Education in Kerala
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The importance and antiquity of education in Kerala are underscored by the state's ranking as among the most literate in the country. The educational transformation of Kerala was triggered by the efforts of the
History
Medieval era
The
Modern era
Before that local schools were formed by wealthy families or by teachers known as kudipallikudam where children were taught language/literature, mathematics etc. Tamil and Sanskrit were given special status while Malayalam was not given that respect. Almost all communities had members who were well educated. Artisan/trade/medical communities like Vishwakarma, Ezhava, etc., gave special interest in acquiring education. A cultural revolution happened during the second part of the 19th and first half of 20th century in Kerala and emphasis of education was part of it. Many schools and even ladies hostels were started during this period. This period also saw the popularization of newspapers, magazines etc. Education in Kerala had been promoted during British rule in India as part of their policy and also by Christian missionaries.
1800-1880
Basel Mission
In the 19th century, Kerala underwent transformative changes in its educational landscape, driven largely by missionary activities. The Basel German Evangelical Mission played a pivotal role by establishing schools across the Malabar region.[14] In 1818, the British missionary Rev. J. Dawson initiated the establishment of an English School in Mattancherry with financial aid from the Cochin Government.[15] Dr. Hermann Gundert, associated with the Basel Mission, significantly contributed to Malayalam language and literature by compiling the first Malayalam grammar book, Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam, and preparing the initial Malayalam-English dictionary in 1872.[16] The Basel Mission, under W.T. Ringletaube, made strides in education, setting up schools in Nagercoil and nearby areas between 1806 and 1816.
Hermann Gundert associated with the Basel Mission, played a pivotal role in the 19th-century educational landscape of Kerala. In February 1846, Gundert opened a lithographic press and bookbinding establishment at Nettur near Tellicherry, contributing significantly to the development of education in Malabar. The Basel Mission's printing press published the Malayalam fortnightly magazine Keralopakari in May 1874, covering world news, weather reports, and agricultural news. Gundert's efforts in introducing sophisticated printing technology and publishing textbooks were instrumental in boosting education in the region. His contribution to Malayalam language and literature remains a lasting legacy in Kerala's educational history.
Church Missionary Society and London Missionary Society
The 19th-century educational landscape of Kerala was profoundly shaped by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the London Missionary Society (LMS). Rev. Mead of LMS, active from 1817 to 1873, played a crucial role by initiating vocational schools in southern Thiruvithamkur.[17] In 1816, Thomas Dawson, the first CMS missionary, opened a school in Mattancherry. CMS missionaries, including Thomas Norton and Henry Baker (husband of Mrs. Dorothea Baker), were instrumental in promoting education for oppressed and lower castes, establishing schools in Mavelikkara, Tiruvalla, Mallapalli, Mundakkayam, and Melukavu. Mrs. Dorothea Baker, wife of Rev. Henry Baker from CMS, launched the first girls' school, Baker Memorial Girls’ School in Kottayam in 1819, marking a historic milestone in female education.[18] CMS's emphasis on education brought about a radical change in the social structure of Kerala, challenging traditional norms.[19] The split between the Syrian church and CMS in 1835-40 led to the founding of the Marthoma Church, which independently established numerous English schools.
Catholic Church
A significant figure in the 19th century was Archbishop Bernardine Baccinelli,[20] who started a system called "A school along with every church" to make education available for both poor and rich. That system still continues in the present. His work has resulted in the promotion of education for girls. Mother Eliswa, a widow turned nun started a school for girls in Kerala.[21] In 1824 Basel Mission was running 56 while CMS managed 47 schools. By the end of the century the schools increased to 257 and 351 respectively.[19]
1880-1947
Travancore rulers
Under reign of the Travancore rulers, Maharaja Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma (1880-1885) and Maharaja MoolamThirunal Rama Varma (1885–1924), Kerala experienced a surge in educational advancements.[22] The rulers implemented grants-in-aid to extend elementary education, categorized schools from primary to specialized colleges, and introduced free primary education for backward classes. Maharaja MoolamThirunal Rama Varma's reign saw the establishment of various educational institutions, including the Victoria Medical School, a Normal School for girls, and the Sanskrit College. Reformatory schools for juvenile offenders were established, and technical education was encouraged with the institution of scholarships for studies in European countries.
