Effusive eruption
An effusive eruption is a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground.
Overview
There are two major groupings of eruptions: effusive and explosive.
For an effusive eruption to occur, magma must be permeable enough to allow the expulsion of gas bubbles contained within it. If the magma is not above a certain permeability threshold, it cannot degas and will erupt explosively. Additionally, at a certain threshold, fragmentation within the magma can cause an explosive eruption. This threshold is governed by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics that is directly proportional to fluid velocity. Eruptions will be effusive if the magma has a low ascent velocity. At higher magma ascent rates, the fragmentation within the magma passes a threshold and results in explosive eruptions.[4] Silicic magma also exhibits this transition between effusive and explosive eruptions,[5] but the fragmentation mechanism differs.[4] The 1912 Novarupta eruption and the 2003 Stromboli eruption both exhibited a transition between explosive and effusive eruption patterns.[5][6]
Basaltic eruptions
Silicic eruptions
References
- ^ a b "Eruption Styles". volcano.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ Program, Volcano Hazards. "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary - Effusive eruption". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ Marshak, Stephen. Essentials of geology. New York: W.W. Norton, 2013.
- ^ .
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- doi:10.1130/g21173.1.
- ^ "Effusive Volcanoes". gwentprepared.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ Camp, Vic. "How Volcanoes Work - Basaltic Lava". Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ "Effusive & Explosive Eruptions". The Geological Society.
- ^ ISSN 0377-0273.
- S2CID 4243534.
- ISSN 0377-0273.
- S2CID 130560874.
- ^ "How Volcanoes Work - Andesitic to Rhyolitic Lava".
- ^ "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary".
- ^ a b Nelson, Stephen (26 August 2017). "Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions". www.Tulane.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2018.