Edmonton

Coordinates: 53°32′04″N 113°29′25″W / 53.53444°N 113.49028°W / 53.53444; -113.49028[2]
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city in Canada. For the town in England, see Edmonton, London. For other uses, see Edmonton (disambiguation).

Edmonton
City
City of Edmonton
From top, left to right: Walterdale Bridge and Downtown Edmonton skyline, Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Fort Edmonton Park, Muttart Conservatory, Law Courts Building, West Edmonton Mall
From top, left to right: Walterdale Bridge and Downtown Edmonton skyline, Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Fort Edmonton Park, Muttart Conservatory, Law Courts Building, West Edmonton Mall
GDP (Edmonton CMA)
CA$91.57 billion (2019)[12]
GDP per capita (Edmonton CMA)CA$63,601 (2022)[13]
Websiteedmonton.ca Edit this at Wikidata

Edmonton (/ˈɛdməntən/ ⓘ ED-mən-tən) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city anchors the northern end of what Statistics Canada defines as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor", a region spanning between Edmonton and the city of Calgary, Alberta’s largest city, which includes the many smaller municipalities between the two.[14]

As of

metropolitan population of 1,418,118, making it the fifth-largest city[15][16] and sixth-largest metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada.[17][18] Edmonton is both the northernmost city and metropolitan area in North America to have a population of over one million.[19] A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian.[20]

Edmonton was first inhabited by several

West Edmonton, Beverly and Jasper Place)[26] in addition to a series of annexations through 1982,[27] and the annexation of 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) of land from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont on January 1, 2019.[28] Known as the "Gateway to the North",[29] the city is now a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.[30]

Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City".[1] It is home to Canada's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004);[31][32][33] and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.[34]

Etymology

Established as the first permanent settlement in the area of what is now Edmonton, the

coureurs des bois.[38]

Indigenous languages refer to the Edmonton area by multiple names which reference the presence of fur trading posts.

Cree, the area is known as ᐊᒥᐢᑿᒌᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ amiskwacîwâskahikan,[41] which translates to "Beaver Hills House" and references the location's proximity to the Beaver Hills east of Edmonton. In Blackfoot, the area is known as Omahkoyis;[42][43] in Nakota Sioux, the area is known as Titâga;[44] in Tsuutʼina, the area is known as Nââsʔágháàchú[45] (anglicised as Nasagachoo).[46] The Blackfoot name translates to 'big lodge',[47] while the Nakota Sioux and Tsuutʼina names translate to 'big house'.[39][44][46] In Denesuline, the area is known as Kuę́ Nedhé,[48] a metonymic
toponym which also generally means 'city'.

History

Further information: History of Edmonton
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Edmonton history.

The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the

last glacial period ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region.[49]

The site of present-day Edmonton was home to several First Nations peoples, including the Cree, Nakota Sioux, Blackfoot, Tsuut'ina, Ojibwe, and Denesuline. The valley of the North Saskatchewan River, in particular the area of Edmonton, was settled to varying degrees for thousands of years, and provided many essential resources, including fish, medicine, and materials for tool making, such as chert or quartzite, which are abundant in the area around the modern city and which can be easily knapped into tools such as axes, knives, and arrowheads.[21]

The last of five Fort Edmontons was constructed in 1830. It was the third to be built within present-day Edmonton.

In 1754,

Indigenous population for establishing the fur trade, as the competition was fierce between the HBC and the North West Company
(NWC).

By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major trading post for the HBC, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day Fort Saskatchewan.[51] Fort Edmonton was built within "musket-shot range" of the rival NWC's Fort Augustus.[36] Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream.[36]

By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now Rossdale, beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.[52] The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations.[36] Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, Dene, and Nakoda nations to the north.[36] After the NWC merged with the HBC, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton.[36]

In 1876,

Fort Pitt, and Battle River. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta.[55]

The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers", and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver, British Columbia.[56]

The completed Alberta Legislature Building in 1914, just above the last Fort Edmonton. The city was selected as Alberta's capital in 1905.

Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,[57] Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.[58] In November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.[59]

During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton

amalgamated with the City of Strathcona south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city held land on both banks of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.[60]

Just before World War I, the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.[61] Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.[62] Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.[63] Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II.

The

Max Ward used Blatchford Field as a major base for distributing mail, food, and medicine to Northern Canada; hence Edmonton's emergence as the "Gateway to the North". World War II saw Edmonton become a major base for the construction of the Alaska Highway and the Northwest Staging Route.[66] The airport was closed in November 2013.[67]

On July 31, 1987, an F4 tornado hit the city and killed 27 people.[68] The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, Mill Woods, Bannerman, Fraser, and Evergreen.[69] The day became known as "Black Friday" and earned the city the moniker "City of Champions".[70]

History of municipal governance

Edmonton City Hall is the home of the municipal government for Edmonton.

In 1892, Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was Matthew McCauley, who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.[71] Due to McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals, Edmonton maintained economic and political prominence over Strathcona, a rival town on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River.[71] Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became Alberta's capital in 1905.[58]

In 1904, the City of Edmonton purchased the

Edmonton Telephones Corporation (Ed Tel) to operate as an autonomous organization under a board of directors appointed by the city. In 1995, City of Edmonton ownership of its telephone service ended when Ed Tel was sold to the Telus corporation. City Bylaw 11713 created The Ed Tel Endowment Fund whereas the shares owned by Edmonton Telephones Corporation in Ed Tel Inc. were sold by the City of Edmonton to Telus on March 10, 1995, for $470,221,872 to be invested for the perpetual benefit of Edmontonians.[72]

Unions and radical organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, James East, elected in 1912, followed by the first official Labour alderman, James Kinney, the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, Rice Sheppard and Joe Clarke.[citation needed]

Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in 1929, and a full majority from 1932 to 1934, during the Great Depression.[73] Jan Reimer became the city's first female mayor when she was elected in 1989.[74][75]

In 2021, Amarjeet Sohi became the first person of colour to be elected as mayor of Edmonton.[76]

Geography

The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that bisects the city.

Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of 671 m (2,201 ft).

Fort Assiniboine.[77] The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley.[78] The Canadian Rockies
are west of Edmonton and about 220 km (140 mi) to the southwest.

