Education in Australia
GDP | |
General details | |
---|---|
Primary languages | English |
System type | State[2] |
Established compulsory education | 1830s[3] 1870s[3] |
Literacy (2003) | |
Total | 99%[4] |
Male | 99%[4] |
Female | 99%[4] |
Enrollment (2008) | |
Total | 20.4% of population[5][6] |
Primary | 1.9 million[5] |
Secondary | 1.4 million[5] |
Post secondary | 1 million[7] |
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education[8] (preschool) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations).[9] Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories;[2] however, the Australian Government also plays a funding role.[10][11]
Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six[12] and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.[13]
For primary and secondary education, government schools educate approximately 60 per cent of Australian students, with approximately 40 per cent in non-government schools.[5] At the tertiary level, the majority of Australia's universities are public, and student fees are subsidised through a student loan program where payment becomes due when debtors reach a certain income level.
Underpinned by the Australian Qualifications Framework, implemented in 1995, Australia has adopted a national system of qualifications, encompassing higher education, vocational education and training (VET), and school-based education.[14] For primary and secondary schools, a national Australian Curriculum has been progressively developed and implemented since 2010.[15][16]
Australia is a leading global provider of education to international students, and in 2012 was ranked as the third-largest provider of international education after the United States and the United Kingdom.[17] Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.[18][19]
However, Australian students placed 16th in the world in reading, 29th in maths and 17th in science in the 2018 PISA study by the OCED. This continues a sharp decline in educational standards.[20][21][22][23]
The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2018, based on data from 2017, listed Australia as 0.929, the second-highest in the world.[24]
Regulation and funding
The regulation, operation, and funding of education is the responsibility of the states and territories,[2] because the Australian Government does not have a specific constitutional power to pass laws with concerning education.[25] However, the federal government helps to fund non-government schools,[26] helps to fund public universities and subsidises tertiary education through a national student loan scheme,[27] and regulates vocational education providers.[28]
Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training, and the tertiary education sector.
The Australian Government's involvement in education has been the responsibility of several departments over the years,[note a] with the Department of Education, Skills and Employment being formed in 2020.
The academic year in Australia varies between States and institutions; however, it generally runs from late January/early February until early/mid-December for primary and secondary schools, with slight variations in the inter-term holidays[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and TAFE colleges,[37][38][39] and from late February until mid-November for universities with seasonal holidays and breaks for each educational institute.[40]
Preschool
Historically, preschool and pre-prep programmes in Australia were relatively unregulated and not compulsory.
Preschools are usually run by the state and territory governments, except in
Primary and secondary education
10,584 registered schools were operating in Australia in 2019, of which 7,092 were
Non-government schools, both religious or secular typically charge compulsory tuition and other fees. Government schools provide education without compulsory tuition fees, although many government schools ask for payment of 'voluntary' fees to defray particular expenses.[56]
Regardless of whether a school is government or non-government, it is regulated by the same curriculum standards framework. The framework is administered by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority.[57] Most schools require students to wear prescribed school uniforms.[58] A school year in Australia starts in January and finishes in December.
