Edmund Crouchback

Edmund Crouchback
Effigy and monument of Edmund Crouchback, Westminster Abbey
Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby
Predecessor	None (position established)
Successor	Thomas of Lancaster
Born	16 January 1245 London, England
Died	5 June 1296 (aged 51) Bayonne, Duchy of Aquitaine
Burial	24 March 1301 Westminster Abbey
Spouse	Aveline de Forz ​ ​ (m. 1269; died 1274)​ Blanche of Artois ​ ​ (m. 1275)​
Plantagenet (by birth) Lancaster (founder)
Father	Henry III of England
Mother	Eleanor of Provence

Edmund, 1st Earl of Lancaster (16 January 1245 – 5 June 1296), also known by his epithet Edmund Crouchback, was a member of the royal

Named after the 9th-century saint, Edmund was the second surviving son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence and the younger brother of King Edward I of England, to whom he was loyal as a diplomat and warrior. In 1254, the 9-year-old Edmund became involved in the "Sicilian business", in which his father accepted a papal offer granting the Kingdom of Sicily to Edmund, who made preparations to become king. However, Henry III could not provide funds for the operation, prompting the Papacy to withdraw the grant and give it to Edmund's uncle, Charles I of Anjou. The "Sicilian business" outraged the barons led by the Earl of Leicester and Edmund's uncle, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and was cited as one of the reasons for limiting Henry's power. Deterioration of relations between the barons and the king resulted in the Second Barons' War, in which the royal government, supported by Edmund, triumphed over the baronage following the death of Montfort in the Battle of Evesham in 1265.

Edmund received the lands and titles of Montfort and the defeated barons

When Edmund's stepson-in-law, King Philip IV of France, demanded Edward, who was also his vassal through Gascony, to come to Paris to answer charges of damages caused by English mariners in 1293, Edward sent Edmund to mediate the crisis to avert war. Edmund negotiated an agreement with Philip where France would occupy Gascony for 40 days, and Edward would marry Philip's half-sister, Margaret. When the 40 days were over, Philip tricked Edward and Edmund by refusing to relinquish control over Gascony, calling Edward to again answer for his charges. Edmund and Edward then renounced their homages to Philip and prepared for war against France. Edmund sailed for Gascony with his army and besieged the city of Bordeaux. Unable to pay his troops, Edmund was deserted by his army and retreated to Bayonne, where he died from illness in 1296. Edmund's body was brought back to England, where he was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1301.

Early years, 1245–1265

Birth and childhood

Edmund was born in London to King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence on 16 January 1245.^[1] Henry named him after the martyred and canonised 9th-century East Anglian king, whom Henry prayed to for a second son.^[2][3] He was a younger brother of Edward (later King Edward I of England), Margaret and Beatrice, and an elder brother of Catherine.^[4] Edmund spent most of his childhood at Windsor Castle alongside his siblings. He grew emotionally attached to his father Henry, who rarely spent extended periods apart from his family.^[5]

Sicilian business

In 1254, Henry accepted a papal offer from Pope Innocent IV to make Edmund the next king of Sicily.^[6] Sicily had been ruled by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was a rival to Innocent for many years;^[7] the papacy hoped for a friendlier ruler to succeed Frederick following his death in 1250.^[8] For Henry, Sicily was a valuable prize for his son and would also provide a base to launch his planned crusades in the east.^[9] Innocent tasked Henry with sending Edmund and an army to reclaim Sicily from Frederick's son, Manfred, King of Sicily, and to cover expenses and debts up to a total of £135,000, for which the papacy would provide assistance in funding.^[10]

The nine-year-old Edmund made preparations to become king, sailing to Gascony with his mother, Eleanor, in May 1254.^[11] In Bordeaux, on 3 October, Edmund granted his granduncle Count Thomas of Flanders the Principality of Capua before returning home in December of that year.^[11] On 18 October 1255, Edmund received a ceremonial investiture in Sicily, where his father Henry styled him as king and presented him with a ring.^[11][12] In April 1256, Edmund proposed marriage to Plaisance of Antioch, the queen of Cyprus and Lady of Beirut.^[11] In April 1257, Henry paraded Edmund in Parliament dressed in Italian clothing to appeal for funds.^[12][13] He also suggested marrying Edmund to a daughter of Manfred to resolve the 'Sicilian business' in the summer of that year.^[11]

Prospects turned grim when Pope Alexander IV succeeded Innocent and faced military pressure from the Holy Roman Empire.^[14] Alexander could no longer finance Henry's expenses and instead demanded that Henry pay £90,000 in debts to the Papacy as compensation for the war.^[15] This was an enormous sum, and Henry found himself desperate for funds. He sought assistance from Parliament, but his request was denied. Despite further attempts, Parliament only granted partial funding^[clarify] to Henry.^[16] Growing impatient, Alexander sent an envoy to Henry in 1258, threatening him with excommunication unless he paid his debts and sent an army to Sicily.^[17] Failing to convince Parliament further,^[18] Henry resorted to extorting money from the senior clergy, raising approximately £40,000.^[19] Subsequently, at some point between 1258 and 1263—either under Alexander or Pope Urban IV—the papacy revoked the grant of the Kingdom of Sicily to Edmund and instead bestowed the title upon Edmund's uncle, Charles I of Anjou.^[20][21][22]

Second Barons' War

The barons, led by Edmund's uncle, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, cited the 'Sicilian business' as one of their grievances against Edmund's father, King Henry III of England.^[23][24] This led to Henry's signing of the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, which curtailed his power as well as that of the major barons.^[25] However, Edmund collaborated with Henry and his brother Edward to overturn the Provisions in midsummer of 1262.^[26] Power in England swung back and forth between Henry and the barons,^[27] culminating in the Treaty of Kingston, under which disputes were to be resolved by Edmund's uncles, Richard of Cornwall and King Louis IX of France.^[28][29]

Despite the treaty, an open civil war erupted between the royal government and the radical barons led by Simon in the summer of 1263, prompting Edmund to flee from the Tower of London to Dover Castle.^[26] On 10 July, Henry wrote to Edmund and Robert de Glaston, the constable of Dover Castle, urging them to surrender the castle to the Bishop of London, Henry of Sandwich, who represented the barons, in preparation for peace negotiations.^[26] However, in a letter dated 28 July, Edmund and Robert refused to comply, arguing that surrendering the castle would go against their duties until peace was established. As a result, Henry had to personally command them to relinquish the castle.^[26]

When Simon's coalition of barons showed signs of fragmentation,^[30] Henry appealed to Louis for arbitration in the dispute, as stipulated in the Treaty of Kingston.^[31] Initially resistant to this, Simon eventually agreed to French arbitration, and representatives of Henry and Simon traveled to Paris.^[31][32] On 23 January 1264, Louis declared in the Mise of Amiens that Henry had the right to rule over the barons, thereby annulling the Provisions of Oxford. However, the French decision was unpopular; upon Henry's return to England unrest brewed and violence became imminent.^[33]