The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915. It empties via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay.[79] It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including Mill Creek, Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for urban parkland.[80] Edmonton is within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone.[81]

boreal forest in the north.[82] The aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and residential and commercial developments including oil and natural gas exploration.[83]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Edmonton
Winters in Edmonton are typically cold and dry.

Edmonton has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with typically freezing, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the NRC 4a Plant Hardiness Zone.[84]

Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta

civil twilight,[90] and on average receives 2,299 hours of bright sunshine[91] per year, making it one of Canada's sunniest cities.[86]

The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than Regina, Saskatoon or Winnipeg,[92] all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in January to a summer peak of 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in July,[86] with average maximum of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) in July and minimum of −14.8 °C (5.4 °F) in January.[86] Temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on June 29, 1937[93] and on July 2, 2013, a record high humidex of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and a record high dew point of 23 °C (73 °F).[94][95] The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F) on January 19 and 21, 1886.[96]

Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving 455.7 mm (17.94 in) of precipitation per year, of which 347.8 mm (13.69 in) is rain and 111.2 mm (4.38 in) is the melt from 123.5 cm (48.6 in) from snowfall.[86] Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of 93.8 mm (3.69 in),[86] and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.[86] Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the 114 mm (4.49 in) of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.[86] Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,[97][98] which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes.

The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached 29 °C (84 °F) or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above 29 °C (84 °F) on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).[99] The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.[100][101][102][103]

A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain reported within an hour in many places.[104] This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.[105]

Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,[106] and eight since 1990.[107] An F4 tornado that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.[108][109] It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.[110] Then-mayor Laurence Decore cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.[1][111]

Climate data for Edmonton (Edmonton City Centre Airport).
Climate ID: 3012208; coordinates 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W / 53.57333; -113.51833 (Edmonton City Centre Airport); elevation: 670.6 m (2,200 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1880–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 10.6 13.8 23.5 29.2 33.4 35.9 44.0 39.6 34.1 28.3 18.9 16.0 44.0
Record high °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		9.3
(48.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		4.2
(39.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.8
(5.4) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Record low °C (°F) −49.4
(−56.9) 		−49.4
(−56.9) 		−40.0
(−40.0) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−42.2
(−44.0) 		−48.3
(−54.9) 		−49.4
(−56.9)
Record low wind chill −52.8 −50.7 −44.6 −37.5 −14.5 0.0 0.0 −3.7 −13.3 −34.3 −50.2 −55.5 −55.5
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.7
(0.85) 		12.0
(0.47) 		15.8
(0.62) 		28.8
(1.13) 		46.1
(1.81) 		77.5
(3.05) 		93.8
(3.69) 		61.9
(2.44) 		43.5
(1.71) 		21.7
(0.85) 		18.0
(0.71) 		15.0
(0.59) 		455.7
(17.94)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.3
(0.05) 		0.8
(0.03) 		1.7
(0.07) 		14.5
(0.57) 		40.7
(1.60) 		77.5
(3.05) 		93.8
(3.69) 		61.8
(2.43) 		42.4
(1.67) 		10.9
(0.43) 		1.6
(0.06) 		0.7
(0.03) 		347.8
(13.69)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.5
(9.6) 		13.4
(5.3) 		17.4
(6.9) 		15.3
(6.0) 		4.9
(1.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		11.6
(4.6) 		19.1
(7.5) 		16.4
(6.5) 		123.5
(48.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 11.0 7.9 8.3 8.8 11.0 14.2 14.6 11.1 9.8 8.0 8.8 9.4 122.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.1 0.8 1.4 5.9 10.5 14.2 14.6 11.1 9.6 5.6 1.5 0.8 77.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 10.7 7.7 7.7 4.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.2 7.9 9.3 52.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		65.2 61.2 56.5 42.9 40.4 48.2 52.6 51.4 50.1 50.5 64.7 65.4 54.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 100.8 121.7 176.3 244.2 279.9 285.9 307.5 282.3 192.7 170.8 98.4 84.5 2,344.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.3 4.3 5.7 8.1 9.0 9.5 9.9 9.1 6.4 5.5 3.3 2.7 6.4
Percent possible sunshine 40.2 44.1 48.1 58.2 56.8 56.2 60.2 61.5 50.4 52.0 37.8 36.0 50.1
Average ultraviolet index 0.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.0
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada,[86] (July record high humidex), [112] Extremes (1880–1943)[113] and Weather Atlas[114]
Note: climate data was collected near downtown Edmonton from July 1880 to June 1943, and at Edmonton City Centre Airport (Blatchford Field) from October 1937 to present.
Climate data for Leduc-Edmonton (Edmonton International Airport)
WMO ID: 71123; coordinates 53°19′N 113°35′W / 53.317°N 113.583°W / 53.317; -113.583 (Edmonton International Airport); elevation: 723.3 m (2,373 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 9.2 12.8 23.5 30.0 33.6 37.3 43.0 38.7 33.9 28.4 20.8 14.6 43.0
Record high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		29.1
(84.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		35.6
(96.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		0.5
(32.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.8
(64.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		8.9
(48.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.3
(9.9) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		2.4
(36.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −18.1
(−0.6) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−4.1
(24.6)
Record low °C (°F) −48.3
(−54.9) 		−43.9
(−47.0) 		−42.7
(−44.9) 		−28.3
(−18.9) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−26.5
(−15.7) 		−36.4
(−33.5) 		−46.1
(−51.0) 		−48.3
(−54.9)
Record low wind chill −61 −54 −51 −34 −16 −7 −4 −6 −14 −35 −51 −58 −61
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.5
(0.85) 		12.4
(0.49) 		17.3
(0.68) 		29.8
(1.17) 		47.0
(1.85) 		74.7
(2.94) 		87.2
(3.43) 		52.6
(2.07) 		34.7
(1.37) 		22.3
(0.88) 		20.0
(0.79) 		14.6
(0.57) 		434.1
(17.09)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.4
(0.06) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0.9
(0.04) 		14.9
(0.59) 		42.9
(1.69) 		72.7
(2.86) 		95.6
(3.76) 		54.9
(2.16) 		40.3
(1.59) 		12.6
(0.50) 		1.6
(0.06) 		0.8
(0.03) 		339.1
(13.36)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 21.7
(8.5) 		13.4
(5.3) 		17.5
(6.9) 		14.4
(5.7) 		6.5
(2.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		10.4
(4.1) 		17.3
(6.8) 		15.9
(6.3) 		118.3
(46.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 10.9 8.2 9.8 8.9 11.4 14.7 16.2 12.1 10.5 10.2 10.1 9.8 132.8
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.1 0.6 1.3 5.3 10.7 13.8 14.7 11.7 9.7 5.7 1.6 0.67 76.87
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 9.9 8.3 8.4 4.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.5 3.3 7.8 9.3 53.23
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		68.0 65.8 62.4 45.3 41.2 49.4 54.3 52.4 49.0 51.7 67.4 68.8 56.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.1 127.0 174.7 233.3 271.0 275.9 302.2 279.4 196.1 160.4 97.2 92.0 2,310.3
Percent possible sunshine 40.1 45.9 47.6 55.7 55.1 54.4 59.3 61.0 51.3 48.7 37.3 39.0 49.6
Source: Environment Canada[115](rain/rain days, snow/snow days, humidex, wind chill, humidity 1981–2010)[116]