History of school education in Australia
This article is missing information about section.(September 2019) |
The first formal education in Australia began when the European convicts and settlers began to build the first public infrastructure, in the 19th century. The first schools were either built by ex-convicts or members of the Church.[59] Beginning in approximately 1905, many children of the Stolen Generations were educated like non-aboriginal children, with the aim of effectively assimilating them into the non-aboriginal community. This was made illegal in 1969.[60][61]
Compulsory attendance requirements
School education in Australia is compulsory between certain ages as specified by state or territory legislation. Depending on the state or territory, and date of birth of the child, school is compulsory from the age of five to six to the age of fifteen to seventeen.[13]
In the ACT,[62] NSW,[63] the Northern Territory,[64] Queensland,[65][66] South Australia,[67][68] Victoria,[69] and Western Australia,[70][71] children are legally required to attend school from the age of six years old, until the minimum leaving age. In Tasmania, the compulsory school starting age is 5 years old.[72] However, most children commence the preliminary year of formal schooling, in Pre-Year 1, between four and a half and five and a half years of age,[53] variously called kindergarten (sometimes called Year K),[73][74][75] reception,[76] preparation (also abbreviated as "prep")[77][78][79] and transition.[80]
As of 2010[update], the national apparent retention rate (ARR), a measure of student engagement that provides an indicator of the success of education systems in keeping students in school beyond the minimum leaving age, was 78 per cent for all full-time students in
Australian Curriculum
While state and territory governments are responsible for the regulation and delivery of school-based education within their jurisdiction, through the
Types of schools
The types of schools in Australia fall broadly into two categories:
Government schools receive funding from the relevant state or territory government. Non-government schools receive funding from the Australian Government and relevant state or territory government;[53] and in most cases, parents are required to make a co-payment for their child's education.[56]
As of 2019[update] across primary and secondary education, approximately two-thirds of all school students attended government schools; with the remaining one-third of students educated in non-government schools.[52][53]
A small portion of students are legally
School years
Primary schools
Also sometimes called infants schools, Australia adopts the
Secondary schools
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Middle schools
In the majority of Australian states and territories, middle schools are relatively uncommon. Students progress from primary school to secondary school.[92] As an alternative to the middle school model, some secondary schools divided their grades into "junior high school" (Years 7, 8, 9 and 10) and "senior high school" (Years 11 and 12). Some have three levels, "junior" (Years 7 and 8), "intermediate" (Years 9 and 10), and "senior" (Years 11 and 12).
In June 2006 the Northern Territory Government introduced a three-tier system featuring middle schools for Year 7 to Year 9 (approximate age 12–15) and high school for Year 10 to Year 12 (approximate age 15–18).[93]
Combined and central schools
In Australia, combined schools are schools that have classes from both primary and secondary year levels.[89]: [see "Combined school"] These schools may be located in an urban, regional or rural area and can be government or non-government schools. As of 2019[update] there were approximately 500 Australian combined government schools[94]: [search "Combined school"] and approximately 850 Australian combined non-government schools.[95]: [search "Combined school"]
Organisational structures
Schools are broadly categorised into government and non-government schools. The non-government schools are further categorised into Catholic schools and private schools. As of 2018[update], 65.7% of students were enrolled in government schools, 19.7% in catholic schools and 14.6% in private schools.[97]
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Government | 2,406,495 | 2,445,130 | 2,483,802 | 2,524,865 | 2,558,169 | |
Non-government | Catholic | 765,539 | 757,749 | 767,050 | 766,870 | 765,735 |
private schools |
529,857 | 540,304 | 547,374 | 557,490 | 569,930 | |
Totals | 3,694,101 | 3,750,973 | 3,798,226 | 3,849,225 | 3,893,834 |
Government schools
Also called state schools or public schools, government schools educate approximately two-thirds of all school students in Australia.[52] If a student elects to attend a government school, they are required to attend a school within their local school district unless the student has dispensation to attend another school, usually approved based on academic merit, specialisation, or other reasons, such as a student disability.