Major leaders
Christian organizations played a significant role in channeling substantial investments into educational institutions during this era. However, these endeavors resulted in tensions with other communities in terms of accessibility, impeding the monopoly on education. However, such conflicts made other religious organizations to reconsider their involvement in the education sector. Prominent among these entities were Nair Service Samajam (NSS), Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam), and the Muslim Education Society (MES). The level of government support for these organizations fluctuated over time, reflecting a noteworthy evolution in the government's perspective on these developments over the years. The establishment of Karukachal English School in 1915 marked entry of NSS into the field of education.[23] The major leaders in the education field at that time were Catholic churches, Nair Service Society, SNDP Yogam, Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sabha, Muslim Education Society (MES) and a few individuals.[24]
Post Independence era
The
Present
Schools and colleges are mostly run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Each school is affiliated with either the
In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.[30] As of 2007[update], enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.[31] According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.[32]
In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme.
Structure and educational authority
The schools and colleges in Kerala are run by the government or private trusts and individuals.All the schools in Kerala are under the administrative control of
General education
The Minister of General Education, who is a member of the state legislature, is in overall charge of school education in the state. The following Directorates implement those education aspects which are under the control of the General Education Department.
- Directorate of General Education
- State council for open and lifelong education
- State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
- Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority
- Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education (KITE) (IT@School)
Higher education
The Minister of Higher Education, who is a member of state legislator, is in overall charge of higher education in the state. The Higher Education Department, is the administrative department responsible for higher education, university education and collegiate education in the state.[37]
- Directorate of Collegiate Education
- Directorate of Technical Education
Medical education
The Kerala Medical Council (KMC) is responsible for regulating and overseeing medical education in the state. It sets the guidelines and standards for medical colleges, courses, and examinations. The Directorate of Medical Education (DME) is a government body responsible for overseeing medical education in the state of Kerala, India. The DME functions under the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala. The primary responsibility of the Directorate of Medical Education is to regulate and supervise the functioning of medical colleges, dental colleges, nursing schools, and other allied health institutions in Kerala. Some of the renowned medical colleges in Kerala include Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram; Calicut Medical College, Kozhikode; Government Medical College, Manjeri; Government Medical College, Pathanamthitta, among others.
Homeopathy, ayurveda,etc
- Directorate of Homeopathy, under AYUSH Department
Fisheries
Kerala has a dedicated fisheries university known as Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS). Established in 2010, KUFOS is the first fisheries university in India. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in fisheries science, aquaculture, fishery biology, fishing technology, and related disciplines. The Department of Fisheries is in overall charge of fisheries education in the state.
Veterinary
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development, is in overall charge of development and administration of fisheries institutions in the state. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU) is a state university dedicated to veterinary and animal sciences. It is headquartered in Pookode, Wayanad.[38]
Agriculture
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Other universities
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School education in Kerala
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There are many Government agencies which support the quality of school education in Kerala.The Directorate of General Education is the topmost administrative wing of School Education. The other agencies are SCERT (State Council for Educational Research and Training), SSK (Samagra Shiksha Kerala), Kite, SIEMAT (State Institute for Educational management and Training), SIET (State Institute for Educational Technology). The
According to a 1999 study by the Centre for Socio-economic & Environmental Studies, dropout rates in primary schools were significantly low. However, the study found that dropout rates increased notably in the ninth and tenth grades in Kerala. This was particularly true of SC/ST students. Schools showed that only 73% of the students joining at 1st Standard reach the 10th Standard. In the case of scheduled caste students, only 59% reached the 10th standard. 60% of Scheduled Tribe students drop out by the 10th standard.[46] In March 2011, 91.37% students qualified for higher studies in the matriculation Examination. The grades in SSLC examination plays an important role in the admission procedure to colleges in Kerala.[47]
In Kerala, school education is divided into three stages, viz.,
Primary education
- Lower Primary (LP) (Classes 1–4)
- Upper Primary (UP) (Classes 5–7)
Secondary education or high school
- Secondary (HS) (Classes 8–10)
Higher secondary education
- Higher Secondary (HSS) (Classes XI–XII) (+1 & +2)
Vocational higher secondary education (VHSE)
VHSE offers job-oriented courses to students at the higher secondary level (11th and 12th grades) and aims to provide them with practical skills and training for employment. The VHSE courses are designed to equip students with specific vocational skills in various fields such as agriculture, commerce, engineering, health sciences, humanities, and technology. These courses are intended to prepare students for immediate employment after completing their higher secondary education.