Metropolitan area

Main article: Edmonton Metropolitan Region
Downtown Edmonton is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region.

Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA),

Acheson Industrial Area in Parkland County, Refinery Row in Strathcona County and Alberta's Industrial Heartland[121] within portions of Fort Saskatchewan, Strathcona County and Sturgeon County.[122] Alberta's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA's northeastern boundary[14] into Lamont County.[122]

The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region have led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region. Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities

Capital Region Board (CRB) on April 15, 2008.[127] The CRB consists of 24 member municipalities – 22 of which are within the Edmonton CMA and two of which are outside the CMA. The City of Edmonton announced in March 2013 its intent to annex 156 square kilometres of land (including the Edmonton International Airport) from Leduc County.[128]

On November 30, 2016, the City of Edmonton and Leduc County came to an agreement on Edmonton's annexation proposal. The City of Edmonton was poised to annex 12,100 ha (121 km2; 47 sq mi) of land from Leduc County and Beaumont, including the Edmonton International Airport, as a result.[129]

On January 1, 2019, the City of Edmonton officially annexed 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont, increasing the city's area to 767.85 km2 (296.47 sq mi), with discussions of annexing an additional 2,830 ha (28.3 km2; 10.9 sq mi) of Edmonton International Airport land still ongoing.[28]

Neighbourhoods

See also: List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton
Victoria Promenade in the residential neighbourhood of Oliver. The neighbourhood borders downtown Edmonton.

Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods[130] within seven geographic sectors – a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before 1970,[131] and six surrounding suburban sectors.[132]

Edmonton's

Central McDougall, Cloverdale, Garneau, McCauley, Oliver, Queen Mary Park, Riverdale, Rossdale, Strathcona and University of Alberta form Edmonton's Central Core.[131] Oliver and Garneau are the city's most populated and most densely populated neighbourhoods respectively. The mature area sector also contains the five former urban municipalities annexed by the city over its history: Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton (Calder).[27][132]

Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors,

Mill Woods Town Centre)[135] and eight surrounding communities:[136] Burnewood, Knottwood, Lakewood, Millbourne, Millhurst, Ridgewood, Southwood, and Woodvale.[137][138] Each has between two and four neighbourhoods.[133]

Houses in Crestwood, a residential neighbourhood typical of most suburban areas of Edmonton

Several transit-oriented developments (TOD) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview, with future developments planned at Belvedere (part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project).[139] Another TOD, Century Park,[140] is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall, at the southern end of the LRT line. Century Park will eventually house up to 5,000 residents.[141]

Row housing in Blatchford

The Edmonton City Centre Airport is being redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30,000 people called Blatchford, comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, renewable energy, district heating and cooling, and a major park.[142] The first residents moved into Blatchford in November 2020.[143]

Edmonton has four major industrial districts: the Northwest Industrial District, the Northeast Industrial District, the Southeast Industrial District, and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park,[144] which is part of Alberta's Industrial Heartland.[145] The northwest, northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them.[133][144]

The city has established 12

124 Street and Area, Alberta Avenue, Beverly, Downtown, Chinatown and Little Italy, Fort Road and Area, Inglewood, Kingsway, North Edge, Northwest Industrial, Old Strathcona and Stony Plain Road.[146]

Demographics

City of Edmonton
Federal census
population history
YearPop.±%
19012,626—    
2021
1,010,899+8.4%
Source: Statistics Canada
[147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157]
[158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170]
Main article: Demographics of Edmonton

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton had a population of 1,010,899 living in 396,404 of its 428,857 total private dwellings, a change of 8.3% from its 2016 population of 933,088. With a land area of 765.61 km2 (295.60 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,320.4/km2 (3,419.8/sq mi) in 2021.[6]

At the

census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Edmonton CMA had a population of 1,418,118 living in 548,624 of its 589,554 total private dwellings, a change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 1,321,441. With a land area of 9,416.19 km2 (3,635.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 150.6/km2 (390.1/sq mi) in 2021.[11]

The population of the City of Edmonton according to its 2019 municipal census is 972,223,[8] a change of 8.1% from its 2016 municipal census population of 899,447.[171] After factoring in dwellings that did not respond to the municipal census, Edmonton's population is further estimated to be 992,812.[172] Per its municipal census policy,[173] the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2020.[174]

In the

2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton had a population of 932,546 living in 360,828 of its 387,950 total private dwellings, a change of 14.8% from its 2011 population of 812,201. With a land area of 685.25 km2 (264.58 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,360.9/km2 (3,524.7/sq mi) in 2016.[16]

The 2016 municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.[175]

The 2011 Census reported that 50.2 percent of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8 percent (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household.[176]

The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) has the fifth-greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second-greatest in Alberta, but has the largest land area in Canada. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1 percent was second only to the

Calgary CMA between 2006 and 2011. With a land area of 9,426.73 km2 (3,639.68 sq mi), the Edmonton CMA had a population density of 123.0/km2 (318.7/sq mi) in 2011.[117] Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Edmonton CMA population, as of July 1, 2016, is 1,363,300[177]

The Edmonton

population centre is the core[178] of the Edmonton CMA. This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert, the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County, and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County.[179] The Edmonton population centre, the fifth-largest in Canada, had a population of 960,015 in 2011, an 11.3 percent increase over its 2006 population of 862,544.[180]