Government schools are run by the respective state government agency.[54] They offer free education; however, many government schools ask parents to pay a contribution fee and a materials and services charge[56][98][99][100] for stationery, textbooks, sports, uniforms, school camps and other schooling costs that are not covered under government funding. In 2010 the additional cost for schooling was estimated to be on average $316 per year per child.[101][102]
Government schools may be further categorised into
Government hospital schools are located at some major hospitals and provide access to tuition for students who have extended stays in hospitals.[106][107][108][109]
Across Australia, the
State/territory | Government educational agency | Other relevant authorities |
---|---|---|
Australian Capital Territory | ACT Education Directorate |
ACT Board of Senior Secondary Studies[110] |
New South Wales | NSW Department of Education | NSW Education Standards Authority |
Northern Territory | NT Department of Education | |
Queensland | QLD Department of Education |
Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority |
South Australia | SA Department for Education | SACE Board of South Australia |
Tasmania | Department for Education, Children and Young People |
Office of Tasmanian Assessment, Standards and Certification |
Victoria |
VIC Department of Education | Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority |
Western Australia | WA Department of Education | School Curriculum and Standards Authority |
Non-government schools
Schools from the non-government sector operate under the authority of state or territory governments but are not operated by government education departments. Schools from the non-government sector may operate as individual schools, in small groups or as a system such as those coordinated by the Catholic Education Commission in each state and territory.[89]: [see "non-government sector"] All non-government schools in Australia receive funding from the Commonwealth government.[111]
Catholic schools
The education system delivered by the
Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins, ethos, and purpose of each education provider. Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish, diocese, or archdiocese;[84] while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools.[85]
The National Catholic Education Commission (NCEC), established by the
Most Catholic schools (96 per cent) are systemically funded, meaning that the government funding they nominally attract is provided to the relevant state Catholic Education Commission for needs-based distribution. Sixty-one Australian Catholic schools are non-systemically funded (independent schools) and receive government grants directly.[85]
Private schools
Private school fees can vary from under $100 per month
Australian private schools broadly fall into the following categories:[118]
Specialist organisational structures
Special schools
A
Selective schools
A selective school is a government school that enrols students based on some sort of selection criteria, usually academic. The term may have different connotations in different systems and is the opposite of an open or comprehensive school, which accepts all students, regardless of aptitude.
In New South Wales, student placement in fully and partially
In Victoria, selective government high schools select all of their students based on an entrance examination. As of 2011, there were four selective schools:
In Queensland, there are four selective entry high schools. Brisbane State High School, established in 1921, is partially selective; and the three Queensland Academies which are fully selective and were formed during 2007 and 2008. All require entry based on academic entry tests, NAPLAN results, primary school grades, interviews and other considerations.[133]
In Western Australia, selective secondary education (officially named Gifted and Talented Education (GATE)[134]) is operated by the Western Australian Department of Education through the Gifted and Talented Selective Entrance Programs for Year 7, and subject to limited placement availability for year-levels upward to Year 11.[135] All applicants are required to sit the Academic Selective Entrance Test and possibly complete combined interviews, auditions and/or workshops depending on the program(s) applied for.[136] The programs are categorised into three strands: academic, language, and arts.[137] Eighteen government schools participate in the Gifted and Talented Programs, each specialising in one of the strands.[138] All participating schools are partially selective and partially local intake, except for Perth Modern School which is fully selective.[139]
Specialist schools
Schools that operate specialist education programs exist in all Australian states and territories. These schools are typically associated with the arts or elite sports programs. In South Australia, specialist schools cover the arts, gifted and talented programs,
International schools
In Australia,
Mixed-sex and single-sex education
In Australia, both government and non-government schools operate co-educational and single-sex educational environments for students. The overwhelming number of schools are co-educational, with a small proportion of government schools operating single-sex schools, sometimes with a separate boys' and girls' school in the same suburb. All government single-sex schools are secondary schools. Examples of adjacent single-sex government secondary schools include Asquith Boys' and Asquith Girls', Canterbury Boys' and Canterbury Girls', North Sydney Boys' and North Sydney Girls', Randwick Boys' and Randwick Girls', and Sydney Boys' and Sydney Girls' (all in Sydney); and Melbourne High and Mac.Robertson Girls' (in Melbourne).
The majority of single-sex schools in Australia are non-government schools, heavily weighted towards private schools, some of which are Catholic private schools. Some Catholic systemic schools are also single-sex schools; however, like government schools, the overwhelming majority are co-educational schools.
