Egypt–Israel peace treaty
Peace Treaty Between the State of Israel and the Arab Republic of Egypt | |
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UNTS 17813 | |
Language | English |
The Egypt–Israel peace treaty[1] was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords. The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, and witnessed by Jimmy Carter, President of the United States.[2]
History
The peace treaty between
The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel,[2] although it has been described as a "cold peace".[citation needed]
Compliance
Normalization
The normalization of relations between Israel and Egypt went into effect in January 1980. Ambassadors were exchanged in February. The boycott laws were repealed by Egypt's parliament the same month, and some trade began to develop, albeit less than Israel had hoped for. In March 1980 regular airline flights were inaugurated. Egypt also began supplying Israel with crude oil.[3]
Demilitarization of Sinai
On 18 May 1981, the
Agreed Activities Mechanism
The peace treaty includes a stipulation, called the Agreed Activities Mechanism, that allows Egypt and Israel to jointly alter the arrangements of Egyptian troops in the Sinai without having to officially review the treaty itself. Israel has allowed Egypt to deploy forces to central and eastern Sinai out of mutual security concerns, such as the presence of
In January 2011, during widespread
In August 2012, Israel agreed that Egypt could deploy additional forces, including attack helicopters, in the northern Sinai to combat militants who had carried out an attack on Egyptian border guards that left 16 dead.[7][8] Later that month, Egypt moved additional heavy weaponry into the demilitarized zone without Israeli approval, in violation of the peace treaty terms.[8][9] Egypt said that the deployment of these troops and weapons was in keeping with agreements reached with Israel in 2011.[9] Israel reportedly asked the United States to mediate this dispute.[9] Shortly thereafter, Egyptian defense minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi reportedly assured his Israeli counterpart, Ehud Barak, that Egypt was committed to maintaining the 1979 Camp David peace treaty with Israel.[10]
In July 2013, after a number of violent incidents in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel agreed to the deployment of additional Egyptian troops.[11]
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Aftermath
Reaction in the Arab world
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This treaty was received with enormous controversy across the
However, as a result of the treaty, Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979–1989,[14] and Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.[15] Syrian President Hafez al-Assad severed all relations with Egypt after the signing of the peace deal, and diplomatic relations were not re-established until 2005, when Egypt once again enjoyed warm relations with Syria under the rule of Bashar al-Assad.
Long-term effects in Egypt
The peace between Egypt and Israel has lasted since the treaty went into effect, and Egypt has become an important strategic partner of Israel. Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, a former Israeli defense minister known for his close ties to Egyptian officials, has stated that "Egypt is not only our closest friend in the region, the co-operation between us goes beyond the strategic."[16]
As part of the agreement, the U.S. began economic and military aid to Egypt, and political backing for its subsequent governments. From the Camp David peace accords in 1978 until 2000, the United States has subsidized Egypt's armed forces with over $38 billion worth of aid. Egypt receives about $1.3 billion annually.[17]
Nevertheless, the peace is often described as a "cold peace",[16] with many in Egypt skeptical about its effectiveness.[18][19] The Arab-Israeli conflict has kept relations cool.[20]
The
Addressing Israeli concerns on 31 July 2014, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi pledged to continue the peace with Israel.[27]
See also
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)
- List of Middle East peace proposals
- Oslo Accords (1993)
- Yamit
References
- Arabic: معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية, romanized: Mu`āhadat as-Salām al-Misrīyah al-'Isrā'īlīyah; Hebrew: הסכם השלום בין ישראל למצרים, Heskem HaShalom Bein Yisrael LeMitzrayim)
- ^ a b "Israel and Egypt: Framework for peace in the Middle East agreed at Camp David" (PDF). UN Peacemaker. United Nations Treaty Series. 17 September 1978.
- ^ Sela, "Arab–Israel Conflict," p. 100
- ^ 10 Tactical Air Group: Canadian Contingent Multinational Force and Observers Handbook (unclassified), page A-1. DND, Ottawa, 1986.
- ^ Ehud Yaari (17 January 2014). "The New Triangle of Egypt, Israel, and Hamas". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Israel allows Egypt troops in Sinai for first time since 1979 peace treaty". Haaretz. Associated Press.
- ^ Keinon, Herb (9 August 2012). "Israel OKs Egypt attack helicopters in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b Issacharoff, Avi (16 August 2012). "Egypt deployed troops in Sinai without Israel's prior approval". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Keinon, Herb (21 August 2012). "Int'l force in Sinai quiet amid concern of violations". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ "'Egypt affirms commitment to Israel peace treaty'". The Jerusalem Post. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Israel approves Egypt's request to increase forces in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ 1979: Israel and Egypt shake hands on peace deal Archived 31 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
- S2CID 224939409.
- ^ "BBC News – Timeline: Arab League". Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ "Sadat as a president of Egypt". Egypt News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
- ^ a b Kershner, Isabel (27 January 2011). "Israeli concern for peace partner". The Courier. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ "Egypt". State. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ Kasinof, Laura. "An uneasy Egyptian-Israeli peace". Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ "Egyptians ponder 30-year peace with Israel". BBC News. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ Amira Howeidy (2002). "Protocols, politics and Palestine". Al Ahram. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ Black, Ian (31 January 2011). "Egypt protests: Israel fears unrest may threaten peace treaty". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ "Netanyahu: Egypt Could Be A New Iran". Fox News. 8 February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011.
- ^ Fahim, Kareem (12 February 2011). "Egypt Sees New Era After Exit of Hosni Mubarak". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^ "Egyptian opposition figure: Rethink Camp David Accords". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ "Egypt PM says peace deal with Israel not sacred". Reuters. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ Khoury, Jack (1 January 2012). "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood: Fate of Israel peace treaty may be decided in referendum". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ "Al-Sisi: Egypt is committed to peace with Israel". Ynetnews. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
External links
- Text of the Treaty Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, at the site of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Text of the Treaty, at the site of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs