Edward VII
Edward VII | |||||
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Reign | 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 | ||||
Coronation | 9 August 1902 | ||||
Imperial Durbar | 1 January 1903 | ||||
Predecessor | Victoria | ||||
Successor | George V | ||||
Born | Buckingham Palace, London, England | 9 November 1841||||
Died | 6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace, London, England | (aged 68)||||
Burial | 20 May 1910 Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
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Spouse | |||||
Issue Detail |
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Protestant | |||||
Signature | |||||
Education |
Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was
The second child and eldest son of
Edward inherited the throne upon
The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was succeeded by his only surviving son, George V.
Early life and education
Edward was born on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace.[1] He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842.[a] He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life.[3]
As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically
The Queen and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model
After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, Edward spent the summer of that year studying at the
Early adulthood
In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by a prince of Wales. His genial good humour and confident
Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the
Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, he attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, Nellie Clifden, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers.[22] Prince Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861, just two weeks after the visit. Queen Victoria was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death.[23] At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."[24]
Marriage
Once widowed, Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt,
The couple established
Edward had
In 1869,
Heir apparent
During Queen Victoria's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as they are understood today—for example, opening the
In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared.[41] However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief.[12] Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan's Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.[42]
On 26 September 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour; on the way, he visited Malta,
Edward was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions.
Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the
In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. He was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.[59] In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged, and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.[60] Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".[61]
In late 1891, Edward's eldest son,
On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900, Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination when 15-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Second Boer War. The culprit was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage.[64] The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.[65]
Reign
Accession
When
Edward donated his parents' house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.[69] He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.[70] Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward's financier friends, some of whom were Jewish, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family.[71] At a time of widespread antisemitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.[72][73]
Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the
"Uncle of Europe"
As king, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he reinvented royal diplomacy by numerous state visits across Europe.
Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe".
In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir
Political opinions
While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for
As Prince of Wales, Edward had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with Gladstone, whom his mother detested.
Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the
The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.
Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably progressive for the time. During his reign, he said use of the word
Constitutional crisis
In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the "People's Budget" proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Asquith. The crisis eventually led—after Edward's death—to the removal of the Lords' right to veto legislation. The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by
In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders
The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909, but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne's stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledge[110] and had forbidden Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the budget pass.[111] In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered "outrageous" by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.[112]
Talk of removing the Lords' veto played a major role in the January 1910 election. Early in the election campaign, Lloyd George talked of "guarantees" and Asquith of "safeguards" that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but such talk ceased after the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election.[12][113] Balfour refused to say whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change.[114] During the campaign, the leading Conservative Walter Long asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch's views to be known in public.[115]
The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third-largest party, the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also obviate the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords' independence, as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked.[115] Pressure to remove the Lords' veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords' ability to block the introduction of Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whiskey duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no "guarantees" for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.[116]
The King's
By April, the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal "simply disgusting" and that the government was "in the hands of Redmond & Co". Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government's wish to create peers should be treated as formal "ministerial advice" (which, by convention, the monarch must accept), although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled in extremis to dismiss the government rather than take their "advice".[119] Esher's view has been called "obsolete and unhelpful".[120]
Death
Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a
On 6 May, Edward suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end."[123] Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, "Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad": his final words.[12] At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.[123]
Alexandra refused to allow Edward's body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room.
Legacy
Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles III on 20 April 2011.[128] The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing.[129] Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017.[130] Edward was Prince of Wales between 8 December 1841 and 22 January 1901 (59 years, 45 days); Charles held the title between 26 July 1958 and 8 September 2022 (64 years, 44 days).[129][131][132]
As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected,[133] but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,[134] and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".[135]
Edward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power.