The Second Barons' War finally erupted in April 1264 when Henry's army occupied Simon's territories in the Midlands and advanced to reoccupy a route to France in the southeast.^[34] Accompanied by his mother, Eleanor, Edmund went to France, where he helped to raise a mercenary army, with financial assistance from his uncle Louis, to support his father.^[35][36] Despite Simon's capture of Henry, Richard and Edward in the Baronial victory at Lewes on 14 May,^[37] he failed to consolidate his control over England and Edward managed to escape captivity.^[38][39] Following the Baronial defeat at Evesham on 4 August 1265, Simon was killed and dismembered by the royal army, and his lands and title as Earl of Leicester were forfeited.^[40]

Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, 1265–1293

Becoming earl

On 26 October 1265, Edmund became the Earl of Leicester when his father, King Henry III of England, granted him the title and associated lands, following the re-creation of the earldom.^[21] Additionally, he received all the lands that had belonged to Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave, a rebel baron.^[41] Once the king's victory over the barons was assured, Edmund returned to England on 30 October 1265.^[26] As a political refugee, he harboured a desire for revenge against the barons.^[26] Alongside his brother Edward, Edmund focused on suppressing the rebel barons known as the "disinherited," whose lands had been confiscated by the royal government.^[26] On 6 December of the same year, Edmund gained control of the castles of Cardigan and Carmarthen, and on 8 January 1266, he acquired the demesnes of Dilwyn, Lugwardine, Marden, Minsterworth and Rodley.^[41]

On 28 June of the same year, Edmund acquired the forfeited estates of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, whose family had held a significant feudatory since the time of Stephen, King of England.^[41] During the Second Barons' War, Robert was seen as an unreliable and violent ally to the barons, as he failed to appear promptly at the Battle of Lewes.^[42][43] Moreover, Robert had engaged in indiscriminate raids on lands belonging to his rival, Edward.^[42][44] As a result, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, imprisoned him, fearing his excessive power. After receiving a pardon from Henry, Robert rebelled once again and was captured following his defeat at the Battle of Chesterfield on 15 May of that year.^[42] Edmund compelled Robert to agree that he would regain his estates upon payment of an exceedingly hefty sum, fully aware that Robert would be unable to afford such a penalty.^[42][44][45] This allowed Edmund to retain control of Robert's estates.^[44] When Edward ascended to the throne, he granted Robert's former domain of Chartley Castle to Edmund on 26 July 1276 and absolved Edmund from the debts owed by Robert and his ancestors on 5 May 1277.^[42]

During the summer of 1266, Edmund led an army in Warwick to counter the raids carried out by the rebels occupying Kenilworth Castle.^[46] The Kenilworth garrison attempted to attack Warwick, but Edmund's forces successfully repelled them back to the castle. Subsequently, the royal army besieged Kenilworth Castle,^[46] with Edmund commanding one of the four divisions alongside Henry and Edward.^[46][47][48] The siege concluded on 13 December with the implementation of the Dictum of Kenilworth, which brought peace between the king and the baronial forces by 31 October.^[46][47][48] Either in the same month or the following year, Edmund acquired Kenilworth Castle.^[49][50]

Since Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd was an ally of the barons, Henry dispatched Edmund, along with his Justiciar, Robert Walerand, on a diplomatic mission to negotiate peace with the prince on 21 February 1267.^[46] However, Llywelyn refused to make peace with the English until September, when Henry threatened to invade Gwynedd.^[46] Edmund continued his diplomatic activities by attending the knighting ceremony of his cousin Philip, conducted by his uncle King Louis IX of France, in Paris on 4 June.^[46] During his visit, he received the hospitality of Robert II, Count of Artois and Robert's sister Blanche of Artois.^[46][51]

On 30 June 1267, Edmund became the Earl of Lancaster following the title's creation by Henry, and he was granted the royal demesne lands in Lancashire, along with the lordships of Lancaster, Newcastle-under-Lyme and Pickering.^[49] Edmund was also earl of Leicester and later Derby, though he is mostly associated with the earldom of Lancaster.^[52] On the same day, Edward granted Edmund the Three Castles and Monmouth Castle in Wales.^[53][54] The following year, Henry appointed Edmund as the Constable of Leicester Castle, a royal possession held in the king's name.^[55] The conclusion of the Second Barons' War marked a significant turning point in Edmund's life. Although he had been disappointed by losing the Sicilian crown to his uncle Charles I of Anjou, he had now received a powerful earldom that established the Lancastrian branch of the Plantagenet dynasty.^[56] By this time, Edmund had gained a reputation as a ruthless and formidable warrior.^[55] With these acquisitions, he became the most influential peer in England.^[57] Even upon becoming king, Edward was not worried about Edmund's powerful position or the affairs of most of the baronage because of Edmund's unwavering loyalty to him.^[58]

First marriage and crusading

In the Holy Land, under the leadership of the Baibars, the Mamluks captured the city of Antioch, the last remnant of the principality that bears its namesake.^[59] The fall of the city led the papal legate of England, Ottobuono—the future Pope Adrian V—to preach for a new crusade.^[60] In an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, Edmund pledged himself to undertake a crusade alongside his elder brother Edward and their cousin Henry of Almain.^[59][60][61] However, after years of civil war, the English crown had depleted its funds and could not support a crusade.^[60][62] Edward was forced to borrow a loan from his uncle, King Louis IX of France,^[60][63] who was organizing a large crusader force with the intent of invading Tunis. Despite being in a better position with his newly received earldom, Edmund hastened to marry a wealthy lady to fund the crusade.^[60]

On 20 November 1268, King Henry III of England, Edmund's father, arranged a marriage between Edmund and the recently widowed Isabel de Forz, 8th Countess of Devon. Isabel was a wealthy countess, holding the earldoms of Devon and Aumale, as well as the lordships of Holderness and the Isle of Wight.^[53][60] However, Edmund wanted to ensure the security of his inheritance and decided to marry Isabel's daughter, Aveline de Forz, Countess of Aumale.^[64] The marriage between Edmund and Aveline was arranged by Edmund's mother, Eleanor of Provence. On 8 or 9 April 1269, Edmund married 10-year-old Aveline, who was 14 years his junior, in Westminster Abbey;^[53][65][66] the marriage could not be consummated until she turned 14.^[67] During 1269, Edmund and his brother Edward prepared for the crusade, although they also participated in carrying the remains of Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey following the partial completion of the church's reconstruction by Henry on 13 October 1269.^[65][68] In addition, Edmund assumed the title of Earl of Derby because Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, was unable to fulfill his obligations. As a result, Edmund merged the title and estates of the Earldom with his Earldoms of Leicester and Lancaster.^[42][44][69]

