Edward, 2nd Duke of York
Edward of Norwich | |
---|---|
Philippa de Mohun (m. 1398) | |
House | York |
Father | Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York |
Mother | Isabella of Castile |
Occupation | Nobleman, soldier, author |
Edward, 2nd Duke of York, (c. 1373 – 25 October 1415) was an English
Family
Edward of Norwich was born c. 1373, likely at Langley, now
According to G. E. Cokayne, a French chronicle offers the only support for the modern assertion that Edward was styled 'of Norwich', and both Cokayne and Horrox suggest that the phrase 'de Norwik' found therein is a corruption or misreading of 'Deverwik', the usual French rendering for the phrase 'of York' at the time.[2]
Reign of Richard II
Edward was knighted at the coronation of his cousin,
In the late 1390s, Edward was sent on embassies to France and to the
On 11 July 1397, Richard II arrested his uncle
On 16 September 1398 Aumale presided as constable over the aborted judicial combat between Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, which ended with Bolingbroke and Norfolk being exiled by King Richard.[5]
Additional royal grants followed during the final years of King Richard's reign. On 10 February 1398 Aumale was appointed Warden of the West March. On 11 August 1398 he was granted custody of the lands of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, during Mortimer's son's minority, and on 20 March 1399 lands which had lately belonged to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and which were part of the inheritance of his son, Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV.[6]
In May 1399, Edward accompanied King Richard to Ireland, and in the King's absence, Henry Bolingbroke (the future King
Reign of Henry IV
In response to public animosity towards King Richard's closest associates, Henry IV deprived Edward of his office of Constable of the Tower on 31 August 1399, shortly after his accession. On 20 October 1399, he was imprisoned at Windsor Castle, and on 3 November deprived of the dukedom of Aumale, but not his other titles. Edward's period of disfavour was not long-lasting, however. The King confirmed him in his offices in connection with the Channel Islands and the Isle of Wight, and by 4 December 1399 had made him a member of his council.[8]
Edward is alleged by a French chronicler to have betrayed to the King a conspiracy at the end of 1399 by a group of Richard II's former favourites who planned to murder Henry IV and his sons at a jousting tournament at Windsor Castle on 6 January 1400. But according to James Tait, contemporary English sources that describe the conspiracy make no mention of Edward, and his role in it is open to question.[9]
In October 1400, the King made Edward Keeper of North Wales, and on 5 July 1401,
In February 1405, the Welsh rebel leader
In the conflict over foreign policy between Henry IV and his heir, the Prince of Wales (the future King Henry V), that developed in the final years of Henry IV's reign, Edward apparently sided with the King. In 1412, he was again in France, this time in the company of the King's second son
Reign of Henry V
Henry IV died on 20 March 1413. Edward may have returned to England for a brief time after the King's death, but by June 1413 he was preparing to campaign in Aquitaine. In August he was in Paris, negotiating for a marriage between the new King, Henry V, and Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI of France, but was back in England in October and active in diplomatic negotiations in the final months prior to Henry V's invasion of France in 1415.[17]
A few days before the invasion of France, King Henry uncovered the Southampton Plot and the participation in it of Edward's younger brother, Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge, for which the younger brother was beheaded on 5 August 1415. Edward himself was not implicated in the conspiracy, and he departed with the army for France. He was present at the Siege of Harfleur, where he made his will on 17 August 1415, then he commanded the van on the army's march through northern France. He commanded the right wing at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, during which he became the highest-ranking English casualty. According to some, he rushed forward to save King Henry V who had been assisting his younger brother, Humphrey of Gloucester, and had been assailed and wounded by the Duke of Alençon.[citation needed] York's intervention saved the King's life but cost the duke his own. His death has been variously attributed to a head wound and to being 'smouldered to death' by 'much heat and pressing'. York was buried in the Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay, where he had earlier established a college for a master and twelve chaplains. The monument now in the church was erected during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.[17]
As Edward did not have any sons, his four-year-old nephew Richard, son of his brother Richard, inherited the titles of Duke of York and Earl of Rutland. As head of the House of York Richard would go on to challenge the Lancastrian claims to the English crown and thus start the Wars of the Roses.
