location's proximity to the Beaver Hills east of Edmonton. In Blackfoot, the area is known as Omahkoyis;[38][39] in Nakota Sioux, the area is known as Titâga;[40] in Tsuutʼina, the area is known as Nââsʔágháàchú[41] (anglicised as Nasagachoo).[42] The Blackfoot name translates to 'big lodge',[43] while the Nakota Sioux and Tsuutʼina names translate to 'big house'.[35][40][42] In Denesuline, the area is known as Kuę́ Nedhé,[44] a metonymic toponym which also generally means 'city'.
History
The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the
The site of present-day Edmonton was home to several First Nations peoples, including the Cree, Nakota Sioux, Blackfoot, Tsuut'ina, Ojibwe, and Denesuline. The valley of the North Saskatchewan River, in particular the area of Edmonton, was settled to varying degrees for thousands of years, and provided many essential resources, including fish, medicine, and materials for tool making, such as chert or quartzite, which are abundant in the area around the modern city and which can be easily knapped into tools such as axes, knives, and arrowheads.[46]
The city was also a historic site for the Métis, who held many narrow lots along the North Saskatchewan which gave access to resources in the area. By 1882, these lots numbered about 44, after which they were displaced and integrated into the expanding city of Edmonton.[47]
In 1754,
By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major trading post for the HBC, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day Fort Saskatchewan.[49] Fort Edmonton was built within "musket-shot range" of the rival NWC's Fort Augustus.[32] Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream.[32]
By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now Rossdale, beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.[50] The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations.[32] Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, Dene, and Nakoda nations to the north.[32] After the NWC merged with the HBC, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton.[32]
In 1876,
The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers", and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver, British Columbia.[54]
Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,[55] Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.[56] In November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.[57]
During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton
Just before World War I, the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.[59] Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.[60] Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.[61] Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II.
The
On July 31, 1987, an F4 tornado hit the city and killed 27 people.[66] The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, Mill Woods, Bannerman, Fraser, and Evergreen.[67] The day became known as "Black Friday" and earned the city the moniker "City of Champions".[68]
History of municipal governance
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Does not contain information about how Edmonton's municipal governance has changed or evolved since 1989. This section should be updated with more information regarding this.(January 2023) |
In 1892, Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was Matthew McCauley, who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.[69] Due to McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals, Edmonton maintained economic and political prominence over Strathcona, a rival town on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River.[69] Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became Alberta's capital in 1905.[56]
In 1904, the City of Edmonton purchased the
Unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, James East, elected in 1912, followed by the first official Labour alderman, James Kinney, the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, Rice Sheppard and Joe Clarke.[citation needed]
Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in 1929, and a full majority from 1932 to 1934, during the Great Depression.[71] Jan Reimer became the city's first female mayor when she was elected in 1989.[72][73]
In 2021, Amarjeet Sohi became the first person of colour to be elected as mayor of Edmonton.[74]
Geography
Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of 671 m (2,201 ft).
The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915. It empties via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay.[77] It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including Mill Creek, Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for urban parkland.[78] Edmonton is within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone.[79]
Climate
Edmonton has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb, Trewartha climate classification Dcbc) with typically frigid, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the NRC 4a Plant Hardiness Zone.[82]
Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta
The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than Regina, Saskatoon or Winnipeg,[90] all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in January to a summer peak of 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in July,[84] with average maximum of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) in July and minimum of −14.8 °C (5.4 °F) in January.[84] Temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on June 29, 1937[91] and on July 2, 2013, a record high humidex of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and a record high dew point of 23 °C (73 °F).[92][93] The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F) on January 19 and 21, 1886.[94]
Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving 455.7 mm (17.94 in) of precipitation per year, of which 347.8 mm (13.69 in) is rain and 111.2 mm (4.38 in) is the melt from 123.5 cm (48.6 in) from snowfall.[84] Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of 93.8 mm (3.69 in),[84] and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.[84] Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the 114 mm (4.49 in) of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.[84] Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,[95][96] which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes.