In the summer of 1270, Edmund and Edward were delayed in joining Louis on the crusade because their father was indecisive about participating. Upon the advice of his councilors, Henry chose to remain in England, while Edward led the first group of English crusaders, setting sail from Dover on 20 August that year.^[70] The crusaders' plans failed when an epidemic broke out in their camp, killing Louis on 25 August.^[59][71] Edward arrived at Tunis on 10 November 1270, but it was too late to engage in battle due to the Treaty of Tunis, which had been signed on 30 October.^[72] As a result, most of the crusaders returned home.^[72]

Between 25 February and 4 March 1271, Edmund embarked for the Holy Land, leaving his mother Eleanor in charge of his estates.^[73] Edward had already set off on a crusade to Palestine to support Bohemund VI of Antioch, and arrived in Acre on 9 May 1271.^[74][75] In September 1271, Edmund arrived with a larger army, reinforced by King Hugh III of Cyprus, to assist his brother.^[73][76] Despite some successes, such as the raid on Qaqun—where the crusaders reportedly killed one thousand Turkomans—the seizure of numerous cattle^[73] and the repulsion of several Mamluk attacks, the limited size of the crusader forces compelled Hugh to sign a 10 year truce with Baibars in May 1272, much to Edward's dismay.^[73][76] With the crusade coming to an end, Edmund returned to England around 6 December,^[76] where he was greeted by jubilant crowds in London.^[77] However, Edmund's crusade proved futile and incurred significant expenses.^[77]

Historians Peter Heylyn and Simon Lloyd believe that Edumund received his epithet 'Crouchback' during the crusade, suggesting it as a corruption of 'crossback', as Edmund wore a cross stitched into the back of his garments while on the crusade.^[53][78] In 1394, John of Gaunt, the founder of the second House of Lancaster and the husband of Edmund's great-granddaughter Blanche of Lancaster, interpreted the epithet differently, believing that Edmund was a hunchback.^[79] According to chronicler John Hardyng, John would forge chronicles to assert that Edmund was the elder brother and not Edward, claiming that the crown passed over him due to his physical deformity.^[79] However, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, presented evidence countering these claims, stating that the chronicles described Edmund as a handsome knight who was skilled in combat.^[79]

Second marriage to Blanche of Artois

Edmund's father King Henry III of England died on 16 November 1272, and Edmund's elder brother Edward was proclaimed king.^[80] However, Edward was on his way back to England from the Holy Land and his journey was slow, as Edward had to negotiate with King Philip III of France about several claims and put down a Gascon revolt.^{[77][81][82][83]} A rumour spread that Edward was never going to return to England, leading to a growing rebellion in the northern part of the country. Edmund then dispersed the rebels with Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore.^[84] In 1273, Edmund's wife Aveline turned fourteen and Edmund consummated his marriage with her.^[67]

Edward returned to England on 2 August 1274, and he was crowned King Edward I of England on 19 August 1274.^[85] Edmund succeeded him as Lord High Steward of England the following day.^[86] On 10 November 1274, Aveline suddenly died, leaving Edmund with no children and dashing his hopes to inherit Aveline's titles and earldoms.^[53][87] Edmund's maternal aunt and the Queen Dowager of France Margaret of Provence wanted to secure a wealthy bride for her nephew not only for familial reasons,^[88] but to convince Edmund's brother Edward to support her claims to Provence against Charles I of Anjou, King of Sicily.^[57]

Margaret pushed for the marriage of Edmund and Blanche of Artois, Queen Dowager of Navarre and widow of King Henry I of Navarre, and the Countess of the wealthy and powerful County of Champagne and Brie, which made up more than Edmund's lost possessions.^[88][89][90] Blanche accepted the match because she needed a second husband who was congenial to King Philip III of France—who was Edmund's cousin—to help manage Champagne with her.^[57] However, the chronicler John of Trokelowe reported that Edmund and Blanche had also known of each others' reputations as a chivalrous knight and a skilled and beautiful regent, respectively, and they became mutually attracted to each other.^[88][91][92] Blanche's brother Robert II, Count of Artois, an ally to Charles, was furious upon hearing about their engagement, believing the English to still be hostile to France.^[57] Edward, meanwhile, was neutral toward the couple's betrothal, seeing it as nothing more than an additional familial link with his French relatives.^[93]

On 6 August 1275, Edmund received a writ of protection to travel overseas from England to France to meet his bride.^[51] Between December 1275 and January 1276 in Paris,^[51][57] Edmund married Blanche, three years his junior, and thus became a stepfather to Blanche's daughter Joan.^[88][89] In the name of Joan, Edmund became the count palatine of Champagne and would govern the County along with his wife until Joan reached the age of majority.^[57] In January 1276, Edmund paid homage to Philip III, becoming his vassal.^{[57][88][94][95]} The kings of France struggled in controlling Champagne as a vassal until Joan's betrothal to Philip the Fair, the son of Philip III, which allowed Philip III to fully control the county.^[88] Due to his commitments elsewhere, Edmund could only administer Champagne intermittently, with the Grand Butler of France John II of Brienne serving in his absence.^[96] In June, Edmund brought Blanche to England to see his English possessions and in July he made a journey to his wife's kingdom of Navarre, around the same time Blanche's brother Robert was pacifying the region.^[94][96]

Commander at Wales and diplomat

See also:

Count Palatine of Champagne

Following the deterioration of relations between England and the Welsh

Roger Mortimer and William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick.^[98] Payne had previously had success in the valley of the River Towy, capturing the castles of Dryslywn, Dinefwr, Carreg Cennan and Llandovery, allowing Edmund, who assumed his command, to push further north, seizing the lands of the Welsh noble Rhys ab Maelgwyn and taking Aberystwyth at the end of July 1277.^[99][100] Edmund assigned his troops to rebuild Aberystwyth Castle, then known as Llanbadarn Castle, and returned to England on 20 September, assigning Roger Myles as constable of the castle.^[99] The war ended with the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, with Gwynedd surrendering and ceding control over his vassals and conquered territories.^[101]

In 1278, Edmund travelled to his dominion of Champagne to administer the county, after which he returned to England to approve and attend the wedding of Llywelyn and his cousin Eleanor de Montfort, the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, in Worcester. In the same year, Edmund's wife Blanche gave birth to their son Thomas, who became heir to the Earldom of Lancaster and all of Edmund's domains.^[102] The next year, Edward appointed Edmund to be Ambassador to France to negotiate with their cousin King Philip III of France regarding the English claims on the Counties of Agenais and Quercy as part of the dowry of Edmund and Edward's grand-aunt Joan of England, which were under the control of Alphonse, Count of Poitiers.^[103]

Since Alphonse died without issue, according to the

Joan of Dammartin in 1279.^[104]

Business in France

In January 1280, a mob formed in Provins, the capital of Brie and also part of the County of Champagne, following the implementation of an unpopular tax, and installed Gilbert de Morry as mayor, killing the previous mayor William Pentecost. Edmund and the Grand Butler of France John II of Brienne marched to Provins with an army, and the leaders of the mob fled, leaving the gates open. Edmund and John forfeited the town's privileges and authorities, disarmed the inhabitants of Provins and condemned the leaders of the mob to death or banishment, with Gilbert being excommunicated. John was more ruthless in punishing the inhabitants of Provins than Edmund; according to a chronicler of the abbey of Saint-Magloire, John ordered hangings, beheadings and mutilations. Edmund went back to visit his estates in England following his chastisement of Provins.^[105]