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 324,315 persons or 32.5% of the total population of Edmonton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (54,850 persons or 16.9%), India (50,435 persons or 15.6%), China (21,110 persons or 6.5%), Vietnam (10,280 persons or 3.2%), United Kingdom (9,990 persons or 3.1%), Pakistan (8,895 persons or 2.7%), Hong Kong (6,985 persons or 2.2%), Poland (6,470 persons or 2.0%), United States of America (6,295 persons or 1.9%), and Somalia (5,765 persons or 1.8%).[181]

Ethnicity

See also: Demographics of Edmonton § City of Edmonton

2021 census[182]

  European
Indigenous (5.84%)
  Middle Eastern[d] (3.83%)
  Latin American (1.95%)
  Other[e]
(1.84%)

According to the 2016 census, 55.8% of Edmonton's population were of

Polish (5.1%) origins.[183] Other ethnic groups and origins included, among others:[183]

  • Canadian (17.4%);
  • East and Southeast Asian (15.9%) (7.4% Chinese, 6.2% Filipino, and 1.5% Vietnamese);
  • South Asian (9.5%) (7.4% Indian);
  • Aboriginal (6.4% (4% First Nations and 2.7% Métis);
  • African (6.1%);
  • Latin, Central and South American (2.3%);
  • West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (4% (1.5% Lebanese)); and
  • Caribbean (1.4%).

The 2016 census also reported that 37.1% of Edmonton's population identified themselves as visible minorities.[184] The most frequent visible minorities included South Asian (9.5%), Chinese (6.3%), Black (5.9%), Filipino (5.9%), and Arab (2.6%).[184]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Edmonton

Edmonton religious affiliation (2021)[185]

  
Judaism (0.4%)
  Indigenous spirituality (0.2%)
  Other religion (1.0%)
  Irreligion
(36.4%)

Edmonton is home to members of a number of world religions. According to the 2021 Census, 44.6 percent of metropolitan Edmonton residents identify as Christian. Significant religious minorities include Muslims (8.3 percent), Sikhs (4.1 percent), Buddhists (1.5 percent), Hindus (3.4 percent), Jewish people (0.4 percent), and practitioners of traditional Aboriginal spirituality (0.2 percent). Those belonging to smaller religions account for 1.1 percent, while 36.4 percent profess no religious affiliation.[185]

Within Christianity, major denominations include the

All Saints' Cathedral seating the Anglican Diocese of Edmonton, St. Josaphat Cathedral seating the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton, and St. John Cathedral seating the Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Canada. Additionally, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are served by the Edmonton Alberta Temple. Edmonton also hosts a Maronite Catholic
church.

In the 1930s, the local Muslim community began organizing to build a mosque. A local Muslim woman, Hilwie Hamdon, met with the mayor to acquire the land, and campaigned to raise $5,000 for the building. In 1938, Abdullah Yusuf Ali was present at the opening of the new Al-Rashid Mosque, which became the first mosque established in Canada and the third in North America.[186] In the 1980s, Muslim students at the University of Alberta found it difficult to rent prayer rooms large enough to accommodate the local population, and opened the Muslim Community of Edmonton as a mosque and outreach centre in 1992.[187] From these beginnings, Muslims now form the city's largest religious minority, with 83,015 members (2021)[185] representing over 62 ethnic backgrounds[188] at over 20 Edmonton-area mosques (2019).[189]

Edmonton's Jewish community is represented by the Jewish Federation of Edmonton, operating the historic Edmonton Jewish Cemetery, purchased in 1907. The city contains six

Norwood, and Druze, with its Canadian Druze Centre located in the Northwest Industrial District.[192][193]

St. Joseph's Basilica is the only Roman Catholic basilica in Western Canada
. In 2021, 21.0 percent of residents of Edmonton identified as Catholic.

The

Unitarian Universalist congregations – the Unitarian Church of Edmonton[196] and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation;[197] the other three are located in Calgary, Lethbridge, and Red Deer.[198]

Economy

See also: Economy of Alberta
Edmonton is home to Alberta Innovates, a provincially-funded applied research and development corporation based in Edmonton's Bell Tower.[199]

Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry. As of 2014, the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region was $57.8-billion, of which $34.4-billion are within the oil and gas, oil sands, and pipeline sectors.[200]

Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the 1940s.[201] Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia.[202]

Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the National Institute for Nanotechnology.[203]

View of Edmonton's central business district in 2018

During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening.

Manulife Financial.[207]

Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature.[208] The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts, such as The Brick, Katz Group, AutoCanada, Boston Pizza, Pizza 73, Liquor Stores GP (which includes Liquor Depot, Liquor Barn, OK Liquor, and Grapes & Grains), Planet Organic, Shaw Communications, Empire Design, Running Room, Booster Juice, Earl's, Fountain Tire and XS Cargo.[209]

Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia.[210] In early 2020, CN Rail announced that it was closing its Montreal control centre and would eventually close its Vancouver control centre as well, with a goal to consolidate all of its control operations into Edmonton.[211]

Retail

largest shopping mall in the Americas
.

Edmonton is home to several shopping malls and the second largest mall in North America, West Edmonton Mall, which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world.[212][213] Other mentionable malls include Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre, Edmonton City Centre (a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and Eaton Centre malls), Southgate Centre, Kingsway Mall, Northgate Centre, Riverview Crossing, Londonderry Mall, and Mill Woods Town Centre.[214]

Edmonton also has many big box shopping centres and power centres. Some of the major ones include South Edmonton Common (one of North America's largest open air retail developments),[215] RioCan Mayfield, Westpoint Centre, Skyview Centre, Terra Losa Centre, Unity Square, SouthPark Centre, The Meadows, Christy's Corner, Currents of Windermere, and Manning Village.[216]

In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street, on Whyte Avenue and in the surrounding area.[217] Old Strathcona also houses the city's largest indoor farmer's market with over 130 vendors selling local and regional produce, meat, crafts, and clothing year-round.[218] In and around Downtown Edmonton, there are a few shopping districts, including the Edmonton City Centre mall, Jasper Avenue, and 104 Street. Near Oliver, 124 Street is home to a significant number of retail stores. Edmonton is the Canadian testing ground for many American retailers, such as Bath & Body Works and Calvin Klein.[219]

Arts and culture

See also:
List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton

Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District around

Lady Soames on May 24, 1989. It is a copy of a statue by Oscar Nemon.[citation needed
]

Performing arts

performing arts centre in downtown Edmonton. The centre is home to the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra
.