Historian
...he had in many respects great natural ability. He knew how to be both dignified and charming; he had an excellent memory; and his tact in handling people was quite exceptional. He had a store of varied, though unsystematized, knowledge gathered at first-hand through talking to all sorts of eminent men. His tastes were not particularly elevated, but they were thoroughly English; and he showed much (though not unfailing) comprehension for the common instincts of the people over whom he reigned. This was not the less remarkable because, though a good linguist in French and German, he never learned to speak English without a German accent.[143]
Ensor rejects the widespread notion that the King exerted an important influence on British foreign policy, believing he gained that reputation by making frequent trips abroad, with many highly publicized visits to foreign courts. Ensor thought surviving documents showed "how comparatively crude his views on foreign policy were, how little he read, and of what naïve indiscretions he was capable."[144] Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure, but he received great praise for his affable manners and diplomatic tact. As his grandson Edward VIII wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence."[145] "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley.[146] Lord Esher wrote that Edward VII was "kind and debonair and not undignified—but too human".[147]
Honours
- British honours[5]
- KG: Royal Knight Companion of the Garter, 9 November 1858[148]
- GCSI: Extra Knight Companion of the Star of India, 25 June 1861;[149] Extra Knight Grand Commander, 24 May 1866[150]
- FRS: Fellow of the Royal Society, 12 February 1863
- PC: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, 8 December 1863
- GCB: Great Master, 22 June 1897[152]
- KT: Extra Knight of the Thistle, 24 May 1867[153]
- KP: Extra Knight of St. Patrick, 18 March 1868[154]
- PC(I): Member of the Privy Council of Ireland, 21 April 1868
- GCStJ:
- GCMG: Extra Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 31 May 1877[157]
- GCIE: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 21 June 1887[158]
- GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 6 May 1896[159]
- Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1901[160]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Merit, 26 June 1902[161]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Imperial Service Order, 8 August 1902[162]
- Founder of the Royal Victorian Chain, 1902[163]
- Foreign honours
- Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1844[165]
- Russia:[166]
- Knight of St. Andrew, with Collar, 1844
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1844
- Knight of the White Eagle, 1844
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 1844
- Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, 1844
- Knight of St. Vladimir, 3rd Class, 1881
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1849[166]
- Spain:
- Knight of the Golden Fleece, 7 May 1852[167]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 6 May 1876[168]
- Portugal:[169]
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 25 November 1858
- Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 7 June 1865; Three Orders, 8 February 1901
- Prussia:[170]
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 22 December 1858; with Collar, 1869
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 2 March 1874
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 11 March 1878
- Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 3rd Class with Red Cross on White Field on Commemorative Band, 4 April 1881
- Knight of Honour of the Johanniter Order, 19 May 1884
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), 11 January 1859[171]
- Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 20 February 1859[172]
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, December 1859[173]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 17 April 1860[174]
- Baden:[175]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1861
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1861
- Ottoman Empire:
- Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class, 25 May 1862[176]
- Order of the House of Osman, June 1902[177]
- Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer, 29 May 1862[178]
- Hesse and by Rhine:[179]
- Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 8 October 1862
- Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, with Swords, 18 February 1878
- Knight of the Golden Lion, 18 June 1882
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 15 March 1863[180]
- Denmark:[181]
- Knight of the Elephant, 16 November 1863
- Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 14 October 1864
- Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1892
- Grand Commander of the Dannebrog, 9 September 1901
- Sweden:
- Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 27 September 1864[182]
- Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, 21 December 1868[183]
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, with Collar, 26 April 1908[184]
- Hanover:[185]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1864
- Knight of St. George, 1865
- Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 13 August 1865[186]
- Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, August 1865[187]
- Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 13 June 1867[188]
- Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross, 11 July 1871[188]
- Ethiopia:
- Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon, 1874[189]
- Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia, 9 October 1901[190]
- Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 3 October 1874[191]
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 24 February 1878[192]
- Siam:
- Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1880[166]
- Grand Cross of the White Elephant, 1887[188]
- Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kalākaua, with Collar, July 1881[194]
- Romania:
- Grand Cross of the Star of Romania, 1882[166]
- Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1906[195]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1883[196]
- Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 20 September 1886; Collar, 13 April 1902[197]
- Knight of St. Hubert, 19 March 1901[188]
- Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 25 June 1902[198]
- San Marino: Grand Cross of the Order of San Marino, August 1902[199]
- Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 1902[200]
- Persia: Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class, 1904[201]
Honorary foreign military appointments
- 1870: Honorary Colonel of the Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)[202]
- 1883: Field Marshal (German Army[203]
- 5 February 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 27th (King Edward's) Regiment of Dragoons of Kiev[204]
- 26 June 1902: Admiral of the Fleet (Großadmiral) à la suite of the Imperial German Navy[203]
- Honorary Captain General of the Spanish Army[205]
- Honorary Admiral of the Spanish Navy[205]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the German regiment 5th (Pomeranian) Hussars "Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt"[203]
- Colonel-in-Chief 1st Guards Dragoons "Queen of Great Britain and Ireland"[203]
- Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "Zamora" No. 8 (Spain)[205]
- 1905: Honorary Admiral of the Swedish Navy[206]
- 1908: Honorary General of the Swedish Army[207]
- Honorary Admiral of the Greek Navy[193]
- Honorary General of the Norwegian Army[193]
Arms
Edward's
Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Marriage/notes |
---|---|---|---|
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | 8 January 1864 | 14 January 1892 (aged 28) | engaged 1891, to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
|
George V | 3 June 1865 | 20 January 1936 (aged 70) | 1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck; had issue including Edward VIII and George VI
|
Louise, Princess Royal | 20 February 1867 | 4 January 1931 (aged 63) | 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife; had issue |
Princess Victoria | 6 July 1868 | 3 December 1935 (aged 67) | never married and without issue |
Princess Maud | 26 November 1869 | 20 November 1938 (aged 68) | 1896, Prince Alexander (later Olav V)
|
Prince Alexander John of Wales | 6 April 1871 | 7 April 1871 | born and died at Sandringham House |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Edward VII Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom | | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8) | |||||||||||||
7. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | |||||||||||||
15. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf (= 9) | |||||||||||||
See also
- Love chair (siège d'amour), sex chair invented for Edward
- Household of Edward VII and Alexandra
- Edward the Seventh, a 1975 television miniseries.
Notes
- ^ His godparents were the King of Prussia, his paternal step-grandmother the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (for whom the Duchess of Kent, his maternal grandmother, stood proxy), his great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge, his step-great-grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg (for whom the Duchess of Cambridge, his great-aunt, stood proxy), his great-aunt Princess Sophia (for whom Princess Augusta of Cambridge, his first cousin once-removed, stood proxy) and his great-uncle Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[2]
- ^ Gazetted on 10 September 1849.[6]
- ^ Letters written by Edward to Lady Randolph may have "signified no more than a flirtation" but were "[w]ritten in a strain of undue familiarity".[29]
- ^ No English or British sovereign has ever reigned under a double name.
References
- ^ Magnus, p. 1
- ^ "No. 20065". The London Gazette. 28 January 1842. p. 224.
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 1
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
- ^ Cokayne, G. E. (1910), Gibbs, Vicary (ed.), The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, vol. 4, London: St Catherine's Press, pp. 451–452
- ^ "No. 21018". The London Gazette. 11 September 1849. p. 2783.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/346, retrieved 24 June 2009 (subscription or UK public library membershiprequired)
- ^ Ridley, pp. 17–19
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 4
- ^ Ridley, p. 42
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 18
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975, retrieved 24 June 2009 (subscription or UK public library membershiprequired).
- ^ "Wales, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of (WLS861AE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 35; Ridley, p. 50
- ^ Hough, pp. 36–37
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, pp. 20–34
- ^ Hough, pp. 39–47
- ^ Ridley, p. 37
- ^ "No. 22198". The London Gazette. 9 November 1858. p. 4745.
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 36–38
- ^ Hough, pp. 64–66
- ^ Ridley, pp. 54–55
- ^ Ridley, pp. 59–63
- ^ Middlemas, p. 31
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 40–42
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 44; Ridley, p. 72
- ^ Middlemas, p. 35; Ridley, p. 83.