Edmund returned to France and pardoned the town of Provins in July 1281 through the meditation of several church officials and Gilles de Brion, the grand mayor of Donnemarie and brother of Pope Martin IV. Edmund returned privileges to the town, and allowed the inhabitants of Provins to build new fountains, acquire buildings for their courts and establish a bell to mark the work hours and curfew; in exchange, he enacted a harsh tax on the town. The prosperity of Provins soon declined, in contrast to Leicester, a town in Edmund's English domains that saw major growth during his reign.^[106] In the same year, Blanche gave birth to Edmund's second son Henry,^[107] whose son Henry of Grosmont would eventually become a powerful leader of England during the Hundred Years' War.^[108]

In the autumn of 1281, Edmund, as Count Palatine of Champagne, joined forces in

Charles I of Anjou, who had solidified his control over the region and was unwilling to negotiate.^[109] Edmund and the nobles assembled their forces at Lyon in May 1282 to invade Provence, but the eruption of the Sicilian Vespers forced Charles to rent out Provence to Margaret, averting war.^[110] That same month, Edmund heard that Wales had launched a war against England, and returned to England to command the English army in South Wales.^[111] The Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffudd retreated southwards when Edward's army pressed hard in North Wales,^[112] but a detachment of Edmund's army lured Llywelyn into a trap and killed him in the Battle of Orewin Bridge on 11 December 1282.^[111][113] Edward finalized his conquest of Wales through the capture of Llywelyn's brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd in June 1283, who succeeded Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in December.^[114]

Ceding Champagne and managing England

As Joan approached the age of 11, the age of majority in France,^[115] Edmund debated with his cousin King Philip III of France about whether Joan would still be under his guardianship until she turned 21, in accordance with the laws of Champagne.^[116] This would have allowed him to attain management and revenue of the county for a longer duration.^[88] For three months, Edmund would query on Joan's age of majority until he finally yielded.^[88][116]

When Joan reached the age of majority on 14 January 1284, Philip III compromised with Edmund's wife Blanche of Artois on 17 May via a treaty, allowing her to keep several of her dowerlands—the castles of Sézanne, Chantemerle, Nogent-sur-Seine, Pont-sur-Seine and Vertus, and the Palace of Navarrese Kings in Paris—and paying 60 to 70 thousand livres tournois to Edmund and Blanche.^{[115][116][117]} In addition, Philip relinquished any claim to half of the property acquired and held jointly by Blanche and her first husband King Henry I of Navarre in Champagne, and extended this renouncement to Edmund.^[116]

Following the marriage of Joan and Prince Philip the Fair, Philip III's son, on 16 August 1284, Edmund renounced the title of Count Palatine of Champagne and ceded control of all of the county except his wife's dowerlands to Philip the Fair.^[1][116] Edmund and Blanche's last son, John, was born in May 1286.^[118] For the rest of the 1280s, Edmund oversaw the affairs of his lands, such as hiring a chaplain for Tutbury Castle, but also accompanied his brother King Edward I of England when he stayed in Gascony for almost three years.^[119][120]

Edward inherited the County of

King of Scotland, Edmund witnessed the submission of rival claims to the Scottish crown under Edward's arbitration.^[121] Edmund also observed the claimants' pledges to accept his brother's decision and witnessed the Scottish nobility swearing fealty to Edward as their overlord.^[121]

On 5 February 1292, Edmund was chosen as part of a five-member commission with full authority to establish and enforce regulations to uphold the use of arms in the kingdom.[121] During the same year, he also provided bail for Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, when he was involved in a private war with Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, regarding their rights and privileges as Marcher lords.^[121] In 1293, Edmund founded the Abbey of the Minoresses of St. Clare without Aldgate, a convent for the Order of Poor Clares, outside Aldgate.^[123] Blanche, his wife, facilitated the arrival of the first nuns to the convent from France.^[123] Due to the high rank of Edmund and Blanche in society, the Abbey grew more rapidly than any other Minoresses house in England.^[124] Edmund also played a role in establishing a Greyfriars priory at Preston, located in his earldom of Lancaster.^[125]

Last years, 1293–1296

Crisis with France

The cordial relationship between England and France soured intensely when English mariners of the

Charles of Valois, wanted France to annex the Duchy of Aquitaine, which comprises Gascony, believing that Edward wanted war.^[128]

Edward did not want war and wanted to show his respect to Philip as his vassal, and sent Edmund and some ambassadors to Paris to negotiate with Philip.[128]^[129][130] Edmund left England for France between the end of 1293 and the beginning of 1294,^[129] bringing his wife Blanche with him.^[131] In Paris, Edmund was unsuccessful in negotiating a compromise with Philip, until Philip's wife and Edmund's stepdaughter through Blanche, Queen Joan I of Navarre, and his cousin-in-law Queen Dowager of France Marie of Brabant offered to intervene on Edmund's behalf.^{[130][131][132]} The private conversation between the queens and the English envoys was cordial and easy-going, with the queens assuring Philip.^{[clarify][131]}

The English made a secret agreement with Philip: in exchange for Edward's citation being withdrawn, Edward would marry Philip's half-sister

Robert II of Burgundy, that he would honor his agreement.^[133] After hearing rumours of French betrayal and that Margaret would not accept him as a husband, Edward decided not to visit France, much to Philip's anger.^[134]

When the 40 days expired, Edmund and the English envoys asked that Gascony be returned to Edward and the citation be withdrawn.[131]^[134] Philip reassured them that they should not be alarmed, as he planned to give a negative answer in public because he did not want to refuse some of his council members who opposed restoring Gascony to English control.^[134][135] The English asked if they could attend the council meeting, but they were refused, and they waited anxiously for Philip's response.^[134] Once the meeting was completed, the bishops of Orléans and Tournai told the English envoys that France would keep Gascony and that Philip would not change his mind.^[134] Finally, on 21 April, in a parlement session overseen by Philip, Edward was cited again to appear in Paris with no safe conduct granted nor delay allowed.^[130][136] Historian Michael Prestwich believes that the French queens were likely acting in good faith in representing Edmund's interests, but that they and Edmund had underestimated their influence on Philip.^[130]

War in France

See also: Anglo-French War (1294–1303) and Gascon campaign (1294–1303)

Upon hearing the decision on his brother King Edward I of England, Edmund renounced his homage to King Philip IV of France,^[137] and with his wife Blanche of Artois, sold a part of her dowerlands to an abbey.^[134] The couple returned to England with all of their English household and John of Brittany, who had also renounced his homage to Philip.^[137] Edward formally renounced his homage to Philip and the English baronage prepared for war.^[137] On 1 July 1294, Edward wrote to his administrators in Gascony, apologizing for the secret treaty and stating that he would send Edmund and the Earl of Lincoln Henry de Lacy to reclaim Gascony. On 3 September, he ordered the Cinque Ports to provide shipping for Edmund's voyage.^[137][138] Following the suppression of a Welsh rebellion, Edmund and his envoys explained the causes of the war to a council of magnates on 5 August 1295.^[138][139] Edmund was among the loudest of the nobles in their cries for war.^[139]