The

Life of Augustus: "He found a city built of brick – left it built of marble."[citation needed
]

The Old Strathcona neighbourhood is home to the Theatre District, which holds the ATB Financial Arts Barns (headquarters of the

The Walterdale Playhouse, and the Varscona Theatre (base of operations for several theatre companies, including Teatro la Quindicina, Shadow Theatre, Die-Nasty, Plane Jane Theatre, and Grindstone Theatre!). The Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton, along with other Ukrainian choirs such as the Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton, helps preserve the Ukrainian musical culture within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity in Edmonton.[224]

Festivals

Main article: List of festivals in Edmonton

Edmonton hosts several large

Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival takes place in mid-July and is the biggest of its kind in North America.[225] The TD Edmonton International Jazz Festival takes place in late June and, along with Montreal, were the first jazz festivals in Canada.[226]

The Edmonton Folk Music Festival. Edmonton plays host to several large festivals each year.

Edmonton's main summer festival is K-Days, formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition.[227] Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme, becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s.[227] Northlands, the operators, renamed the festival "Edmonton's Capital Ex" or "Capital Ex" in 2006.[227] In 2012 Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to "K-Days".[227] The Canadian Finals Rodeo was held in Edmonton from 1974 to 2017, but moved to Red Deer in 2018 due to the closure of the Coliseum.[228]

The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America.

Edmonton Pride Festival,[231] [232] Chaos Alberta Festival, Interstellar Rodeo, Big Valley Jamboree, Pigeon Lake Music Festival, Edmonton Rockfest, Edmonton International Reggae Jamboree Festival, Edmonton Blues Festival and Cariwest.[233] Edmonton also hosts a number of winter festivals, one of the oldest being the Silver Skate Festival.[234] Others are Flying Canoe Volant,[234] Ice on Whyte and the Ice Magic Festival.[235]

Music

Further information:
List of musicians from Edmonton

In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, CKUA, began broadcasting music in 1927.[236] The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city.[237]

The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913. In 1952 the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60-member modern version. The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music.[238]

The city also has a vibrant popular music scene, across genres including hip-hop, reggae, R&B, rock, pop, metal, punk, country and electronic. Notable past and present local musicians include Robert Goulet,[239] Tommy Banks, Eleanor Collins, Stu Davis, Tim Feehan, Cadence Weapon, Kreesha Turner, the Smalls, SNFU, Social Code, Stereos, Ten Second Epic, Tupelo Honey, Mac DeMarco, Shout Out Out Out Out, Psyche, Purity Ring, The Wet Secrets, Nuela Charles, Celeigh Cardinal, and Ruth B.[240]

Nightlife

Opened in 1915, the Princess Theatre is the oldest cinema in the city.

There are several key areas of nightlife in Edmonton. The most popular is the

Gateway Boulevard (103 Street). Once the heart of the town of Strathcona (annexed by Edmonton on February 1, 1912), it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century.[242] Beginning in the 1970s, a coordinated effort to revive the area through a business revitalization zone produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes.[146] Its proximity to the University of Alberta has led to a high number of restaurants, pubs, trendy clubs, and retail and specialty shops. This area also has two independent movie theatres, the Garneau and Princess, as well as several live theatre, music, and comedy venues.[243]

Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and growth since the mid-1990s. Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom, starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, to make way for office towers. There have always been numerous pub-type establishments, hotel lounges, and restaurants. The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues. Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city. Various clubs are found along Edmonton's main street, Jasper Avenue. The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses a Landmark Cinemas movie theatre with nine screens. The nonprofit Metro Cinema[244] shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week.

West Edmonton Mall holds several after-hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions. Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex. Scotiabank Theatre (formerly known as Silver City), at the west end of the mall, is a theatre with 12 screens and an IMAX.[31]

Attractions

Edmonton is known for its natural scenery, food, history and facilities. It is home to Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, and West Edmonton Mall, North America's largest shopping mall. Other notable attractions include the Royal Alberta Museum, the Muttart Conservatory, Alberta Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton Valley Zoo, Alberta Railway Museum, and many other natural and man-made attractions.

Parkland and environment

See also: North Saskatchewan River valley parks system
Edmonton River Valley and Dawson Bridge

Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's Central Park.[245] The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main "Ribbon of Green" is supplemented by tributary creeks and ravines, particularly the Whitemud Creek, Blackmud Creek, and Mill Creek Ravine. There are also numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of 111 km2 (27,400 acres) of parkland.[245] Within the 7,400 ha (18,000 acres), 25 km (16 mi)-long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections.[246] These trails are also part of the 235 km (146 mi) Waskahegan walking trail. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of "The Famous Five".[247]

A trail in the North Saskatchewan River valley parks system

Edmonton's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy

Evans cherry.[248] Three walnut species—butternut, Manchurian walnut, and black walnut—have survived in Edmonton.[249]

Several golf courses, both public and private, are also located in the river valley; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening.[250] Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season, and cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter. Four downhill ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside.[251]

Entry to Larch Sanctuary

The Edmonton & Area Land Trust (EALT) is a charity focused on conserving natural areas in Edmonton and surrounding municipalities. Its first project in Edmonton was conserving Larch Sanctuary,[252] via a 0.24 km2 (59 acres) conservation easement with the city, straddling Whitemud Creek south of 23rd Avenue, and containing the only oxbow lake in the city. EALT works with many organizations in Edmonton, and is working to conserve the 0.94 km2 (233 acres) of forest and farmland[253] in a loop of the river in northeast Edmonton.

A variety of volunteer opportunities exist for citizens to participate in the stewardship of Edmonton's parkland and river valley. Volunteer programs include River Valley Clean-up, Root for Trees, and Partner in Parks.[254] River Valley Clean-up engages volunteers to pick up hundreds of bags of litter each year.