Day and boarding schools
In Australia, both government and non-government schools operate
Qualifications
Within the context of the Australian Qualifications Framework, each state and territory is responsible for issuing certificates and/or qualifications to secondary students, collectively referred to as the Senior Secondary Certificate of Education. The following table serves as a summary of the qualifications issued by each state or territory:
State/territory | Did not matriculate from Year 12 |
Matriculated from Year 12 |
Trade-based secondary qualifications[148] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ACT | Statement of Achievement | ACT Senior Secondary Certificate and Record of Achievement (ACT SSC) | VET Certificates and Statements of Attainment | [149] |
NSW | Record of School Achievement | NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC) | [150] | |
NT | NT Certificate of Education and Training (NTCET)[note d] |
[151] | ||
QLD | Queensland Certificate of Individual Achievement (QCIA) | Queensland Certificate of Education (QCE) | [152] | |
SA | South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE)[note d] | [153][154] | ||
TAS | Tasmanian Qualifications Certificate (TQC) | Tasmanian Certificate of Education (TCE) | [155][156] | |
VIC |
Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) | Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) 2002-2023
VCE Vocational Major 2023- |
[157][158] | |
WA | Western Australian Statement of Student Achievement (WASSA) | Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) | [159][160] |
As an alternative form (or as an addition to) the government-endorsed certification path, students, by approval, may elect to receive certification under the
Basic skills tests
The
Provider of school education to international students
In Australia, a student is considered as an international student if he/she studies at an approved educational institution and he/she is not an
Issues in Australian school education
Government education policy
Despite a substantial increase in government spending per student over ten years (after correcting for
In 2010 the
Australian students placed 16th in the world in reading, 29th in maths and 17th in science in the 2018 PISA study by the OCED.[20][177] The Australian education system has suffered from the years of minimisation of funding, too often relying upon the full fee paying students from abroad across all levels of education, to prop up the short falls created by funding cuts. International full fee paying students, from primary school right through to Australia's universities have shown a slow decline in education standards.[178]
Indigenous primary and secondary education
- participation in early childhood education: with the goal of 95 per cent of all Indigenous four-year-olds enrolled in early childhood education by 2025;[note f]
- reading, writing and numeracy levels: with the goal to halve the gap for Indigenous students in reading, writing and numeracy within a decade (by 2018);
- Year 12 attainment: with the goal to halve the gap for Indigenous 20–24 year olds in year 12 or equivalent attainment rates (by 2020); and
- school attendance: with the aim to close the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous school attendance within five years (by 2018).[note c]
As of 2018[update], the target results were:[182]
Measure | 2017-18 results | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indigenous | Non- Indigenous | ||
The proportion of children who are enrolled in (and attending, where possible to measure) a pre-school program in state-specific year before formal schooling |
95.0% | 89.9% | |
Percentage of students at or above the minimum standard in reading, writing and numeracy for Years 3, 5, 7 & 9 |
unavailable[note g] | ||
Attainment of Year 12 or equivalent | Major cities | 73.8% | 90.9% |
Inner regional | 65.1% | 83.0% | |
Outer regional | 64.5% | 82.1% | |
Remote | 51.0% | 82.2% | |
Very remote | 42.6% | 84.2% | |
Attendance rates - Year 1 to Year 10 | 82.3% | 92.5% |
Bilingual education in schools
The first recorded government support for bilingual education came under the
In the
From around 2000, most bilingual programs were allowed to continue under the names "two-way education",[186] or "both-ways" learning.[187][188] Other programs included language maintenance and language revitalisation in remote schools across the NT.
Then on 24 August 2005, the Minister for Employment, Education and Training announced that the government would be "revitalising bi-lingual education" at 15 Community Education Centres:
However, in October 2008, in the first year of
Prominent schools involved in bilingual education programs in the NT include
Religious education in government schools
Constitutionally, Australia is a
The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.[191]
Nevertheless, Australia maintains one of the highest concentrations of religious schools, when compared with other OECD countries. Historically, the teaching of religion in Australian government schools has been a contentious issue[190] and was a motivator for the foundation of the government schooling system.