Edmund planned to launch his expedition to Gascony in October, but fell ill that autumn and did not depart England until the winter.

men-at-arms.^{[138][140][141]} The English prince landed in Pointe Saint-Mathieu in Brittany, sending messengers that they would rest there for several days.^[142] The Bretons responded by hanging the messengers, resulting in Edmund's forces looting the countryside.^[142] English soldiers also looted the Abbey of Saint-Mathieu de Fine-Terre, although Edmund ordered them to return all stolen valuables.^[142] The English army then arrived at Brest, where they received supplies, and sailed down to Blaye and later Castillon, where they landed their forces.^[142]

The castle of Lesparre surrendered to Edmund's forces on 22 March 1296 and Edmund launched his siege of Bordeaux with his encampment in Bègles in the south.^[143] On 28 March, the Bordeaux garrison attempted to surprise the English encampment, but realized that the English were waiting for them and hastily retreated back to the city, sustaining many^[clarify] casualties.^[143] On 30 March, the English broke into the outer wall of Bordeaux, but did not have siege engines to break through the city's inner walls.^[144] Hearing that his brother-in-law Robert II, Count of Artois, was in command of a French army at Langon, Edmund and his army left Bordeaux to meet him.^[144] Edmund did not find his brother-in-law there and the village there surrendered to him.^[144] Edmund then launched a siege of the castle in nearby Saint-Macaire, alerting Robert to send his forces to relieve the castle. Realizing his funds were low, Edmund returned to Bordeaux to siege the city.^[144]

Death and burial

During the siege of Bourdeaux, Edmund ran out of money to pay his army and his mercenaries deserted him.

Aveline de Forz.^[145][146]

Family

Issue

Edmund's first wife Aveline de Forz died before the couple could have any children.^[87]

By his second wife Blanche of Artois, Edmund had four children. Of these, all three of his sons outlived their father. Edmund's children with Blanche were:^{[89][148][79]}

• Thomas (b. c. 1278 – 22 March 1322)^[118]
• Henry (b. c. 1281 – 22 September 1345)^[118]
• John (b. bef. May 1286 – 13 June 1317)^[118]
• Mary, no dates were recorded, presumably died young in France^[118]

Through his marriage to Blanche, Edmund also became stepfather to Queen Joan I of Navarre.^[88][89]

Ancestry and family tree

Ancestors of Edmund Crouchback
8. Thomas I, Count of Savoy 7. Beatrice of Savoy 15. Margaret of Geneva

Somerset, Worcester, and Yarmouth (3rd creation)