The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached 29 °C (84 °F) or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above 29 °C (84 °F) on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).[97] The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.[98][99][100][101]
A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain reported within an hour in many places.[102] This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.[103]
Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,[104] and eight since 1990.[105] An F4 tornado that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.[106][107] It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.[108] Then-mayor Laurence Decore cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.[1][109]
Climate data for Edmonton (Edmonton City Centre Airport). Climate ID: 3012208; coordinates 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W; elevation: 670.6 m (2,200 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1880–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high humidex | 11.0 | 16.1 | 23.5 | 29.2 | 33.4 | 35.9 | 44.0 | 39.6 | 34.1 | 28.3 | 19.4 | 16.0 | 44.0 |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.9 (53.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.7 (5.5) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −49.4 (−57.0) |
−49.4 (−57.0) |
−40.0 (−40.0) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−42.2 (−44.0) |
−48.3 (−55.0) |
−49.4 (−57.0) |
Record low wind chill | −52.8 | −50.7 | −44.6 | −37.5 | −14.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −3.7 | −13.3 | −34.3 | −50.2 | −55.5 | −55.5 |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19.6 (0.77) |
11.8 (0.46) |
16.8 (0.66) |
28.6 (1.13) |
44.2 (1.74) |
69.9 (2.75) |
82.7 (3.26) |
60.7 (2.39) |
38.5 (1.52) |
20.5 (0.81) |
17.5 (0.69) |
11.8 (0.46) |
422.5 (16.63) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.04) |
0.6 (0.02) |
1.9 (0.07) |
15.8 (0.62) |
43.9 (1.73) |
69.9 (2.75) |
78.2 (3.08) |
66.6 (2.62) |
38.4 (1.51) |
11.4 (0.45) |
1.3 (0.05) |
0.6 (0.02) |
329.3 (12.96) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 25.6 (10.1) |
12.7 (5.0) |
19.1 (7.5) |
15.0 (5.9) |
4.9 (1.9) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.7 (0.3) |
11.0 (4.3) |
19.8 (7.8) |
15.1 (5.9) |
123.9 (48.8) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 11.2 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 124.4 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 1.1 | 0.82 | 1.4 | 6.7 | 11.0 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 6.8 | 1.6 | 0.75 | 82.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.6 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 2.9 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 49.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST)
|
65.2 | 59.5 | 53.9 | 43.5 | 39.3 | 47.8 | 50.6 | 49.3 | 48.2 | 51.0 | 63.8 | 65.4 | 53.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 100.8 | 121.7 | 176.3 | 244.2 | 279.9 | 285.9 | 307.5 | 282.3 | 192.7 | 170.8 | 98.4 | 84.5 | 2,344.8 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.3 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 6.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 40.2 | 44.1 | 48.1 | 58.2 | 56.8 | 56.2 | 60.2 | 61.5 | 50.4 | 52.0 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 50.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (sun, UV 1981–2010)[84][110], (July record high humidex)[111], Extremes (1880–1943)[112] Note: climate data was collected near downtown Edmonton from July 1880 to June 1943, and at Edmonton City Centre Airport (Blatchford Field) from October 1937 to present. |
Climate data for Leduc-Edmonton (Edmonton International Airport) WMO ID: 71123; coordinates 53°19′N 113°35′W / 53.317°N 113.583°W; elevation: 723.3 m (2,373 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high humidex | 9.2 | 12.8 | 23.5 | 30.0 | 33.6 | 37.3 | 44.0 | 38.7 | 33.9 | 28.4 | 20.8 | 14.6 | 44.0 |
Record high °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.1 (−0.6) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −48.3 (−54.9) |
−43.9 (−47.0) |
−42.7 (−44.9) |
−28.3 (−18.9) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−26.5 (−15.7) |
−36.4 (−33.5) |
−46.1 (−51.0) |
−48.3 (−54.9) |
Record low wind chill | −61.1 | −53.5 | −50.7 | −33.7 | −16.3 | −7.3 | −3.9 | −5.8 | −14.3 | −34.9 | −51.5 | −58.3 | −61.1 |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21.5 (0.85) |
12.4 (0.49) |
17.3 (0.68) |
29.8 (1.17) |
47.0 (1.85) |
74.7 (2.94) |
87.2 (3.43) |
52.6 (2.07) |
34.7 (1.37) |
22.3 (0.88) |
20.0 (0.79) |
14.6 (0.57) |
434.0 (17.09) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.1 (0.04) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.8 (0.03) |
14.9 (0.59) |
41.6 (1.64) |
75.2 (2.96) |
88.0 (3.46) |
53.2 (2.09) |
34.5 (1.36) |
12.4 (0.49) |
1.5 (0.06) |
0.5 (0.02) |
324.1 (12.76) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 24.2 (9.5) |
14.4 (5.7) |
19.2 (7.6) |
16.3 (6.4) |
6.4 (2.5) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.6 (0.2) |
10.1 (4.0) |
19.1 (7.5) |
16.3 (6.4) |
126.7 (49.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 10.9 | 8.2 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 11.4 | 14.7 | 16.2 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 132.8 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 14.4 | 15.5 | 11.9 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 78.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.7 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 3.4 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 54.7 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST)
|