- ^ Ridley, pp. 85, 87, 93, 104
- ^ Hattersley, p. 21
- ^ Camp, Anthony (2007), Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction, 1714–1936
- ^ "Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Nos. 25–29", anthonyjcamp.com, 11 August 2011, archived from the original on 11 August 2011
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 74–80
- ^ Souhami, Diana (1996), Mrs Keppel and Her Daughter, London: HarperCollins, p. 49
- ISBN 978-1-84119-096-9
- ^ Middlemas, p. 89
- ^ Priestley, pp. 22–23
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 97
- ^ a b Berry, Ciara (11 January 2016), "Edward VII", The Royal Family, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 25 January 2018, retrieved 18 April 2016
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 18–19
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 59–60
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 66; Ridley, pp. 137, 142
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 67; Middlemas, pp. 48–52
- ^ Edward to Lord Granville, 30 November 1875, quoted in Bentley-Cranch, pp. 101–102 and Ridley, p. 179
- ^ "Itinerary of the Imperial Tour 1875–1876", Royal Museums Greenwich, archived from the original on 8 April 2018, retrieved 7 April 2018
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, p. 104
- ISBN 978-0-405-08644-1
- ISBN 978-0-300-10697-8
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 84
- ^ Middlemas, p. 201
- ^ "Try our "98' Curzons!" A few fashion hints for men", Otago Witness, 3 November 1898, archived from the original on 15 September 2012, retrieved 5 May 2010,
It was actually the Prince of Wales who introduced this shape. He got them originally about eight years ago from a manufacturer called Charvet, in Paris.
- Roberts, Andrew(2006), Salisbury: Victorian Titan, London: Sterling Publishing Co., p. 35
- ^ Ridley, p. 91
- ^ Middlemas, p. 200; Hattersley, p. 27
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 80
- ^ Hattersley, p. 27
- ^ a b Windsor, p. 46
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 110
- ^ Middlemas, p. 98
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 23–25; Ridley, pp. 280–290
- ^ Middlemas, p. 86; Ridley, pp. 265–268
- ^ Sir Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby, quoted in Middlemas, p. 188
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 95–96
- ISBN 978-0-09-456560-9 and Ridley, p. 140
- ^ Ridley, pp. 339–340
- ^ Middlemas, p. 65
- ^ Lee, p. 7; Middlemas, p. 104
- ^ "No. 27270". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 January 1901. p. 547.
- ^ Priestley, p. 9
- ^ Windsor, p. 14
- ^ Lee, p. 26
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 38, 84, 96; Priestley, p. 32
- ISBN 978-0-297-81125-1
- ^ Lee, pp. 63–64; Ridley, p. 271
- ^ a b Lee, pp. 102–109
- ^ PMID 12765932
- ^ Ridley, p. 365
- ^ Windsor, p. 20
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 127
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 122–139; Ridley, pp. 351–352, 361, 372
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 39–40
- ^ Lee, p. 182
- ^ Lee, p. 157; Middlemas, pp. 125–126
- ISBN 978-1-137-54898-6
- JSTOR 2608720
- ^ Windsor, p. 15
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 460–464; Middlemas, pp. 60–61, 172–175; Ridley, pp. 382–384, 433
- ^ Lee, pp. 581–582; Ridley, pp. 417–418
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 167, 169
- ^ Lee, pp. 583–584
- ^ Ridley, p. 241
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 215–216; Lee, p. 468; Ridley, p. 403
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 98
- ^ Magnus, p. 212
- ^ Magnus, p. 541
- ^ Lee, pp. 91–93; Ridley, p. 389
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 130–134
- ^ Kennedy, Paul M. (2004), The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London: Penguin Books, pp. 215–216
- ISBN 978-1-57003-492-3
- ISBN 978-0-333-72126-1
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 134–139
- ^ Lambert, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Bradford, Admiral Sir Edward E. (1923), Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, London: John Murray, pp. 223–225
- ISBN 9780297782452
- ^ ISBN 0312305575
- ^ Heffer, pp. 276–277; Ridley, p. 437
- ^ Heffer, pp. 282–283
- ^ Magnus, p. 526