Marriages
He married twice, but left no children:
- Firstly in 1381 to papal dispensation, and Beatrice married King John I of Castile instead.[18] Later, King Richard II suggested several possible brides for Edward, including Joan, sister of the king's wife, Isabella of Valois.
- Secondly at some time before 7 October 1398 Edward married Walter Fitzwalter, 3rd Baron Fitzwalter, and Sir John Golafre. The marriage was without issue. Philippa died on 17 July 1431 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[19]
The Master of Game
York was Henry IV's Master of the Hart Hounds.[20] Between 1406 and 1413 he translated and dedicated to the Prince of Wales the Livre de Chasse of Gaston III, Count of Foix, one of the most famous of the hunting treatises of the Middle Ages, to which he added five chapters of his own, the English version being known as The Master of Game.
Titles and arms
Titles
- Duke of York (1 August 1402 – 25 October 1415)
- Earl of Cambridge (1 August 1402 – c. 1414)
- Duke of Aumale(29 September 1397 – 3 November 1399)
- Earl of Rutland(25 February 1390 – 1 August 1402)
- Earl of Cork (c. 1395)
Arms
As a grandson of the sovereign in the male line Edward of Norwich bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label 3-point, per pale Castile and Leon.[21] In 1402 he inherited his father's arms, which were those of the kingdom differentiated by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules.
Shakespeare and Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
As the Duke of Aumerle, Edward of Langley is a major character in William Shakespeare's Richard II. His death at Agincourt (as Duke of York) is portrayed in Shakespeare's Henry V. There is no mention in either play, however, that the Duke of Aumerle portrayed in Richard II and the Duke of York portrayed in Henry V are, in fact, the same historical individual.
Footnotes
- ^ Pugh 1988, p. 89; Tuck 2004.
- ^ Cokayne 1959, p. 900; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 401; Cokayne 1959, pp. 899–900; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 401; Cokayne 1959, p. 900; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 401; Cokayne 1959, pp. 901–902; Pugh 1988, p. 1; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Cokayne 1959, p. 902; Horrox 2004; Pugh 1988, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 402; Cokayne 1959, p. 902; Horrox 2004; Pugh 1988, pp. 3–6; Tuck 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 402; Cokayne 1959, p. 902; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 402; Cokayne 1959, pp. 902–3; Horrox 2004; Tuck 2004.
- ^ Tait dates the appointment to 28 August 1401.
- ^ Britannica 1998.
- ^ Tait dates the appointment to 29 November 1403.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 402; Cokayne 1959, p. 903; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Bean 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 403; Pugh 1988, p. 78; Cokayne 1959, p. 903; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Cokayne 1959, pp. 903–4; Horrox 2004.
- ^ a b Tait 1896, p. 403; Cokayne 1959, p. 904; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 401; Cokayne 1959, p. 904; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Tait 1896, p. 403; Cokayne 1959, p. 903; Richardson I 2011, pp. 365–8; Richardson II 2011, pp. 211–12; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Cokayne 1959, p. 903; Horrox 2004.
- ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
References
- Britannica eds. (20 July 1998). "Edward of Norwich, 2nd duke of York". Encyclopædia Britannica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - Bean, J.M.W. (2004). "Percy, Henry, first earl of Northumberland (1341–1408)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21932. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Cokayne, G.E. (1959). Geoffrey H. White (ed.). The Complete Peerage. Vol. 12 (2) (2nd ed.). London: St. Catherine Press.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23502. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22356. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Pugh, T.B. (1988). Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415. Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-0-86299-541-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4499-6637-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Richardson, D. (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1-4499-6638-6.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Tait, J. (1896). "'Plantagenet,' Edward". Sidney Lee, ed. Dictionary of National Biography. 45, pp. 401–4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
External links
- Works by Edward, 2nd Duke of York at Project Gutenberg
- Account of the Epiphany Rising
- Chisholm, H., ed. (1911). "York, Edward, Duke of (c. 1373–1415)". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. 28. Cambridge University Press.