Higher education in Kerala
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The Department of Higher Education is responsible for the overall governance and development of higher education in the state. It formulates policies, plans, and implements programs related to higher education.
Specialized institutions
Specialized institutions of higher education specializes in fields such as engineering, medicine, agriculture, architecture, and pharmacy. Some notable institutions in this cateory include the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Kozhikode, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Calicut, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Mangalapuram, and College of Engineering, Trivandrum.
Universities
Kerala has several universities that offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various disciplines. Some of the prominent universities in the state include:
- University of Kerala: Established in 1937, it is one of the oldest universities in Kerala, offering a wide range of programs in arts, science, commerce, law, engineering, and more.
- Mahatma Gandhi University: Located in Kottayam, this university offers programs in arts, science, commerce, management, law, social sciences, and applied sciences.
- Calicut University: Situated in Malappuram, it offers programs in humanities, science, technology, commerce, management, and health sciences.
- Cochin University of Science and Technology: Known as CUSAT, it is a specialized university offering programs in science, technology, engineering, and management.
- Kannur University:
- Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit:
- APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University:
Government and private colleges
Kerala has numerous government and private colleges affiliated with universities. College level education started in 1860s, however the first university was established in 1937.[48] These colleges offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in arts, science, commerce, engineering, medicine, law, management, and other disciplines.
Autonomous colleges
There are several autonomous colleges in Kerala that have the freedom to design their own curriculum, conduct examinations, and award degrees. These colleges often have a reputation for academic excellence and offer a variety of courses.
Polytechnic colleges
Kerala has a network of polytechnic colleges that offer diploma and certificate courses in engineering, technology, and allied disciplines. These colleges focus on practical and technical education.
Student immigration and brain drain
From the mid-2000s onward, there has been a trend of students migrating from Kerala to other states due to a lack of accessibility and quality of education. Since the mid-2010s, a trend of students migrating from Kerala to other countries for studies with the aim of permanent immigration has been observed. This trend began to change in 2020, as students who complete their Plus Two or school education started migrating for studies. This shift is found to be driven by the lack of international recognition of Kerala's higher educational qualifications as equivalent and the limited availability of quality job opportunities within Kerala. This has become prevalent due to the deteriorating social and polieconomical state of the country, lack of opportunity to make sustainable living, and lack of state's ability to be inclusive of needs of families and individuals of all socioeconomic status and ability to innovate and capture trends of modern higher education that meets it's populations needs. Additionally, the rise of unregulated and predatory study abroad agencies that have mushroomed in every major town's and cities offering qualitative and competent benefits that are often untrue exacerbates the situation. For more than half a century, educated nurses and IT professionals were the regular sources of immigrants. However, the changes in demand for skilled workers in this sector have altered the situation. Nurses with just one year of experience can now permanently migrate to foreign countries. Similarly, computer science engineers are drawn to the workforce requirements of expanding contract companies in other states, as well as the lifestyle opportunities available in such areas. Those who are unable to achieve these milestones are opting to study abroad to re-educate in their fields, improve their chances, and to avoid in an extend of being in the growing opo sedae generation in Kerala. In 2021, it was estimated that around 30,000 Keralite students annually migrate from India alone for higher education. The number of Keralites immigrating to foreign countries is also significant. Studies have found that most of the students are not migrating for quality education, they are choosing education from parallel colleges and state-accredited colleges in these foreign countries with the purpose of permanently immigrating there. Kerala is planning to bring changes in higher education to attract and retain students who pass higher secondary schools and immigrate as it has a deleterious effect on the income of the state's educational institutions and achieving national growth.