While the
School violence
In July 2009, the Queensland Minister for Education said that the rising levels of violence in schools in the state were "totally unacceptable" and that not enough had been done to combat violent behaviour. In Queensland, 55,000 school students were suspended in 2008, nearly a third of which were for "physical misconduct".[200]
In South Australia, 175 violent attacks against students or staff were recorded in 2008.[201] Students were responsible for deliberately causing 3,000 injuries reported by teachers over two years from 2008 to 2009.[202]
ESOS Act
The Education Services for Overseas Students Act 2000 (or ESOS Act) sets out the legal framework governing delivery of education to international students visiting Australia on a
Tertiary education
Tertiary education (or higher education) in Australia is primarily study at university or a registered training organisation[9] studying Diploma or above in order to receive a qualification or further skills and training.[204] A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government, a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.[205] VET providers, both public and private are registered by state and territory governments.
There are 42 universities in Australia: 37
There are non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by state and territory authorities, numbering more than 132 as listed on state and territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one state and territory.
All students doing nationally recognised training need to have a Unique Student Identifier (USI).[208]
International tertiary students
Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.[18][19] Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education, therefore, represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.[209] The Australian onshore international education sector is predicted to rise to 940,000 by 2025. The biggest source markets for onshore international learner enrolments in 2025 are expected to be China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, Malaysia, Brazil and South Korea. According to a 2016 report by Deloitte Access Economics for the Australian Trade and Investment Commission, higher education and Vocational Education and Training (VET) were projected to be the fastest-growing sectors in onshore international education by 2025.[210] Australian Government is also planning to add another 1.46 billion AUD according to Modern Manufacturing Strategy, which predicts a high jump in job growth and migration of people.
Rankings
36 Australian tertiary educational institutions were listed in the
The
The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2018, based on data from 2017, listed Australia as 0.929, the second-highest in the world.[24]
See also
- Australian Flexible Learning Framework
- Education in the Australian Capital Territory
- Education in New South Wales
- Education in South Australia
- Education in Tasmania
- Education in Victoria
- Education in Western Australia
- Gwyneth Dow
- History of state education in Queensland
- Homeschooling and distance education in Australia
- Lists of schools in Australia
- Music education in Australia
- Reconciliation education
- Safe Schools Coalition Australia
- Tertiary education in Australia
- Tertiary education fees in Australia
Notes
- Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) (2001), Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) (2007), Department of Education (Australia, 2019–2020) (2013), Department of Education and Training (Australia)(2014).
- Year 10.
- private schools and administered by a religious institute. It does not include Catholic schools that are systemicallyadministered by a diocese, Catholic Education Office, or Catholic Education Commission.
- ^[note d] : The South Australian Certificate of Education is also taught in Northern Territory secondary schools, where it is known as the Northern Territory Certificate of Education and Training.[153]
- ^[note e] : Initially six targets were set; with the school attendance target set at a subsequent COAG meeting.[218]
- ^[note f] : The initial target of 95% was set in 2008 with the aim to be achieved by 2013. The target was not achieved and was renewed in December 2015 with the aim to be achieved by 2025.[218]
- ^[note g] : The 2018 NAPLAN data were unavailable at the time of publication of the 2017-18 National Indigenous Reform Agreement Performance data report.
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Further reading
- Campbell, Craig; Proctor, Helen (2014). A history of Australian schooling. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-182-5.
- Wikidata Q107340726.
- Passow, A. Harry et al. The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems. (1976) online
External links
- "School education: a quick guide to key internet links". Research Papers: 2018-2019. Parliament of Australia. 21 August 2018.
- Australian Qualifications Framework website
- Australia: Education GPS – published by the OECD
- "The Australian Education System: Foundation Level" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Diplomatic Academy. Australian Government. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics – Education