Museums and galleries

Interior entrance lobby to the new Royal Alberta Museum

There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes.[255] The largest is the Royal Alberta Museum (RAM), which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's 2005 Alberta centennial visit. The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region. In 2018, the building relocated from its location in Glenora to a new building in downtown on 103A Avenue and 97 Street. The museum held a grand opening event and gave out 40,000 free tickets for its first few days of operation.[256]

The

Telus World of Science is located in the Woodcroft neighbourhood northwest of the city centre. It opened in 1984 and has since been expanded several times. It contains five permanent galleries, one additional gallery for temporary exhibits, an IMAX theatre, a planetarium, an observatory, and an amateur radio station. The Edmonton Valley Zoo is in the river valley to the southwest of the city centre.[257]

The

BOMARC missiles in Canada.[citation needed
]

Fort Edmonton Park is Canada's largest living museum by area.

The

49th Battalion, CEF in Canada's Hundred Days Offensive.[citation needed
]

The

Telephone Historical Centre is a telephone museum also located in the Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre. In addition to a collection of artifacts tracing the history of the telephone, the museum has its own theatre featuring a brief film led by the robot Xeldon.[259] As of April 2019, the museum is permanently closed.[260]

The Alberta Railway Museum[261] is located in the rural northeast portion of the city. It contains a variety of locomotives and railroad cars from different periods, and includes a working steam locomotive. Since most of its exhibits are outdoors, it is only open between Victoria Day and Labour Day.

The Art Gallery of Alberta is Edmonton's largest art gallery.

Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, is located in the river valley southwest of the city centre. Edmonton's heritage is displayed through historical buildings (many of which are originals moved to the park), costumed historical interpreters, and authentic artifacts. In total, it covers the region's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 (represented by Fort Edmonton), followed chronologically by 1885, 1905, and 1920 streets, and a recreation of a 1920s midway. A steam train, streetcars, automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles may be seen in operation (and utilized by the public) around the park. The John Walter Museum and Historical Area (c. 1875 to 1901) is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.[262] The University of Alberta operates its own internal Museums and Collections service.[263]

The

Brutalist building designed by Don Bittorf,[264] the AGA collection had over 5,000 pieces of art. The former AGA building was demolished in July 2007 to make way for construction of a new facility designed by Randall Stout. It was estimated to cost over $88-million and the amount that Edmonton City Council donated towards its construction was met with some controversy. The AGA officially opened on January 31, 2010.[265] Commercial art galleries can be found throughout the city, especially along the 124 Street/Jasper Avenue corridor, known as the "gallery walk".[266]

Edmonton is home to four artist-run centres all located in the downtown core Harcourt House, Latitude 53, Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective and Society of Northern Alberta Print-Artists (SNAP). The University of Alberta and MacEwan University also have galleries: the Fine Arts Building Gallery[267] and the Mitchell Art Gallery,[268] respectively. The University of Alberta Museums and Collections also has 17 million objects, 29 registered museum collections and occasional exhibitions.[269]

Sports and recreation

Main article: Sport in Edmonton

Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams,

Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton Elks), Argyll Velodrome, Rogers Place (Oilers and Oil Kings), RE/MAX Field (Riverhawks), the Edmonton Expo Centre (Stingers), and Clarke Stadium
(Huskies, Wildcats, and Storm).

Rogers Place is a multi-use indoor arena, and the present home arena for the NHL's Edmonton Oilers.

Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the Battle of Alberta.

Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include: the original junior hockey incarnation of the

Edmonton Roadrunners of the American Hockey League. Other past notable sports teams include; the Edmonton Grads, a women's basketball team with 108 local, provincial, national, and international titles and the world champions for 17 years in a row; the Edmonton Trappers, a Triple-A level baseball team with multiple division and league titles in the Pacific Coast League, and; the Edmonton Rush, a box lacrosse team with one league championship.[citation needed
]

Local university-level sports teams include the U of A

Pandas, the NAIT Ooks, and the MacEwan Griffins. Local amateur teams, among others, include the Edmonton Gold of the Rugby Canada Super League and two flat track roller derby leagues: Oil City Roller Derby[271] and E-Ville Roller Derby.[272]

The

NASCAR Pinty's Series races, is located about 50 km (31 mi) to the south near Wetaskiwin
.

Commonwealth Stadium is an open-air multi-purpose stadium. Opened in 1978 for the 1978 Commonwealth Games, the facility is also used as the home stadium for CFL's Edmonton Elks
.

From 2005 to 2012, Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the

Indy Racing League known as the Edmonton Indy
. Other past sporting events hosted by Edmonton include:

Despite submitting a bid, Edmonton was not selected as a host city for the 2026 Fifa World Cup.[282]

Professional sports teams
Club Type League Venue Established Championships
Edmonton Elks Canadian football Canadian Football League
Commonwealth Stadium
 1949 14[283]
Edmonton Oilers Ice hockey National Hockey League Rogers Place 1972 5[284]
Edmonton Stingers Basketball Canadian Elite Basketball League Edmonton Expo Centre 2018 2
Amateur and junior clubs
Club Type League Venue Established Championships
Edmonton Huskies Canadian football Canadian Junior Football League Clarke Stadium 1947 5[citation needed]
Edmonton Wildcats Canadian football Canadian Junior Football League Clarke Stadium 1948 3[citation needed]
Edmonton Storm Canadian football Western Women's Canadian Football League Clarke Stadium 2004 0
Edmonton Prospects Baseball Western Canadian Baseball League Centennial Park Field, Sherwood Park 2005 0
Edmonton Riverhawks Baseball West Coast League RE/MAX Field 2020 0
Edmonton Oil Kings Ice hockey Western Hockey League Rogers Place 2007 3[citation needed]

Government

City council

Edmonton City Hall

The Edmonton City Council consists of a mayor and twelve councillors serving four-year terms. Each councillor is elected in a ward (electoral district); the mayor is elected at-large through first-past-the-post voting. The elections are non-partisan. Council has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and develops laws and policies intended to promote the health and safety of Edmonton residents. The council passes all legislation related to the city's police, firefighting, parks, and libraries, as well as its utilities – electricity, water supply, solid waste handling, and drainage.[citation needed]

On July 22, 2009, City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards, instead of the previous system where two councillors were elected in each of six wards. As of 2010, each ward would elect one councillor by first-past-the-post voting. This system came into effect with the following election in October 2010.[285] The most recent election was held in October 2021, and elected members to a four-year term.