[49] Among these changes, the state plans to primarily relax its entry baseline for programs to 50% and the required minimum passing percentage from programs to 60%, ensuring that everyone is considered and given chances to achieve a better life through education. These adjustments aim to realign social design patterns and address counterproductive systems by aligning with the humanistic and self-expanding values of Keralites through meaningful nudges. They also plan to remove traditional cross-entry restrictions to higher education programs, enabling students to capture job sectors they can, and to restructure and match their program curriculum's and evaluation processes to popular study-abroad locations for increasing both opportunity and student caliber by international standards. Additionally, they aim to create internationally standardized (i.e., equating credits or credit hours and syllabi) accelerated bachelor's programs and short master's programs in professional education sectors to attract foreign investors looking for availability of quality manpower, develop industry-related and modern programs with modern educational delivery structures for widening student population (K-Reap), and to regulate predatory study-abroad agencies and their advertisements.[49][50] Kerala also aims to create emerging programs that can attract students to stay and pursue studies and find qualitative careers in Kerala, give opportunity to start working while studying through MOUs, reduce class sizes, increase student well-being comforts and services, and provide training to professors to increase competency in delivering educational services. The government stated that the overall objective of these changes is to improve citizens' potential for better lifetime earnings and to provide realistic agency in a globalized labor market, benefiting both individuals and the nation as a whole.[51][52]
Shortcomings and other challenges
Kerala's higher education system grapples with numerous challenges, especially when compared internationally. Initial investigations shed light on significant shortcomings within the educational framework, where courses are diluted and often structured in an ambiguous manner, impeding students' ability to grasp and engage with the subject matter. Moreover, course delivery is often substandard, with professors resorting to fear tactics to discourage students from seeking assistance, thereby masking their own inadequacies and gaining recognition or respect through negative reputation.[53]
The courses offered in Kerala universities fall short in comparison to their international counterparts, placing students at a disadvantage. While international students delve deeply into course content, covering up to 14 chapters or modules in just 4 months, their counterparts in Kerala are limited to 5 to 6 modules, stretched over 6 months, resulting in lesser depth of knowledge. Textbooks relied upon by international institutes feature standardized and well-researched topics relevant to the rapidly changing pace of the globalized world. Publishers recognized by international academia also provide students with online learning websites, which professors can utilize for tracking student progress and as assessment tools. Moreover, they offer teaching aids and review classes to enhance the student learning experience and empower the teaching staff. In contrast, textbooks prescribed and available in Kerala lack international recognition and are of inferior quality compared to those used in international universities, consistently lacking in details, conceptual connections, and grammatical correctness. For instance, mathematics-related textbooks available in Kerala for higher education often lack explanatory content for equations and solutions, with portions of solutions missing, and are generally presented in a listed manner. This type of disjointed format not only intimidates students and discourages engagement but also presents additional challenges for educators. Additionally, textbooks in Kerala often use convoluted language instead of Plain English, hindering comprehension and failing to accommodate students with varying levels of English proficiency.[53][54]
Another pressing issue is the lack of rigor within Kerala's educational system, where students are not required to attain an internationally accepted minimum percentage to progress to advanced courses. In contrast, international universities and colleges demand a minimum of 60 to 72 percent in each course to advance, resulting in better student proficiency. Students who study at these international institutes as international students are also subjected to and thrive in this policy, including students from Kerala. International institutions focus on ensuring student comprehension through faculty responsibility and student success for better civic contribution. While students in Kerala are subjected to competitive marking processes by professors, resulting inadvertently in discriminatory oppression and obstructing opportunities for students and their families to improve their lives through investment in academic pursuits, the understanding of competitiveness in Kerala is largely borrowed from pre-independent era capitalist regimes. This perception is further fueled by Kerala's internal drive for