69.7 | 66.7 | 62.8 | 46.9 | 40.1 | 49.9 | 54.5 | 51.9 | 48.4 | 52.3 | 67.9 | 70.2 | 56.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 101.1 | 127.0 | 174.7 | 233.3 | 271.0 | 275.9 | 302.2 | 279.4 | 196.1 | 160.4 | 97.2 | 92.0 | 2,310.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 40.1 | 45.9 | 47.6 | 55.7 | 55.1 | 54.4 | 59.3 | 61.0 | 51.3 | 48.7 | 37.3 | 39.0 | 49.6 |
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[113] |
Metropolitan area
Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA),
The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region have led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region. Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities
On November 30, 2016, the City of Edmonton and Leduc County came to an agreement on Edmonton's annexation proposal. The City of Edmonton was poised to annex 12,100 ha (121 km2; 47 sq mi) of land from Leduc County and Beaumont, including the Edmonton International Airport, as a result.[126]
On January 1, 2019, the City of Edmonton officially annexed 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont, increasing the city's area to 767.85 km2 (296.47 sq mi), with discussions of annexing an additional 2,830 ha (28.3 km2; 10.9 sq mi) of Edmonton International Airport land still ongoing.[18]
Neighbourhoods
Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods[127] within seven geographic sectors – a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before 1970,[128] and six surrounding suburban sectors.[129]
Edmonton's
Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors,
Several transit-oriented developments (TOD) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview, with future developments planned at Belvedere (part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project).[136] Another TOD, Century Park,[137] is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall, at the southern end of the LRT line. Century Park will eventually house up to 5,000 residents.[138]
The Edmonton City Centre Airport is being redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30,000 people called Blatchford, comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, renewable energy, district heating and cooling, and a major park.[139] The first residents moved into Blatchford in November 2020.[140]
Edmonton has four major industrial districts: the Northwest Industrial District, the Northeast Industrial District, the Southeast Industrial District, and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park,[141] which is part of Alberta's Industrial Heartland.[142] The northwest, northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them.[130][141]
The city has established 12
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1901 | 2,626 | — |
1906 | 11,167 | +325.2% |
1911 | 24,900 | +123.0% |
1916 | 53,846 | +116.2% |
1921 | 58,821 | +9.2% |
1926 | 65,163 | +10.8% |
1931 | 79,197 | +21.5% |
1936 | 85,774 | +8.3% |
1941 | 93,817 | +9.4% |
1946 | 113,116 | +20.6% |
1951 | 159,631 | +41.1% |
1956 | 226,002 | +41.6% |
1961 | 281,027 | +24.3% |
1966 | 376,925 | +34.1% |
1971 | 438,152 | +16.2% |
1976 | 461,361 | +5.3% |
1981 | 532,246 | +15.4% |
1986 | 573,982 | +7.8% |
1991 | 616,741 | +7.4% |
1996 | 616,306 | −0.1% |
2001 | 666,104 | +8.1% |
2006 | 730,372 | +9.6% |
2011 | 812,201 | +11.2% |
2016 | 932,546 | +14.8% |
2021 | 1,010,899 | +8.4% |
Source: Statistics Canada [144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154] [155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167] |
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton had a population of 1,010,899 living in 396,404 of its 428,857 total private dwellings, a change of 8.3% from its 2016 population of 933,088. With a land area of 765.61 km2 (295.60 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,320.4/km2 (3,419.8/sq mi) in 2021.[6]
At the
The population of the City of Edmonton according to its 2019 municipal census is 972,223,[8] a change of 8.1% from its 2016 municipal census population of 899,447.[168] After factoring in dwellings that did not respond to the municipal census, Edmonton's population is further estimated to be 992,812.[169] Per its municipal census policy,[170] the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2020.[171]
In the
The 2016 municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.[172]
The 2011 Census reported that 50.2 percent of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8 percent (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household.[173]
The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) has the fifth-greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second-greatest in Alberta, but has the largest land area in Canada. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1 percent was second only to the
The Edmonton
The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 324,315 persons or 32.5% of the total population of Edmonton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (54,850 persons or 16.9%), India (50,435 persons or 15.6%), China (21,110 persons or 6.5%), Vietnam (10,280 persons or 3.2%), United Kingdom (9,990 persons or 3.1%), Pakistan (8,895 persons or 2.7%), Hong Kong (6,985 persons or 2.2%), Poland (6,470 persons or 2.0%), United States of America (6,295 persons or 1.9%), and Somalia (5,765 persons or 1.8%).[178]
Ethnicity
According to the 2021 census, 51.4% of Edmonton's population were of
- East and Southeast Asian (16%) (7.1% Filipino, 6% Chinese, and 1.5% Vietnamese);
- South Asian (11.5%) (6.2% Indian);
- Indigenous (5.8% (2.8% First Nations and 2.8% Métis);
- Black (7.6%);
- Latin American (2%) and
- West Asian and Arab (3.8% (1.2% Lebanese)).