Earl of Dorset (possible 1st creation), 1070 Saint Osmund d. 1099 Bishop of Salisbury and possible Earl of Dorset Roger de Beaumont c. 1015–1094 Earl of Dorset (1st creation) discontinued, 1099 Earl of Leicester (1st creation), 1107 King Henry I c. 1068–1135 King Stephen 1092/1096–1154 Robert de Beaumont c. 1040/1050–1118 1st Earl of Leicester Henry de Beaumont d. 1119 1st Earl of Warwick Earl of Worcester (1st creation), 1138 Robert FitzRoy c. 1090–1147 1st Earl of Gloucester Matilda (d. bef. 1141) Waleran de Beaumont 1104–1166 Earl of Worcester Robert de Beaumont 1104–1168 2nd Earl of Leicester Hugh de Beaumont b. 1106 1st Earl of Bedford Earldom of Worcester (1st creation) extinct, 1166 William FitzRobert 1116–1183 2nd Earl of Gloucester Hawise de Beaumont Robert de Beaumont d. 1190 3rd Earl of Leicester Robert de Beaumont d. 1204 4th Earl of Leicester Amice Countess of Rochefort King John 1166–1216 Isabella 1173/1174–1217 Countess of Gloucester Simon de Montfort c. 1175–1218 5th Earl of Leicester King Henry III 1207–1272 Eleanor of England Simon de Montfort c. 1208–1265 6th Earl of Leicester Earldom of Leicester (1st creation) forfeited, 1265 Earl of Leicester (2nd creation), 1267 Earl of Lancaster, 1276 King Edward I 1239–1307 Edmund Crouchback 1245–1296 1st Earl of Leicester, 1st Earl of Lancaster Earldom of Leicester (1st creation) restored, 1324 Earldom of Lancaster restored, 1327 King Edward II 1284–1327 Thomas of Lancaster 1278–1322 2nd Earl of Leicester, 2nd Earl of Lancaster Henry of Lancaster 1281–1345 3rd Earl of Leicester, 3rd Earl of Lancaster Earldom of Leicester (1st creation) forfeited, 1322 Earldom of Lancaster forfeited, 1322 Duke of Lancaster, 1351 King Edward III 1312–1377 Henry of Grosmont c. 1310–1361 Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester Joan of Lancaster c. 1312–1349 John (II) de Mowbray 1310–1361 3rd Baron Mowbray Eleanor of Lancaster 1318–1372 Mary of Lancaster c. 1320–1362 Earl of Worcester (2nd creation), 1397 Thomas Percy 1343–1403 Earl of Worcester Earldom of Worcester (2nd creation) extinct, 1403 Roger La Warr 1326–1370 Eleanor Mowbray Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset (1st creation), 1397 Earl of Dorset (2nd creation), 1411 Henry Bolingbroke 1367–1413 Duke of Lancaster, (7th) Earl of Leicester King Henry IV John Beaufort c. 1373–1410 Marquess of Somerset, Marquess of Dorset, 1st Earl of Somerset Thomas Beaufort c. 1377–1426 Duke of Exeter, Earl of Dorset Joan Beaufort c. 1379–1440 Joan La Warr Thomas West 1365–1405 1st Baron West Joan de Beauchamp 1375–1435 Earldom of Leicester (2nd creation) and Dukedom of Lancaster merged into the Crown , 1399 Marquessate of Somerset and Marquessate of Dorset (1st creation) revoked, 1399 Earldom of Dorset (2nd creation) extinct, 1426 Duke of Lancaster, 1399 Earl of Worcester (3rd creation), 1421 Richard Beauchamp (1394–c. 1422) Earl of Worcester Dukedom of Lancaster merged into the Crown , 1413 Earldom of Worcester (2nd creation) extinct, 1422 Duke of Somerset (1st creation), 1443 Earl of Dorset (3rd creation), 1442 Marquess of Dorset (2nd creation), 1443 Duke of Somerset (2nd creation), 1448 Henry Beaufort 1401–1418 2nd Earl of Somerset John Beaufort 1404–1444 1st Duke of Somerset, 3rd Earl of Somerset Edmund Beaufort 1406–1455 2nd Duke of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 4th Earl of Somerset, Earl of Dorset Richard Neville 1400–1460 Earl of Salisbury Richard West 1430–1476 7th Baron De La Warr and 4th Baron West Edward Neville d. 1476 de facto 3rd (de jure 1st) Baron Bergavenny Elizabeth Beauchamp 1415–1448 Dukedom of Somerset (1st creation) extinct, 1444 Claimed titles here are disputed Earl of Worcester (4th creation), 1449 Edmund Beaufort c. 1438–1471 4th Duke of Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, 6th Earl of Dorset Cecily Neville c. 1425–1450 John Tiptoft 1427–1470 1st Earl of Worcester Dukedom of Somerset (2nd creation), Marquessate of Dorset (2nd creation), and Earldom of Dorset attained, 1461, but possibly restored (disputed), 1463 Dukedom of Somerset (2nd creation), Marquessate of Dorset (2nd creation), and Earldom of Dorset extinct, 1471 Earldom of Worcester (4th creation) attainted, 1470 Thomas West c. 1457–1525 8th Baron De La Warr and 5th Baron West Marquess of Dorset (3rd creation), 1475 Earl of Worcester (5th creation), 1514 Earl of Worcester (4th creation) restored, 1471 Margery Wentworth c. 1478–1550 King Henry VII 1457–1509 Elizabeth of York 1466–1503 Thomas Grey 1451–1501 1st Marquess of Dorset Charles Somerset c. 1460–1526 1st Earl of Worcester Elizabeth Somerset c. 1476–1507 3rd Baroness Herbert suo jure Edward Tiptoft c. 1469–1485 2nd Earl of Worcester Eleanor West b. 1481 Edward Guildford c. 1474–1534 Earldom of Worcester (4th creation) extinct, 1485 Earl of Hertford (2nd creation), 1537 Duke of Somerset (4th creation), 1547 Duke of Somerset (3rd creation), 1499 Duchess of Suffolk Prince Edmund 1499–1500 1st Duke of Somerset Dukedom of Somerset (4th creation), Earldom of Hertford (2nd creation), and Viscountcy Beauchamp (1st creation) forfeit, 1552 Dukedom of Somerset (3rd creation) extinct, 1500 Duke of Richmond and Somerset , 1525 Duchess of Suffolk Dukedom of Richmond and Somerset extinct, 1536 Marquessate of Dorset (3rd creation) attainted and honours forfeit, 1554 Earl of Hertford (3rd creation) reverted, 1559 Earl of Leicester (3rd creation), 1564 Baron Buckhurst of Buckhurst in the County of Sussex (1st creation), 1567 Earl of Dorset (4th creation), 1604 Edward Seymour c. 1528–1593 Edward Seymour 1539–1621 1st Earl of Hertford Katherine Grey 1540–1568 William Somerset c. 1526–1589 3rd Earl of Worcester, 5th Baron Herbert John Dudley c. 1527–1554 Earl of Warwick Robert Dudley 1532–1588 1st Earl of Leicester Mary Dudley d. 1586 m. Henry Sidney Lord Guildford Dudley c. 1535–1554 Lady Jane Grey 1537–1554 Disputed Queen of England Thomas Sackville 1536–1608 1st Earl of Dorset, 1st Baron Buckhurst Earldom of Hertford (3rd creation) forfeit, 1552 Earldom of Leicester (3rd creation) extinct, 1588 Earl of Leicester (4th creation), 1618 Edward Seymour 1561–1612 Viscount Beauchamp Edward Somerset 1553–1628 4th Earl of Worcester, 6th Baron Herbert Philip Sidney 1554–1586 Mary Sidney 1561–1621 Robert Sidney 1563–1626 1st Earl of Leicester Robert Sackville 1561–1609 2nd Earl of Dorset, 2nd Baron Buckhurst Marquess of Worcester, 1642 Viscount Somerset of Cashel, 1626 Edward Seymour c. 1580–1659 2nd Baronet William Seymour 1588–1660 3rd Duke of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Hertford, 2nd Earl of Hertford Francis Seymour c. 1590–1664 1st Lord Seymour of Trowbridge Robert Carr c. 1587–1645 Earl of Somerset Henry Somerset 1577–1646 1st Marquess of Worcester, 5th Earl of Worcester, 7th Baron Herbert Thomas Somerset 1579–1651 Viscount Somerset Robert Sidney 1595–1677 2nd Earl of Leicester Richard Sackville 1589–1624 3rd Earl of Dorset, 3rd Baron Buckhurst Edward Sackville 1591–1652 4th Earl of Dorset, 4th Baron Buckhurst Earldom of Somerset (3rd creation) and Viscountcy Rochester extinct, 1645 Viscountcy Somerset extinct, 1651 Edward Seymour 1610–1688 3rd Baronet Henry Seymour c. 1626–1654 Lord Beauchamp Charles Seymour c. 1621–1665 2nd Lord Seymour of Trowbridge Edward Somerset 1601–1667 2nd Marquess of Worcester, 6th Earl of Worcester, 8th Baron Herbert Philip Sidney 1619–1698 3rd Earl of Leicester Algernon Sidney 1623–1683 