casteism and classism from pre-colonial times. However, competitiveness in higher education should be focused on being competitive against other countries and achieving economic growth and development. The perpetuation of this counterproductive systemic attribute that sows and reaps inequality in Kerala has historically led to reduced accessibility to educational programs, even when there is no genuine social or economic pressure for instituting such limitations geographically. Despite living in an era where digital delivery of education is entirely feasible, the higher education systems in Kerala have failed to embrace this opportunity to implement changes that would make education accessible to the masses. Overall, this predicament, among other significant factors, has significantly contributed to students migrating for higher education to neighboring states and countries that are rooted in socialist and liberalistic principles in matters of education. Many international institutions are accommodating towards students with lower passing percentages in their previous academic pursuits, offering readiness or prerequisite courses that ensure their success in continuing education. This inclusivity extends to international students as well, like for students from Kerala who may have lower marks or a history of multiple subject failures during their education in Kerala or India. Such arrangements are designed to provide opportunities for students to excel academically and achieve a better quality of life through education, a support system that is not present in Kerala.[53][54]
At international universities and colleges, students have the opportunity to transition into new career fields through conversion certificates, which typically cover 6 to 8 core subjects. These certificates allow individuals to pursue certain bachelor's and master's degrees in fields unrelated to their previous education. It depend on which degree is essential or considered possible in a standalone manner for practicing in the new field. For instance, a person with a Bachelor's degree in English can obtain a conversion certificate for nursing, comprising 6 to 8 courses, and use it to complete a Bachelor's degree in Nursing in two years, as a Bachelor's degree is essential for practicing as a registered Nurse. Similarly, individuals interested in medical radiation and imaging technology can pursue related bachelor programs within 2 years. When considering Master's programs, individuals with any Bachelor's degree can pursue integrated master's programs with a clinical focus, such as PharmD in 3 to 4 years, with a conversion certificate containing 6 to 8 essential courses from the bachelor's program in pharmacy. These options are not only available in medical fields but also in various science-related programs. For example, someone with a Bachelor's degree in English can obtain a conversion certificate for psychology, covering 4 to 6 courses from the Bachelor's program in Psychology, and use it to pursue a 2-year Master's in Clinical Psychology. The courses in the conversion certificate would typically be the prerequisite knowledge for being successful in the Master's program, and it would be universally the same courses. Similarly, to pursue a 2-year Master's in Computer Science, individuals with a bachelor's degree in any field can obtain a conversion certificate covering 4 to 6 essential courses from the Bachelor's program in Computer Science. However, such a flexible system empowering students is not present in Kerala.[53][54]
Political activities within Kerala colleges frequently disrupt education, leading to violence, intimidation, and even fatalities, a stark contrast to international universities where such activities are punishable by law and grounds for dismissal.[55] In international universities, political activities serve as opportunities for building teamwork and governance skills, focusing on advocacy causes rather than representing national parties or ideologies. Additionally, instances of sexual misconduct and harassment in Kerala institutions often go unpunished, with victims silenced, while international institutions swiftly dismiss perpetrators and provide mental health support for victims.[56][54]
Furthermore, discrimination based on socioeconomic status, religion, and skin color remains prevalent in Kerala's higher education institutions, magnified by the absence of protective guidelines or measures, and social education and ethical consciousness about those topics.[57] Consequently, many students are discouraged from pursuing higher education in Kerala due to the perpetuation of systemic inequalities within the state's higher education landscape.[54]
Higher education by region
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram is also home to most number of Research Centres in Kerala including
Science and technology centres in Trivandrum
Thiruvananthapuram is a Research and Development hub in the fields of
Kollam
The city of
State-owned institutions namely Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction,[69] Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala,[70] Kerala Maritime Institute[71][72] and Kerala State Institute of Design[73] are located at the outskirts of Kollam city.
Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam city.[74] Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district. Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh arrive at Kollam for coaching.[75]
Kottayam
Pathanamthitta
Most of the colleges in Pathanamthitta district are in Adoor, Thiruvalla, Ranni, and Pathanamthitta.[vague] Some of them are St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Marthoma College, Thiruvalla, College of Engineering, Aranmula, Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology, Kumbazha, Believers Church Medical College, Kuttappuzha, Thiruvalla, Pushpagiri Colleges in Medicine, Pharmacy, and Nursing, Thiruvalla, Titus II Teachers College, Thiruvalla, etc
Idukki
The district is characterised by a large migration of people from Kerala's mainland as also labourers from neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Government Engineering College, Idukki, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Arts & Science, Kattappana, College of Engineering Munnar, College of Applied Science, Kattappana, Government College, MES College Nedumkandam, Kattappana Marian College, Kuttikanam, Mar Baselious College, Kuttikanam, are some of the important educational institutions in the district
Ernakulam / Kochi
- Cochin University of Science and Technology
- Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
- Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies
- Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training
- National University of Advanced Legal Studies
- National Institute of Oceanography, India
- Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory
- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
Thrissur
St. Thomas College, Thrissur is the oldest college in the erstwhile princely state of Cochin and present day Thrissur district. It is also the second non-government college (Union Christian College, Aluva being the first) to be recognised as a first grade college under University of Madras, among others in then existed princely states of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar which later became mostly the present geographical area of Kerala.
Thrissur is consiidered as an education hub for medical education, the city has three medical colleges. It is the only district that has four universities: Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala Kalamandalam, and Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA).
Kerala Institute of Local Administration is the only educational institution in Kerala where the training for IAS candidates takes place. Thrissur has Kerala Police Academy, Academy for Central Excise, Kerala Forest Research Institute, and research institutes under KAU.
The district of
St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur is the only institution in Kerala State to offer a government-aided B.Sc. Biotechnology program.[80]
Palakkad
Malappuram
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.[81][82] The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu (Tirur region).[81]
The progress that
The district also hosts a substantial amount of religious educational institutions such as Darul Huda Islamic University and Maadin Educational Academy which has more than 30 affiliated colleges throughout Kerala. Non Profit organizations like[90] (1967) Kondotty were played a major role to implement academic upliftment in Malappuram during its early enlightenment. Now Such Institutions developed under visionaries are withstanding ages with crowns in academic development. Darul Huda Islamic Universities, Ma'din Academy and Markaz Group of institutions at Kondotty under AIC Trust are remarkable examples with numerous academic institutions in all streams of Science, Literature, Language, Commerce and Social sciences. The recent Institutions like Phase Markaz International School, Kondotty emerged under AICT are notable examples to bring education to all levels of societies to develop model citizens.
- University of Calicut
- Malayalam University
- AMU Malappuram Campus
Kozhikode
Kozhikode is the major education city in Kerala which is home to three of the premier educational institutions in the country;
Other important educational institutions in the district include
Wayanad
The Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University is headquartered at Pookode in Vythiri.[91]
Kannur
Kasaragod
Kasaragod is home to the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, originally established in 1916 as the Coconut Research Station. It is part of India's National Agricultural Research System under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[95] According to the institute, Kerala "lies in the heart of the major coconut growing areas of the country." It is also home to the Indian Society for Plantation Crops, which publishes the Journal of Plantation Crops and holds symposiums on the subject.[96] The Central University of Kerala is also located in Kasargod (Periya hills).
- The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute at Kasaragod was established in 1916.[97]
- The Central University of Kerala was established in 2009.[98][99]
- Kasaragod is also home to Kerala Tulu Academy promoting the research on Tulu language.
See also
- Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board
- KEAM
- List of educational institutions in Kerala
- Institute of Human Resources Development
- Economy of Kerala
- Unemployment in Kerala
- Pallikoodam
- Religious education in Kerala
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Indian President Pranab Mukherjee, visited CMS College in Kerala, the oldest college in India, and laid the foundation stone of the bicentenary block. He said, 'CMS college is a pioneer of modern education in Kerala. It has been the source of strong currents of knowledge and critical inquiry that have moulded the scholastic and socio-cultural landscape of Kerala and propelled the State to the forefront of social development'.
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{{cite news}}
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One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
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The Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod in Kerala was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948
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