The 2016 census also reported that 37.1% of Edmonton's population identified themselves as visible minorities.[182] The most frequent visible minorities included South Asian (9.5%), Chinese (6.3%), Black (5.9%), Filipino (5.9%), and Arab (2.6%).[182]
Religion
Edmonton is home to members of a number of world religions. According to the 2021 Census, 44.6 percent of metropolitan Edmonton residents identify as Christian. Significant religious minorities include Muslims (8.3 percent), Sikhs (4.1 percent), Buddhists (1.5 percent), Hindus (3.4 percent), Jewish people (0.4 percent), and practitioners of traditional Aboriginal spirituality (0.2 percent). Those belonging to smaller religions account for 1.1 percent, while 36.4 percent profess no religious affiliation.[183]
Within Christianity, major denominations include the
In the 1930s, the local Muslim community began organizing to build a mosque. A local Muslim woman, Hilwie Hamdon, met with the mayor to acquire the land, and campaigned to raise $5,000 for the building. In 1938, Abdullah Yusuf Ali was present at the opening of the new Al-Rashid Mosque, which became the first mosque established in Canada and the third in North America.[184] In the 1980s, Muslim students at the University of Alberta found it difficult to rent prayer rooms large enough to accommodate the local population, and opened the Muslim Community of Edmonton as a mosque and outreach centre in 1992.[185] From these beginnings, Muslims now form the city's largest religious minority, with 83,015 members (2021)[183] representing over 62 ethnic backgrounds[186] at over 20 Edmonton-area mosques (2019).[187]
Edmonton's Jewish community is represented by the Jewish Federation of Edmonton, operating the historic Edmonton Jewish Cemetery, purchased in 1907. The city contains six
The
Economy
Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry. As of 2014, the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region was $57.8-billion, of which $34.4-billion are within the oil and gas, oil sands, and pipeline sectors.[198]
Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the 1940s.[199] Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia.[200]
Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the National Institute for Nanotechnology.[201]
During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening.
Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature.
Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia.[208] In early 2020, CN Rail announced that it was closing its Montreal control centre and would eventually close its Vancouver control centre as well, with a goal to consolidate all of its control operations into Edmonton.[209]
Retail
Edmonton is home to several shopping malls and the second largest mall in North America, West Edmonton Mall, which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world.[210][211] Other mentionable malls include Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre, Edmonton City Centre (a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and Eaton Centre malls), Southgate Centre, Kingsway Mall, Northgate Centre, Riverview Crossing, Londonderry Mall, and Mill Woods Town Centre.[212]
Edmonton also has many big box shopping centres and power centres. Some of the major ones include South Edmonton Common (one of North America's largest open air retail developments),[213] RioCan Mayfield, Westpoint Centre, Skyview Centre, Terra Losa Centre, Unity Square, SouthPark Centre, The Meadows, Christy's Corner, Currents of Windermere, and Manning Village.[214]
In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street, on Whyte Avenue and in the surrounding area.[215] Old Strathcona also houses the city's largest indoor farmer's market with over 130 vendors selling local and regional produce, meat, crafts, and clothing year-round.[216] In and around Downtown Edmonton, there are a few shopping districts, including the Edmonton City Centre mall, Jasper Avenue, and 104 Street. Near Oliver, 124 Street is home to a significant number of retail stores. Edmonton is the Canadian testing ground for many American retailers, such as Bath & Body Works and Calvin Klein.[217]
Arts and culture
Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District around
Performing arts
The
The Old Strathcona neighbourhood is home to the Theatre District, which holds the ATB Financial Arts Barns (headquarters of the
Festivals
Edmonton hosts several large
Edmonton's main summer festival is K-Days, formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition.[225] Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme, becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s.[225] Northlands, the operators, renamed the festival "Edmonton's Capital Ex" or "Capital Ex" in 2006.[225] In 2012 Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to "K-Days".[225] The Canadian Finals Rodeo was held in Edmonton from 1974 to 2017, but moved to Red Deer in 2018 due to the closure of the Northlands Coliseum.[226] It moved back to Edmonton in 2024 and will be held at Rogers Place through 2026.[227]
The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America.