Lady Lucy Sidney 1630–1685 Henry Sidney 1641–1704 Earl of Romney Richard Sackville 1522–1677 5th Earl of Dorset, 5th Baron Buckhurst Baron Cranfield, of Cranfield in the County of Middlesex, 1674 Earl of Middlesex (2nd creation), 1675 Edward Seymour 1633–1708 4th Baronet William Seymour 1650–1671 3rd Duke of Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Hertford, 3rd Earl of Hertford John Seymour c. 1646–1675 4th Duke of Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Hertford, 4th Earl of Hertford Francis Seymour 1658–1678 5th Duke of Somerset, 3rd Lord Seymour of Trowbridge Charles Seymour 1662–1748 6th Duke of Somerset Henry Somerset 1629–1700 1st Duke of Beaufort, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, 7th Earl of Worcester, 9th Baron Herbert Robert Sidney 1649–1702 4th Earl of Leicester Thomas Pelham 1653–1712 Charles Sackville 1522–1677 6th Earl of Dorset, 1st Earl of Middlesex, 6th Baron Buckhurst, 1st Baron Cranfield Marquessate of Hertford (1st creation) extinct, 1675 Baron Conway of Killultagh in the County of Antrim, 1712 Duke of Dorset, 1720 Edward Seymour 1663–1740 5th Baronet Francis Seymour-Conway 1679–1732 1st Baron Conway Edward Coke d. 1707 Algernon Seymour 1684–1750 7th Duke of Somerset, Earl of Northumberland Charles Somerset 1660–1698 styled Marquess of Worcester Philip Sidney 1676–1705 5th Earl of Leicester John Sidney 1680–1737 6th Earl of Leicester Jocelyn Sidney 1682–1743 7th Earl of Leicester Elizabeth Pelham 1681–1711 Lionel Sackville 1688–1765 1st Duke of Dorset, 7th Earl of Dorset, 2nd Earl of Middlesex, 7th Baron Buckhurst, 2nd Baron Cranfield Earldom of Leicester (4th creation) extinct, 1743 Viscount Coke of Holkham in the County of Norfolk, 1744 Edward Seymour 1695–1757 6th Baronet 8th Duke of Somerset Anne Coke Thomas Coke 1697–1759 Earl of Leicester, Viscount Coke Henry Somerset 1684–1714 2nd Duke of Beaufort, 4th Marquess of Worcester, 8th Earl of Worcester, 10th Baron Herbert Charles Townshend 1700–1764 3rd Viscount Townshend Baron Bolebrooke in the County of Sussex, 1782 Edward Seymour 1717–1792 9th Duke of Somerset Webb Seymour 1718–1793 10th Duke of Somerset Francis Seymour 1726–1799 Francis Seymour-Conway 1718–1794 1st Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Conway Wenman (Roberts) Coke c. 1717–1776 Henry Somerset-Scudamore 1707–1745 3rd Duke of Beaufort, 5th Marquess of Worcester, 9th Earl of Worcester, 11th Baron Herbert Charles Noel Somerset 1709–1756 4th Duke of Beaufort, 6th Marquess of Worcester, 10th Earl of Worcester, 12th Baron Herbert George Townshend 1724–1807 1st Marquess Townshend Charles Sackville 1711–1769 2nd Duke of Dorset, 8th Earl of Dorset, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, 8th Baron Buckhurst, 3rd Baron Cranfield John Sackville 1713–1765 George Germain 1716–1785 1st Viscount Sackville, 1st Baron Bolebrooke Earl of Leicester (7th creation), 1837 Baron Botetourt abeyance terminated, 1803 Earl of Leicester (6th creation), 1784 Francis Compton Seymour d. 1822 John Frederick Sackville 1745–1799 3rd Duke of Dorset, 9th Earl of Dorset, 4th Earl of Middlesex, 9th Baron Buckhurst, 4th Baron Cranfield Baron Raglan, 1852 George John Frederick Sackville 1793–1815 4th Duke of Dorset, 10th Earl of Dorset, 5th Earl of Middlesex, 10th Baron Buckhurst, 5th Baron Cranfield John Frederick Sackville 1767–1843 5th Duke of Dorset, 11th Earl of Dorset, 6th Earl of Middlesex, 2nd Viscount Sackville, 11th Baron Buckhurst, 6th Baron Cranfield, 2nd Baron Bolebrooke Earldom of Leicester (6th creation) extinct, 1855 Dukedom of Dorset, Earldoms of Dorset (4th creation) and Middlesex (2nd creation), Viscountcy of Sackville, Baronies of Buckhurst (1st creation), Cranfield, and Bolebrooke extinct, 1843 Francis Edward Seymour 1788–1866 Richard Seymour-Conway 1800–1870 4th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 5th Baron Conway Francis George Hugh Seymour 1812–1884 5th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 6th Baron Conway Henry Somerset 1792–1853 7th Duke of Beaufort, 9th Marquess of Worcester, 13th Earl of Worcester, 15th Baron Herbert, 8th Baron Botetourt Earl St. Maur , 1863 Edward Adolphus St Maur 1804–1885 12th Duke of Somerset Archibald Henry Algernon St Maur 1810–1891 13th Duke of Somerset Algernon Percy Banks St Maur 1813–1894 14th Duke of Somerset Francis Payne Seymour 1815–1870 Thomas William Coke 1822–1909 2nd Earl of Leicester, 2nd Viscount Coke Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset 1824–1899 8th Duke of Beaufort, 10th Marquess of Worcester, 14th Earl of Worcester, 16th Baron Herbert, 8th Baron Botetourt Richard Henry FitzRoy Somerset 1817–1884 2nd Baron Raglan Earldom St. Maur extinct, 1885 Edward Adolphus Ferdinand St. Maur 1835–1869 Algernon St Maur 1846–1923 15th Duke of Somerset Edward Hamilton Seymour 1860–1931 16th Duke of Somerset Hugh de Grey Seymour 1843–1912 6th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 7th Baron Conway Thomas William Coke 1848–1941 3rd Earl of Leicester, 3rd Viscount Coke Henry Adelbert Wellington FitzRoy Somerset 1847–1924 9th Duke of Beaufort, 11th Marquess of Worcester, 15th Earl of Worcester, 17th Baron Herbert, 9th Baron Botetourt Henry Richard Charles Somerset 1849–1932 George FitzRoy Henry Somerset 1857–1921 3rd Baron Raglan Evelyn Francis Edward Seymour 1882–1954 17th Duke of Somerset George Francis Alexander Seymour 1871–1940 7th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 8th Baron Conway Henry Charles Seymour 1878–1939 Thomas William Coke 1880–1949 4th Earl of Leicester, 4th Viscount Coke Arthur George Coke 1882–1915 Henry Charles Somers Augustus Somerset 1874–1945 FitzRoy Richard Somerset 1885–1964 4th Baron Raglan Percy Hamilton Seymour 1910–1984 18th Duke of Somerset Thomas William Edward Coke 1908–1976 5th Earl of Leicester, 5th Viscount Coke Anthony Louis Lovel Coke 1909–1994 6th Earl of Leicester, 6th Viscount Coke Henry Hugh Arthur FitzRoy Somerset 1900–1984 10th Duke of Beaufort, 12th Marquess of Worcester, 16th Earl of Worcester, 18th Baron Herbert, 10th Baron Botetourt Henry Robert Somers FitzRoy de Vere Somerset 1898–1965 Barony Botetourt abeyant, 1984 Hugh Edward Conway Seymour 1930–1997 8th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 9th Baron Conway Edward Douglas Coke 1936–2015 7th Earl of Leicester, 7th Viscount Coke David Robert Somerset 1928–2017 11th Duke of Beaufort, 13th Marquess of Worcester, 17th Earl of Worcester FitzRoy John Somerset 1927–2010 5th Baron Raglan Geoffrey Somerset b. 1932 6th Baron Raglan John Michael Edward Seymour b. 1952 19th Duke of Somerset Henry (Harry) Jocelyn Seymour b. 1958 9th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 10th Baron Conway Thomas Edward Coke b. 1965 8th Earl of Leicester, 8th Viscount Coke Henry John FitzRoy Somerset b. 1952 12th Duke of Beaufort, 14th Marquess of Worcester, 18th Earl of Worcester Arthur Geoffrey Somerset 1960–2012 Sebastian Edward Seymour b. 1982 styled Lord Seymour William Francis Seymour b. 1993 styled Earl of Yarmouth Edward Horatio Coke b. 2003 styled Viscount Coke Henry Robert FitzRoy Somerset b. 1989 styled Marquess of Worcester Inigo Arthur Fitzroy Somerset b. 2004 Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Somerset Heir apparent to the Marquessage of Hertford Heir apparent to the Earldom of Leicester Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Beaufort Heir apparent to the Raglan Barony