- ^ Magnus, p. 534; Ridley, pp. 440–441
- ^ Heffer, pp. 281–282
- ^ Magnus, p. 536
- ^ Heffer, pp. 283–284
- ^ Ridley, p. 443
- ^ Hattersley, p. 168
- ^ a b Heffer, pp. 286–288
- ^ a b Magnus, p. 547
- ^ Heffer, pp. 290–293
- ^ Heffer, p. 291
- ^ Heffer, p. 293
- ^ Heffer, pp. 294–296
- ^ Magnus, pp. 555–556
- ^ Ridley, p. 409
- ^ Lee, p. 676; Ridley, p. 432
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, p. 151
- ^ Ridley, p. 558
- ^ Ridley, pp. 560–561
- ^ Ridley, pp. 563–565
- ^ Ridley, p. 568
- ^ "Prince Charles becomes longest-serving heir apparent", BBC News, 20 April 2011, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 30 January 2016
- ^ a b Previous Princes of Wales, Clarence House, archived from the original on 14 October 2013, retrieved 30 January 2016
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Bibliography
- Bentley-Cranch, Dana (1992), Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, ISBN 978-0-11-290508-0
- Ensor, R. C. K. (1936), England, 1870–1914, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ISBN 978-0-316-72537-8
- ISBN 978-0-297-84220-0
- ISBN 978-0-340-55825-6
- Lee, Sidney (1927), King Edward VII: A Biography, vol. II, London: Macmillan
- Magnus, Philip(1964), King Edward The Seventh, London: John Murray
- ISBN 978-0-297-83189-1
- ISBN 978-0-434-60332-9
- ISBN 978-0-7011-7614-3
- Shaw, William Arthur; Burtchaell, George Dames (1906), The knights of England; a complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, London: Central chancery of the orders of knighthood, Sherratt and Hughes
- Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co
Further reading
- Andrews, Allen (1975), The Follies of King Edward VII, Lexington, ISBN 978-0-904312-15-7
- Beer, Peter (2016), Playboy Princes: The Apprentice Years of Edward VII and VIII, Peter Owen
- Buckner, Phillip (2003), "Casting daylight upon magic: Deconstructing the royal tour of 1901 to Canada", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 31 (2): 158–189, S2CID 162347515
- Butler, David (1975), Edward VII, Prince of Hearts, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, ISBN 978-0-297-76897-5
- ISBN 978-1-108-00298-1
- Cowles, Virginia (1956), Edward VII and his Circle, H. Hamilton
- Farrer, James Anson (1912), England Under Edward VII, Allen & Unwin
- Glencross, Matthew (2016), The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century, Palgrave Macmillan
- ISBN 978-1-4039-8377-0
- Neilson, Francis (1957), "Edward VII and the Entente Cordiale, I.", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 16 (4): 353–368, JSTOR 3484884
- Plumptre, George (1997), Edward VII, Trafalgar Square Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85793-846-3
- Ponsonby, Frederick (1951), Recollections of Three Reigns, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode
- Ridley, Jane (2013), "'The Sport of Kings': Shooting and The Court of Edward VII", The Court Historian, 18 (2): 189–205, S2CID 159750104
- Ridley, Jane (2016), "Bertie Prince of Wales: Prince Hal and the Widow of Windsor", Royal Heirs and the Uses of Soft Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 123–138
- Roby, Kinley E. (1975), The King, the Press and the People: A Study of Edward VII, Barrie and Jenkins, ISBN 978-0-214-20098-4
- Ryan, A. P. (1953), "The Diplomacy of Edward VII", History Today, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 352–360
- St Aubyn, Giles (1979), Edward VII, Prince and King, Atheneum, ISBN 978-0-689-10937-9
- Tuchman, Barbara (1964), The Guns of August, New York: Macmillan
- Walker, Richard (1988), The Savile Row Story: An Illustrated History, London: Prion, ISBN 978-1-85375-000-7
- Watson, Alfred Edward Thomas (1911), King Edward VII. as a sportsman, Longmans, Green and Company
- ISBN 978-0-684-85318-5
External links
- Edward VII at the official website of the British monarchy
- Edward VII at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Edward VII at BBC History
- Works by Edward VII at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Edward VII at Internet Archive
- Macaulay, James (editor) (1889). Speeches and addresses of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales: 1863–1888 London: Murray
- Portraits of King Edward VII at the National Portrait Gallery, London