Music
In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, CKUA, began broadcasting music in 1927.[235] The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city.[236] Edmonton is also hosts the Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship each summer in July, which showcases some of the best fiddlers in Canada, the United States, and Scotland.
The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913. In 1952 the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60-member modern version. The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music.[237]
The city also has a vibrant popular music scene, across genres including hip-hop, reggae, R&B, rock, pop, metal, punk, country and electronic. Notable past and present local musicians include Robert Goulet,[238] Tommy Banks, Eleanor Collins, Stu Davis, Tim Feehan, Cadence Weapon, Kreesha Turner, the Smalls, SNFU, Social Code, Stereos, Ten Second Epic, Tupelo Honey, Mac DeMarco, Shout Out Out Out Out, Psyche, Purity Ring, The Wet Secrets, Nuela Charles, Celeigh Cardinal, and Ruth B.[239]
Nightlife
There are several key areas of nightlife in Edmonton. The most popular is the
Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and growth since the mid-1990s. Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom, starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, to make way for office towers. There have always been numerous pub-type establishments, hotel lounges, and restaurants. The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues. Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city. Various clubs are found along Edmonton's main street, Jasper Avenue. The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses a Landmark Cinemas movie theatre with nine screens. The nonprofit Metro Cinema[243] shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week.
West Edmonton Mall holds several after-hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions. Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex. Scotiabank Theatre (formerly known as Silver City), at the west end of the mall, is a theatre with 12 screens and an IMAX.[27]
Attractions
Edmonton is known for its natural scenery, food, history and facilities. It is home to Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, and West Edmonton Mall, North America's largest shopping mall. Other notable attractions include the Royal Alberta Museum, the Muttart Conservatory, Alberta Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton Valley Zoo, Alberta Railway Museum, and many other natural and man-made attractions.
Parkland and environment
Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's Central Park.[244] The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main "Ribbon of Green" is supplemented by tributary creeks and ravines, particularly the Whitemud Creek, Blackmud Creek, and Mill Creek Ravine. There are also numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of 111 km2 (27,400 acres) of parkland.[244] Within the 7,400 ha (18,000 acres), 25 km (16 mi)-long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections.[245] These trails are also part of the 235 km (146 mi) Waskahegan walking trail. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of "The Famous Five".[246]
Edmonton's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy
Several golf courses, both public and private, are also located in the river valley; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening.[249] Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season, and cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter. Four downhill ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside.[250]
The Edmonton & Area Land Trust (EALT) is a charity focused on conserving natural areas in Edmonton and surrounding municipalities. Its first project in Edmonton was conserving Larch Sanctuary,[251] via a 0.24 km2 (59 acres) conservation easement with the city, straddling Whitemud Creek south of 23rd Avenue, and containing the only oxbow lake in the city. EALT works with many organizations in Edmonton, and is working to conserve the 0.94 km2 (233 acres) of forest and farmland[252] in a loop of the river in northeast Edmonton.
A variety of volunteer opportunities exist for citizens to participate in the stewardship of Edmonton's parkland and river valley. Volunteer programs include River Valley Clean-up, Root for Trees, and Partner in Parks.[253] River Valley Clean-up engages volunteers to pick up hundreds of bags of litter each year.
Museums and galleries
There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes.[254] The largest is the Royal Alberta Museum (RAM), which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's 2005 Alberta centennial visit. The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region. In 2018, the building relocated from its location in Glenora to a new building in downtown on 103A Avenue and 97 Street. The museum held a grand opening event and gave out 40,000 free tickets for its first few days of operation.[255]
The
The
The
The
The Alberta Railway Museum[260] is located in the rural northeast portion of the city. It contains a variety of locomotives and railroad cars from different periods, and includes a working steam locomotive. Since most of its exhibits are outdoors, it is only open between Victoria Day and Labour Day.
Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, is located in the river valley southwest of the city centre. Edmonton's heritage is displayed through historical buildings (many of which are originals moved to the park), costumed historical interpreters, and authentic artifacts. In total, it covers the region's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 (represented by Fort Edmonton), followed chronologically by 1885, 1905, and 1920 streets, and a recreation of a 1920s midway. A steam train, streetcars, automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles may be seen in operation (and utilized by the public) around the park. The John Walter Museum and Historical Area (c. 1875 to 1901) is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.[261] The University of Alberta operates its own internal Museums and Collections service.[262]
The
Edmonton is home to four artist-run centres all located in the downtown core Harcourt House, Latitude 53, Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective and Society of Northern Alberta Print-Artists (SNAP). The University of Alberta and MacEwan University also have galleries: the Fine Arts Building Gallery[266] and the Mitchell Art Gallery,[267] respectively. The University of Alberta Museums and Collections also has 17 million objects, 29 registered museum collections and occasional exhibitions.[268]
Sports and recreation
Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams,
Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the Battle of Alberta.
Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include: the original junior hockey incarnation of the
Local university-level sports teams include the U of A
The
From 2005 to 2012, Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the
- 1978 Commonwealth Games
- 1981 U-18 Women's Softball World Cup,[274] and 1981 U-18 Men's Softball World Cup[275]
- Universiade)
- 1981 and 1985 Intercontinental Cup
- 1990 Baseball World Cup
- 1990 North American Indigenous Games
- 1996 World Figure Skating Championships
- 1999 World Taekwondo Championships
- 2001 World Championships in Athletics
- 2002 World Ringette Championships
- 2005 World Masters Games[276]
- 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup
- 2002 and 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup[277]
- 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup[278]
- 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup[279]
- 2004 and 2012 Women's Baseball World Cup[280]
- CN Canadian Women's Open
- 1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (co-hosted with Red Deer and Calgary), 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (co-hosted with Calgary), 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (co-host with Red Deer)
- 2007 World Men's Curling Championship and 2017 World Men's Curling Championship
- 2021 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
- 2022 World Dodgeball Championships
Despite submitting a bid, Edmonton was not selected as a host city for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[281]
Edmonton will co-host the 2027 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships alongside Calgary.[282]
Club | Type | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
Edmonton Elks | Canadian football | Canadian Football League | Commonwealth Stadium
|
1949 | 14[283] |
Edmonton Oilers | Ice hockey | National Hockey League | Rogers Place | 1972 | 5[284] |
Edmonton Stingers | Basketball | Canadian Elite Basketball League | Edmonton Expo Centre | 2018 | 2 |
Club | Type | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
Edmonton Huskies | Canadian football | Canadian Junior Football League | Clarke Stadium | 1947 | 5[citation needed] |
Edmonton Wildcats | Canadian football | Canadian Junior Football League | Clarke Stadium | 1948 | 3[citation needed] |
Edmonton Storm | Canadian football | Western Women's Canadian Football League | Clarke Stadium | 2004 | 0 |
Edmonton Prospects | Baseball | Western Canadian Baseball League | Centennial Park Field, Sherwood Park | 2005 | 0 |
Edmonton Riverhawks | Baseball | West Coast League | RE/MAX Field | 2020 | 0 |
Edmonton Oil Kings | Ice hockey | Western Hockey League | Rogers Place | 2007 | 3[citation needed] |
Government
City council
The Edmonton City Council consists of a mayor and twelve councillors serving four-year terms. Each councillor is elected in a ward (electoral district); the mayor is elected at-large through first-past-the-post voting. The elections are non-partisan. Council has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and develops laws and policies intended to promote the health and safety of Edmonton residents based on the powers granted by the Municipal Government Act. The council passes all legislation related to the city's police, firefighting, parks, and libraries, as well as its utilities – electricity, water supply, solid waste handling, and drainage.[citation needed]
On July 22, 2009, City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards, instead of the previous system where two councillors were elected in each of six wards. As of 2010, each ward would elect one councillor by first-past-the-post voting. This system came into effect with the following election in October 2010.[285] The most recent election was held in October 2021, and elected members to a four-year term.
On December 7, 2020, a bylaw approving new ward boundaries and Indigenous ward names was passed by city council.[286][287]
Provincial politics
Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the Alberta Legislature. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region is represented by 20 MLAs, one for each provincial electoral district. Many of these boundaries have been changed, adjusted and renamed while the city has grown.[288] In the current 31st Alberta Legislature all of Edmonton's districts are represented by members from the Opposition Alberta New Democratic Party. One of the MLAs, Rachel Notley, is the Leader of the Opposition and was the 17th premier of Alberta from 2015 to 2019.
