Edward Shortt
Edward Shortt | |
---|---|
Home Secretary | |
In office 14 January 1919 – 23 October 1922 | |
Prime Minister | David Lloyd George |
Preceded by | Sir George Cave |
Succeeded by | William Bridgeman |
Personal details | |
Born | University of Durham | 10 March 1862
Edward Shortt, KC (10 March 1862 – 10 November 1935) was a British lawyer and Liberal Party politician. He served as a member of David Lloyd George's cabinet, most significantly as Home Secretary from 1919 to 1922.
Background and education
Shortt was born in Newcastle upon Tyne and was the son of the Church of England vicar Rev. Edward Shortt of Woodhorn, Northumberland.[1] Though born and bred in England, Shortt came from a family with roots in County Tyrone.[1] Shortt was educated at Durham School, where he was a King's scholar and competed for the school boat club.[1] He continued his education at the neighbouring Durham University, where he was Lindsay scholar at University College and for two years competed for Durham University Boat Club.[1] He did not excel academically, taking a gentleman's degree in Classics in 1884.[1]
Shortt had three brothers. One, Dr William Rushton Shortt, was a surgeon who acted as a Civil Surgeon to the Natal Field Force during the Second Boer War and was present at the Relief of Ladysmith.[2] However, his health having declined in South Africa, he was forced to retire early, and died in November 1913.[2] An older brother, the Rev. Joseph Rushton Shortt (1860–1919), having previously attended Exeter College, Oxford, joined the Durham University staff as a lecturer in Classics and was Bursar of Hatfield College from 1889 to 1898.[3][4]
Legal career
He was called to the
Political career
Shortt became active in politics for the
Chief Secretary of Ireland
Shortt took an active interest in Irish affairs and became known for his frequent interventions during the debates over the
The government had also decided to introduce
Home Secretary
Once the war was over, Shortt was promoted to
On the issue of the fate of enemy aliens who had been detained on the outbreak of war, he resisted demands made by Charles Yate in February 1919 that all foreign waiters on strike should be immediately deported, arguing that 'the fact that an alien takes part in a strike in company with British subjects of the same occupation is not alone a sufficient reason for his deportation'.[7] Shortt oversaw the deportation of the Estonian anarchist Eduard Sõrmus, the so-called 'Red Violinist', who was ultimately removed from the country on 15 February 1919.[8]
In a November 1919 meeting with representatives from the Board of Deputies of British Jews Shortt rejected their proposals for an appeal to a judge in chambers prior to the making of a deportation order, arguing that the necessity of tackling political subversives in the aftermath of the Great War depended on the government holding on to what he described as 'abnormal' powers.[9] He also reprieved Ronald True, who had been condemned to death for murder, after finding the issue of his sanity in doubt. He was unpopular with some people in Parliament because of his regional partiality: tending to appoint barristers from the North East to many top posts.[6]
Shortt was in favour of denying entry to
When Lloyd George's coalition government fell in October 1922 in the aftermath of the Carlton Club meeting, he realised his Cabinet career was effectively over and stood down from Parliament.