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Chisholm 1911, p. 948–949.
2. ^ Howell 2001, pp. 44–45
3. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 20.
4. ^ Howell 1992, p. 57; Howell 2001, p. 27.
5. ^ Howell 2001, pp. 32, 102; Cole 2002, p. 230
6. ^ Weiler 2012, pp. 149, 161
7. ^ Weiler 2012, pp. 122, 147
8. ^ Weiler 2012, pp. 147–149
9. ^ Weiler 2012, p. 151
10. ^ Weiler 2012, pp. 149, 152; Carpenter 2004, p. 347
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} Rhodes 1895, p. 27.
12. ^ ^{a b} Prestwich 1997, p. 102.
13. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 25.
14. ^ Weiler 2012, p. 152; Jobson 2012, p. 13
15. ^ Weiler 2012, p. 152; Jobson 2012, p. 13
16. ^ Weiler 2012, p. 158
17. ^ Weiler 2012, pp. 155–156; Jobson 2012, p. 13
18. ^ Jobson 2012, p. 13
19. ^ Jobson 2012, p. 13; Carpenter 2004, p. 347
20. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 59–63.
21. ^ ^{a b} Baines 1868, p. 32.
22. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 103.
23. ^ Hillaby & Hillaby 2013, pp. 52–53
24. ^ Howell 2001, pp. 152–153; Carpenter 2004, p. 347
25. ^ Howell 2001, p. 156; Jobson 2012, pp. 22, 25
26. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Rhodes 1895, p. 28.
27. ^ Carpenter 2004, pp. 372–377
28. ^ Jobson 2012, p. 73
29. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 73–74
30. ^ Jobson 2012, p. 100
31. ^ ^{a b} Jobson 2012, pp. 100–103
32. ^ Jobson 2012, p. 103
33. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 13–105; Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 283
34. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 109–112
35. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 120–121
36. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 280.
37. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 115, 117
38. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 119–120
39. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 136–137
40. ^ Jobson 2012, pp. 140–146
41. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 31.
42. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Rhodes 1895, p. 31-32.
43. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 388.
44. ^ ^{a b c d} Prestwich 1997, p. 360.
45. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 169.
46. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Rhodes 1895, p. 29.
47. ^ ^{a b} Conduit 2004, p. 12–13.
48. ^ ^{a b} Tout 1905, p. 131.
49. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 32.
50. ^ Sharpe 1825, p. 12.
51. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 214.
52. ^ Trokelowe & Blaneforde 1866, p. 70.
53. ^ ^{a b c d e} Lloyd 2004.
54. ^ Knight 2009, p. 12; Taylor 1961, p. 174
55. ^ ^{a b} Rothero 1984, p. 32.
56. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 29-30.
57. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Powicke 1962, p. 239.
58. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 518.
59. ^ ^{a b c} Lower 2018, p. 76.
60. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Rhodes 1895, p. 209.
61. ^ Morris 2009, pp. 83.
62. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 71.
63. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 72.
64. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 209-210.
65. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 210.
66. ^ Spencer 2014, p. 14.
67. ^ ^{a b} Blank 2007, p. 150.
68. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 122.
69. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 121.
70. ^ Lower 2018, p. 174–76.
71. ^ Lower 2018, p. 104.
72. ^ ^{a b} Lower 2018, p. 134–35.
73. ^ ^{a b c d} Rhodes 1895, p. 211.
74. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 75.
75. ^ Lower 2018, p. 179–182.
76. ^ ^{a b c} Baldwin 2014, p. 43.
77. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 212.
78. ^ Heylin 1652, p. 110.
79. ^ ^{a b c d} Rhodes 1895, p. 235.
80. ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 78, 82.
81. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 82.
82. ^ Carpenter 2004, p. 466.
83. ^ Hamilton 2010, pp. 56–57.
84. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 212-213.
85. ^ Hamilton 2010, p. 58.
86. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 213.
87. ^ ^{a b} Weir 2008, p. 76.
88. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Woodacre 2013, p. 33.
89. ^ ^{a b c d} Richardson 2011, p. 103.
90. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 213-216.
91. ^ Trokelowe & Blaneforde 1866, p. 70-71.
92. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 213, 236.
93. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 239–240.
94. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 217.
95. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 236.
96. ^ ^{a b} Powicke 1962, p. 240.
97. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 170.
98. ^ ^{a b} Powicke 1962, p. 409.
99. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 217-218.
100. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 410.
101. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 413.
102. ^ Maddicott 2008.
103. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 219-220.
104. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 235.
105. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 221-222.
106. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 222-223.
107. ^ Armitage-Smith 1904, p. 197.
108. ^ Ormrod 2004.
109. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 248.
110. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 248–249.
111. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 218.
112. ^ Prestwich 2007, p. 155
113. ^ Davies 2000, p. 353
114. ^ Carpenter 2003, p. 510
115. ^ ^{a b} Powicke 1962, p. 240-241.
116. ^ ^{a b c d e} Rhodes 1895, p. 224-225.
117. ^ Woodacre 2013, p. 35.
118. ^ ^{a b c d e} Weir 2008, p. 83–88.
119. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 225.
120. ^ Morris 2009, pp. 204–217.
121. ^ ^{a b c d e} Rhodes 1895, p. 226.
122. ^ Morris 2009, p. 229.
123. ^ ^{a b} Page 1909, p. 516–519.
124. ^ Ward 1992, p. 155.
125. ^ Farrer & Brownbill 1908, p. 162.
126. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 644.
127. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 645.
128. ^ ^{a b c} Powicke 1962, p. 646.
129. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 227.
130. ^ ^{a b c d} Prestwich 1997, p. 299.
131. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Powicke 1962, p. 647.
132. ^ Rhodes 1895, p. 227-228.
133. ^ ^{a b c} Rhodes 1895, p. 228.
134. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Rhodes 1895, p. 229.
135. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 647-648.
136. ^ Powicke 1962, p. 648.
137. ^ ^{a b c d} Rhodes 1895, p. 230.
138. ^ ^{a b c d} Powicke 1962, p. 649.
139. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 230-231.
140. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 231.
141. ^ Baines 1868, p. 123.
142. ^ ^{a b c d} Rhodes 1895, p. 231-232.
143. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes 1895, p. 232.
144. ^ ^{a b c d} Rhodes 1895, p. 233.
145. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Rhodes 1895, p. 234.
146. ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 45.
147. ^ Pinches & Pinches 1974, p. 32.
148. ^ Craig 2006, p. 160.

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External links

• Inquisition Post Mortem

Honorary titles
Preceded by Humphrey de Bohun	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1264	Succeeded by Henry de Sandwich
Preceded by The Earl of Leicester	Lord High Steward 1265–1296	Succeeded by The Earl of Lancaster
Peerage of England
New creation	Earl of Leicester 1265–1296	Succeeded by Thomas
	Earl of Lancaster 1267–1296