Year | United Cons. | New Democratic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 35% | 140,672 | 53% | 213,546 | |
2023 | 34% | 127,773 | 63% | 232,879 |
Federal politics
Edmonton is represented by nine Members of Parliament (MP), with one being elected to represent each of its federal electoral districts.
Year | Liberal | Conservative | New Democratic | Green | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 23% | 94,886 | 39% | 160,938 | 32% | 133,984 | 0% | 1,933 | |
2019 | 23% | 100,759 | 52% | 231,813 | 21% | 92,733 | 2% | 10,264 |
Fire department
Edmonton Fire Rescue, established in 1892, is a full-time professional firefighting department which provides a variety of services in Edmonton and the surrounding region.[296][297] Some of the service's major tasks include fire suppression, assistance in medical emergencies, watercraft rescues on the North Saskatchewan River, and emergencies which involve hazardous materials.[297] Edmonton Fire Rescue is one of nine Canadian fire departments which are accredited by the Centre for Public Safety Excellence.[298]
Policing
The city's police force, the Edmonton Police Service, was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012.[299]
Military
Canadian Forces Base Edmonton is home to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG), the Regular Force army brigade group of 3rd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. Units in 1 CMBG include Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), 1 Combat Engineer Regiment, two of the three battalions of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron and 1 Field Ambulance are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.[300] In 1996, all fixed-wing aviation units were transferred to CFB Cold Lake.
The Canadian Parachute Centre was located in the city until 1996, when it was moved to CFB Trenton, Ontario, and renamed the Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre.[301] The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost-saving measure.[302] The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s, and Lord Strathcona's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before World War I.
Edmonton also has a large army
Crime
Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s,
The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 84.5 in 2013, which is higher than the national average of 68.7.[306] Its crime severity index was the fifth-highest among CMAs in Canada behind Regina, Saskatoon, Kelowna and Vancouver.[306] In 2011, the city set a record for the most homicides in a year with 53 murders, giving the city a homicide rate of 6.5 per 100,000 people.[307] Edmonton had the fourth-most homicides in 2013 with 27, a 49% decrease from 2011. However, in 2017, Edmonton hit another peak in homicides with a slightly lower total of 49, giving a homicide rate of 5.2 per 100,000.[307][306] There were 165 shootings reported in 2022.[308][309] In 2023, Edmonton saw an increase in homicides with 46 being reported, giving the city a homicide rate of around 4.5 per 100,000 and also had a record 221 shootings, a 33.9% increase from the year before.[28][29]
Noteworthy events that have occurred in Edmonton include the 1965
Infrastructure
Transportation
Aviation
Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada.[56] The Edmonton International Airport (YEG) is the main airport serving the city.
The airport provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The airport is located within Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park. With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as London in United Kingdom being shorter than to other main airports in western North America,[312] Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta.[313]
Rail
Edmonton serves as a major
Public transit
The
From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating
Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with nine extensions of the network completed since.[320] The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first "modern" light rail line (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system) in North America to be constructed in a city with a population of under one million people.[321] It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States.[322] The Edmonton "proof-of-payment" fare collection system adopted in 1980 – modelled after European ticket systems – became the North American transit industry's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects.[323] The four-year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24, 2010, which sees trains travelling to Century Park[324] (located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street), making stops at South Campus and Southgate Centre along the way.[324] A line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north-central Edmonton using the same high-floor technology of the existing system opened September 6, 2015. The southeast leg of the Valley Line, which starts in Mill Woods and ends in the downtown core, opened on November 4, 2023, after experiencing significant delays.[325][326] Construction on the second and final phase of the Valley Line, which will extend the line west to Lewis Farms, commenced in 2021.[327] Unlike the Capital and Metro lines, trains on the Valley Line use low-floor technology.[325]
Edmonton is a member of the Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission, which will begin service in mid-2022.[328] The Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission is scheduled to be disestablished May 31, 2023, as a result of Edmonton's withdrawal.
Roads and highways
A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton's street and road network.[329] The address system is mostly numbered, with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west. In built-up areas built since the 1950s, local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system. Major roadways include Kingsway, Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16), Whitemud Drive and Anthony Henday Drive.