Career after Parliament
He subsequently held a number of official posts, including the chairmanship of the committees on the rating of machinery, trusts, heavy motor traffic, and the investigation into the Agricultural Marketing Act.[11]
In November 1929, Shortt was appointed as second President of the
The Board had been set up by the film industry and had no statutory role (local councils being technically responsible for judging who could see a film) but in practice its rulings were always obeyed. In March 1930 the BBFC rejected Her Unborn Child after a viewing by Shortt.[13] This was the first time that the BBFC had been presented with a film that depicted the act of childbirth, and the decision to reject was never reversed.[13] At the time, educational bodies were keen to exploit the emergence of sound films in Europe with serious scientific films. After academic pressure, Shortt would soften his position later that year and the BBFC would become more open to such productions.[13] One beneficiary was the 1927 German film Nature and Love.[13]
Shortt, however, generally followed previous policy of a highly restrictive licensing. In the Board's report for 1931, he outlined his concern about the increasing number of films dealing with sexual topics, and promised further restrictions. In 1932 he rejected the Tod Browning film Freaks, a ban that would not be lifted until 1963.[14] The following year he had to contend with Island of Lost Souls by the American director Erle C. Kenton, which had already caused some controversy in the US over its alleged portrayal of cruelty to animals. Consequently, Shortt was concerned enough to view the film himself instead of one of his censors, and he imposed a ban throughout the country.[15] He banned 120 films in five years and in 1932 ordered cuts to 382, a record number; one of which was Red-Headed Woman, starring Jean Harlow. He also introduced the 'H' rating (for horror), which was the origin of the later X rated film.[6]
Shortt was very upfront about the power of cinema to shape public opinion:
- There is in our hands as citizens an instrument to mould the minds of the young, to mould the mind of the adolescent, and to create great and good and noble citizens for our future. There is the instrument right to our hands. If we control it, if we work public opinion up to the pitch of controlling it properly, there is a great future for our old country, and I cannot understand why with our united cooperation, we should not finally attain to that perfect ideal.[16]
In the last year of his life he founded the security firm Nightwatch Services, which would later develop into Securicor.[17] His company was one of the first specialist security firms to be established in the modern era, and provided guarding services.[18]
Assessment
Shortt was described by John Maynard Keynes in The Economic Consequences of the Peace as 'a capable but obstinate man too much bound to preconceived opinions', though Michael Bentley wryly notes that such qualities may have been useful in his position as President of the BBFC.[19][20]
He was 'sociable, good-humoured and well-meaning', remembered affectionately as 'Teddie' in his native Newcastle, though very much shaped by his traditional 19th century education and experience.[21] Liberal in politics, he was paternalistic in matters of human behaviour, art, and entertainment.[21]
Personal life
Shortt married Isabella Stewart Scott, who had been born in
Shortt was an active
He died on 10 November 1935 at his home in London, 140 Oakwood Court in
At the time of his death he was President of Den Norske Klub.[24]
See also
- List of MPs elected in the January 1910 United Kingdom general election
- List of Home Secretaries
- List of Durham University people
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Obituary: Mr. Edward Shortt, K. C.". The Times. 11 November 1935. p. 14.
- ^ a b "Deaths". Durham University Journal. 21 (6): 141. 14 February 1914.
- ^ "Durham University Calendar 1912-13". Durham University (Special Collections). p. 382. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ "Durham University Calendar 1919-20". Durham University (Special Collections). p. 810. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ Winter, J. M. (1986). The Great War and the British People. Macmillan. p. 51. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d "The Home Secretaries (6): Edward Shortt". RGS History. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ "FOREIGN WAITERS (DEPORTATION). (Hansard, 13 February 1919)". Historic Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 13 February 1919.
- ^ "RUSSIAN SUBJECTS (DEPORTATION). (Hansard, 19 February 1919)". Historic Hansard. 19 February 1919.
- ^ Bonner, David (2007). Executive Measures, Terrorism and National Security: Have the Rules of the Game Changed?. Ashgate. p. 118. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ JSTOR 23915804.
- ^ required.)
- ^ "Film Censor". The Times. 22 November 1929. p. 14.
- ^ a b c d Robertson, James C. (1989). The Hidden Cinema: British film censorship in action, 1913–1975 (2005 ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 37. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Robertson, p. 52
- ^ Robertson, p. 57
- ISBN 9781848851221.
- ^ Group 4's Danes to swoop on Securicor The Times, 1 February 2004
- ^ Gill, Martin, ed. (2014). The Handbook of Security (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 30. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Keynes, John Maynard (1919). The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Macmillan. pp. 127–128. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ Bentley, Michael (1977). The Liberal Mind 1914–1929. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b Whetstone, David (20 March 2012). "Insight: UK film censor Edward Shortt". The Journal. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Mr. Edward Short, K.C.". The Times. 12 November 1935. p. 16.
- ^ a b "About Us & History". University of Durham Lodge No. 3030. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Friends Across the North Sea". The Times. 19 June 1935. p. 8.