On December 7, 2020, a bylaw approving new ward boundaries and Indigenous ward names was passed by city council.[286][287]

Provincial politics

Edmonton is home to the Alberta Legislature Building, the meeting place for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the Alberta Legislature. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region is represented by 20 MLAs, one for each provincial electoral district. Many of these boundaries have been changed, adjusted and renamed while the city has grown.[288] In the current 31st Alberta Legislature all of Edmonton's districts are represented by members from the Opposition Alberta New Democratic Party. One of the MLAs, Rachel Notley, is the Leader of the Opposition and was the 17th premier of Alberta from 2015 to 2019.

Edmonton provincial election results[289][290]
Year United Cons. New Democratic
2019 35% 140,672 53% 213,546
2023 34% 127,773 63% 232,879

Federal politics

Edmonton is represented by nine Members of Parliament (MP), with one being elected to represent each of its federal electoral districts.[291] In the 43rd Canadian Parliament, which was in session from late 2019 to late 2021, eight MPs were members of the Conservative Party of Canada, while the remaining MP was part of the New Democratic Party.[292] After the 2019 federal election, Edmonton lacked elected representation in the federal government for the first time since 1980.[293] Compared to the rest of Alberta, Edmonton tends to vote for more left of centre leaning parties. However, due to vote splitting, the Conservative Party dominates Edmonton, with Edmonton Strathcona the only electoral district not to have voted Conservative in the 2019 federal election. However, this changed in the 2021 federal election with the NDP also flipping the seat of Edmonton Griesbach alongside holding Edmonton Strathcona and the Liberals retaking the riding of Edmonton Centre.[294]

Edmonton federal election results[295]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 23% 94,886 39% 160,938 32% 133,984 0% 1,933
2019 23% 100,759 52% 231,813 21% 92,733 2% 10,264

Fire department

Edmonton Fire Rescue Services Headquarters, Administration Offices, & Number 1 Station

Edmonton Fire Rescue, established in 1892, is a full-time professional firefighting department which provides a variety of services in Edmonton and the surrounding region.[296][297] Some of the service's major tasks include fire suppression, assistance in medical emergencies, watercraft rescues on the North Saskatchewan River, and emergencies which involve hazardous materials.[297] Edmonton Fire Rescue is one of nine Canadian fire departments which are accredited by the Centre for Public Safety Excellence.[298]

Policing

The city's police force, the Edmonton Police Service, was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012.[299]

Military

Canadian Forces Base Edmonton is home to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG), the Regular Force army brigade group of 3rd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. Units in 1 CMBG include Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), 1 Combat Engineer Regiment, two of the three battalions of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron and 1 Field Ambulance are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.[300] In 1996, all fixed-wing aviation units were transferred to CFB Cold Lake.

The Canadian Parachute Centre was located in the city until 1996, when it was moved to CFB Trenton, Ontario, and renamed the Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre.[301] The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost-saving measure.[302] The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s, and Lord Strathcona's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before World War I.

Edmonton also has a large army

The South Alberta Light Horse, one of Alberta's oldest army reserve units. Despite being far from Canada's coasts, Edmonton is also the home of HMCS Nonsuch,[303] a naval reserve division. There are numerous cadet corps[304] of the different elements (naval, army and air force
) within Edmonton as well.

Crime

Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s,

which?
]

Edmonton Police Service vehicle at Downtown Headquarters

The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 84.5 in 2013, which is higher than the national average of 68.7.[306] Its crime severity index was the fifth-highest among CMAs in Canada behind Regina, Saskatoon, Kelowna and Vancouver.[306]In 2011, the city set a record for the most homicides in a year with 53 murders, giving the city a homicide rate of 6.5 per 100,000 people.[307] Edmonton had the fourth-most homicides in 2013 with 27, a 49% decrease from 2011. However in 2017, Edmonton hit another peak in homicides with a slightly lower total of 49, giving a homicide rate of 5.2 per 100,000.[308][306] There were 165 shootings reported in 2022.[309][310]

Noteworthy events that have occurred in Edmonton include the 1965

Edmonton shooting, and the 2017 Edmonton attack. Over $100,000 of property damage to Edmonton City Hall occurred in a shooting and firebombs attack on 23 January 2024, where no one was injured.[311][312]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Edmonton
Control tower for Edmonton International Airport. The international airport is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility for the Edmonton Metropolitan Region.

Aviation

See also: List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region

Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada.[58] The Edmonton International Airport (EIA) is the main airport serving the city.

The airport provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The airport is located within Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park. With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as London in United Kingdom being shorter than to other main airports in western North America,[313] Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta.[314]

Rail

Edmonton serves as a major

transportation hub for Canadian National Railway, whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices. It is also tied into the Canadian Pacific Kansas City network, which provides service from Calgary to the south and extends northeast of Edmonton to serve Alberta's Industrial Heartland.[citation needed
]

Edmonton railway station two days a week in both directions. The train connects Edmonton to multiple stops in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.[315]

Public transit

Main article: Edmonton Transit Service
An ETS bus at the Stadium Station transit centre

The

Edmonton Light Rail Transit (LRT) network as well as a fleet of buses.[316] In 2017, ETS served approximately 86,997,466 people; the bus system saw 62,377,183 riders, while the LRT network served 24,620,283 passengers.[317]

From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating

trolley buses, along with Vancouver. On June 18, 2008, City Council decided to abandon the Edmonton trolley bus system[318] and the last trolley bus ran on May 2, 2009.[319][320]

Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with nine extensions of the network completed since.[321] The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first "modern" light rail line (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system) in North America to be constructed in a city with a population of under one million people.[322] It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States.[323] The Edmonton "proof-of-payment" fare collection system adopted in 1980 – modelled after European ticket systems – became the North American transit industry's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects.[324] The four-year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24, 2010, which sees trains travelling to Century Park[325] (located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street), making stops at South Campus and Southgate Centre along the way.[325] A line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north-central Edmonton using the same high-floor technology of the existing system opened September 6, 2015. The southeast leg of the Valley Line, which starts in Mill Woods and ends in the downtown core, opened on November 4, 2023, after experiencing significant delays.[326][327] Construction on the second and final phase of the Valley Line, which will extend the line west to Lewis Farms, commenced in 2021.[328] Unlike the Capital and Metro lines, trains on the Valley Line use low-floor technology.[326]

Edmonton is a member of the Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission, which will begin service in mid-2022.[329] The Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission is scheduled to be disestablished May 31, 2023, as a result of Edmonton's withdrawal.

Roads and highways

Anthony Henday Drive in Edmonton. The freeway is the main ring road for the city.

A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton's street and road network.[330] The address system is mostly numbered, with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west. In built-up areas built since the 1950s, local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system. Major roadways include Kingsway, Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16), Whitemud Drive and Anthony Henday Drive.

The major roads connecting to other communities elsewhere in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the Yellowhead Highway to the west and east and Highway 2 (Queen Elizabeth II Highway) to the south.[331][332]

Trail system

Edmonton maintains over 160 km (99 mi) of multi-use trails; however, most of this is within the river valley parkland system.[333][334]

Electricity and water

Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as

ultraviolet disinfection) system at its E. L. Smith Water Treatment Plant.[335]

Waste disposal

The Edmonton Composting Facility was the largest co-composting facility in North America by volume and capacity.

Edmonton delivers source-separated organics waste collection to all single-unit, and some multi-unit homes.[336] The city collects four streams of waste under this program: Garbage in black bins, organic waste in green bins, recycling in blue bags, and yard waste in large brown paper bags or clear plastic bags (four times per year).[337] The rollout of the source-separated organics program began in March 2021, and was completed on September 3, 2021.[338] During this period, Edmonton delivered approximately 10,000 new carts every week to a total of approximately 250,000 homes.[339] City employees collect waste from half of these homes, and collection from the other homes is contracted to a private company.[340]

An

anaerobic digester began service in April 2021, and has the capacity to process 40,000 tonnes of organic waste annually.[336] This facility produces high-quality compost and generates renewable heat and electricity.[341] Edmonton signed contracts for private partners to process the remaining 28,000 tonnes of organic waste generated annually.[336] In spring 2021, the city started selling compost produced at this facility.[336]

The city will roll-out the new waste collection service to the remaining multi-unit households which receive curbside service, but were not included in the initial transition, in 2023.[342] Meanwhile, the city has stopped offering curbside waste collection from commercial businesses, and has not yet said whether businesses will eventually be required to separate their organic waste.[343] The rollout of the new waste collection system follows a successful two-year pilot program which began service in 2019, and included 8,000 households in 12 neighbourhoods.[344]

The

composting process. In addition, the wood chips absorbed much of the odour produced by the compost by providing a biofilter element to trap odour causing gaseous results of the process.[346] The composting facility was permanently shut down in 2019 after an inspection found that the structural integrity of its roof was compromised.[347]

Together, the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. Research partners include the University of Alberta, the Alberta Research Council, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and Olds College.[348]

Health care

There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton:

Grey Nuns Community Hospital.[349] Other area hospitals include Sturgeon Community Hospital in St. Albert, Leduc Community Hospital in Leduc, WestView Health Centre in Stony Plain, and Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital in Fort Saskatchewan. Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the Alberta Hospital. The Northeast Community Health Centre offers a 24-hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services. The University of Alberta Hospital is the centre of a larger complex of hospitals and clinics located adjacent to the university campus which comprises the Stollery Children's Hospital, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cross Cancer Institute, Zeidler Gastrointestinal Health Centre, Ledcor Clinical Training Centre, and Edmonton Clinic. Several health research institutes, including the Heritage Medical Research Centre, Medical Sciences Building, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, and Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, are also located at this site. A similar set-up is also evident at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, which is connected to the Lois Hole Hospital for Women and Orthopaedic Surgery Centre. All hospitals are under the administration of Alberta Health Services, the single provincial health authority that plans and delivers health services to Albertans, on behalf of the Ministry of Health. The Misericordia and Grey Nuns are run separately by Covenant Health.[350]

Education

school districts
in the city

Primary and secondary

Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English-language boards:

Francophone minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton, the Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2, which includes surrounding communities. The city also has a number of public charter schools that are independent of any board. All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and property taxes.[citation needed
]

Some private schools exist as well, including Edmonton Academy,[352] Progressive Academy[353] and Tempo School.[354]

Edmonton Public Schools is known for pioneering the concept of site-based decision making (decentralization) in Canada, which gives principals the authority, the financial resources and the flexibility to make decisions based on the individual needs of their schools.

Old Scona Academic and Victoria School of the Arts.[356][357][358] The Edmonton Society for Christian Education[359] and Millwoods Christian School (not part of the former) used to be private schools; however, have both also become part of Edmonton Public Schools as alternative programs.[360][361]

Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to homeschool their children.[362]

Post-secondary

Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include

King's University, NorQuest College, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and the University of Alberta (U of A).[363] The publicly funded Athabasca University also has a campus in Edmonton.[364][365]

The U of A is a board-governed institution[366] that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars.[367] In 2021/22, the university had over 40,000 students enrolled within over 700 undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, as well as over 7,000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension.[368][369] The U of A is also home to the second-largest research library system in Canada.[370]

In 2019/20, MacEwan University had a total student population of over 18,000 full-time and part-time students enrolled in programs offering bachelor's degrees, university transfers, diplomas and certificates.[371] NAIT has an approximate total of 41,000 students enrolled in more than 200 programs,[372] while NorQuest College has approximately 21,000 students enrolled in various full-time, part-time and continuing education programs.[373]

Other post-secondary institutions within Edmonton include Newman Theological College, Taylor College and Seminary, and Yellowhead Tribal College (an Indigenous college).[374]

Media

Main article: Media in Edmonton

Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or

IPTV) and Shaw Communications. Twenty-one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton.[376]

Edmonton has two large-circulation daily newspapers, the Edmonton Journal and the Edmonton Sun. The Journal, established in 1903, has a daily circulation of 112,000. The Sun, established in 1978, has a circulation of 55,000. Both newspapers are owned by the Postmedia Network.[377] The Journal no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012.[378]

alternative news, was published in Edmonton from 1995 to 2018.[381][382] The Edmonton Examiner is a citywide community-based paper also published weekly.[383]
There are also a number of smaller weekly and community newspapers.

Sister cities

See also:
List of sister cities in Canada

Edmonton has five

sister cities.[384][385]

In the United States, American cities and their sisters are listed with that country's

Jeremy Witten represented Edmonton at World of Friendship, Nashville's annual sister cities celebration.[391]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
  6. 2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec

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Further reading

External links