The major roads connecting to other communities elsewhere in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the Yellowhead Highway to the west and east and Highway 2 (Queen Elizabeth II Highway) to the south.[330][331]
Trail system
Edmonton maintains over 160 km (99 mi) of multi-use trails; however, most of this is within the river valley parkland system.[332][333]
Electricity and water
Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as
Waste disposal
Edmonton delivers source-separated organics waste collection to all single-unit, and some multi-unit homes.[335] The city collects four streams of waste under this program: Garbage in black bins, organic waste in green bins, recycling in blue bags, and yard waste in large brown paper bags or clear plastic bags (four times per year).[336] The rollout of the source-separated organics program began in March 2021, and was completed on September 3, 2021.[337] During this period, Edmonton delivered approximately 10,000 new carts every week to a total of approximately 250,000 homes.[338] City employees collect waste from half of these homes, and collection from the other homes is contracted to a private company.[339]
An
The city will roll-out the new waste collection service to the remaining multi-unit households which receive curbside service, but were not included in the initial transition, in 2023.[341] Meanwhile, the city has stopped offering curbside waste collection from commercial businesses, and has not yet said whether businesses will eventually be required to separate their organic waste.[342] The rollout of the new waste collection system follows a successful two-year pilot program which began service in 2019, and included 8,000 households in 12 neighbourhoods.[343]
The
Together, the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. Research partners include the University of Alberta, the Alberta Research Council, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and Olds College.[347]
Health care
There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton:
Education
Primary and secondary
Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English-language boards:
Some private schools exist as well, including Edmonton Academy,[352] Progressive Academy[353] and Tempo School.[354]
Edmonton Public Schools is known for pioneering the concept of site-based decision making (decentralization) in Canada, which gives principals the authority, the financial resources and the flexibility to make decisions based on the individual needs of their schools.
Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to homeschool their children.[362]
Post-secondary
Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include
The U of A is a board-governed institution[366] that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars.[367] In 2021/22, the university had over 40,000 students enrolled within over 700 undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, as well as over 7,000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension.[368][369] The U of A is also home to the second-largest research library system in Canada.[370]
In 2019/20, MacEwan University had a total student population of over 18,000 full-time and part-time students enrolled in programs offering bachelor's degrees, university transfers, diplomas and certificates.[371] NAIT has an approximate total of 41,000 students enrolled in more than 200 programs,[372] while NorQuest College has approximately 21,000 students enrolled in various full-time, part-time and continuing education programs.[373]
Other post-secondary institutions within Edmonton include King's University (private), Newman Theological College, Taylor College and Seminary, and Yellowhead Tribal College (an Indigenous college).[374]
Media
Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or
Edmonton has two large-circulation daily newspapers, the Edmonton Journal and the Edmonton Sun. The Journal, established in 1903, has a daily circulation of 112,000. The Sun, established in 1978, has a circulation of 55,000. Both newspapers are owned by the Postmedia Network.[377] The Journal no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012.[378]
Sister cities
Edmonton has five
- Gatineau, Quebec, Canada (1967)[f][386]
- Harbin, China (1985)[386]
- Nashville, Tennessee, United States (1990)[387]
- Wonju, South Korea (1998)[388]
- Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands (2013)[389]
In the United States, American cities and their sisters are listed with that country's
See also
- List of cities in Alberta
- List of communities in Alberta
- List of mayors of Edmonton
- List of municipalities in Alberta
- List of people from Edmonton
- List of tallest buildings in Edmonton
- Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues
- Make Something Edmonton
- Edmontosaurus annectens - a dinosaur, for "connected lizard from Edmonton"
Footnotes
- ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
- 2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec
References
- ^ a b c d "Economic Development Edmonton 'Branding Edmonton' Initiative" (Doc). City of Edmonton. March 28, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
- ^ a b "Edmonton". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs. June 17, 2016. p. 43. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "City of Edmonton Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department. August 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "City of Edmonton Leadership List" (PDF). August 9, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities)". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
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Further reading
- Aubrey, Merrily K (2004). Naming Edmonton : from Ada to Zoie. (Edmonton Historical Board. Heritage Sites Committee) University of Alberta Press. . Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Edmonton.
- Cashman, Tony (2002). Edmonton: stories from the river city. University of Alberta Press. . Retrieved May 10, 2012.
Edmonton.
- Merrett, Kathryn Chase (2001). A history of the Edmonton City Market, 1900–2000. University of Calgary Press. . Retrieved May 10, 2012.
- Rooke, Charlene (2001). Edmonton: secrets of the city. Arsenal Pulp Press. . Retrieved April 13, 2017.
- Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. . Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- MacGregor, James G. (1975). Edmonton:a history. Hurtig. . Retrieved April 13, 2017.