Elagabalus (deity)
Elagabalus (
Cult
Elagabalus was initially venerated at Emesa in
The cult of the deity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the second century, where he would be revered as Elagabalos (Ἐλαγάβαλος Elagábalos) by the Greeks and Elagabalus by the Romans. For example, a dedication has been found as far away as Woerden, in the modern-day Netherlands.[9]
In Rome
The cult stone or
A temple called the Elagabalium was built on the east face of the Palatine Hill to house the holy stone of the Emesa temple, a black conical meteorite.[12] Herodian writes of that stone:
This stone is worshipped as though it were sent from heaven; on it there are some small projecting pieces and markings that are pointed out, which the people would like to believe are a rough picture of the sun, because this is how they see them.[13]
Herodian also related that Elagabalus forced senators to watch while he danced around his deity's altar to the sound of drums and cymbals,[12] and at each summer solstice celebrated a great festival, popular with the masses because of food distributions,[14] during which he placed the holy stone on a chariot adorned with gold and jewels, which he paraded through the city:
A six horse chariot carried the divinity, the horses huge and flawlessly white, with expensive gold fittings and rich ornaments. No one held the reins, and no one rode in the chariot; the vehicle was escorted as if the god himself were the charioteer. Elagabalus ran backward in front of the chariot, facing the god and holding the horses' reins. He made the whole journey in this reverse fashion, looking up into the face of his god.[14]
Herodian's description strongly suggests that the Emesene cult was inspired by the Babylonian Akitu-festival.[15]
According to
According to Herodian, after the emperor was killed in 222, his religious edicts were reversed and the cult of Elagabalus returned to Emesa.[18]
See also
- Black Stone
- Homs
- Hubal
- Royal family of Emesa
References
- JSTOR 41547069.
- ISBN 0-88402-115-7.
Just as the pagan Arab cult of the sun-god of Emesa is a relevant feature of background for the interest of the Severi in religion and in the case of Elagabalus for the installation of the Arab sun-god in Rome itself
- ^ Martijn Icks, The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor (2011) p. 48
- ^ ISBN 9780415717779.
- ^ The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, volume 23, page 116: "und mit palmyrenischer Inschrift "Gott Berg" steht die umstrittene Etymologie des Namens "Elagabal" (ilah ha-gabal) fest"
- ^ English-Arabic dictionary translation for "God" with transliteration of the Arabic equivalent: "ilah": https://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-arabic/god
- ^ English-Arabic dictionary translation for "mountain" with transliteration of the Arabic equivalent: "gabal": https://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-arabic/mountain
- ISBN 9780521850735.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ An Early Dedication to Elagabal, archived on 2021-01-26; the inscription is in now in Woerden's city museum.
- ^ Halsberghe, Gaston H. (1972). The Cult of Sol Invictus. Leiden: Brill. p. 62.
- ^ Devlaminck, Pieter (2004). "De Cultus van Sol Invictus: Een vergelijkende studie tussen keizer Elagabalus (218–222) en keizer Aurelianus (270–275)" (in Dutch). University of Ghent. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ a b Herodian, Roman History V.5 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Herodian, Roman History V.3
- ^ a b c Herodian, Roman History V.6 Archived 2015-11-04 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ M. Geller, "The Last Wedge", in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 87 (1997), pp. 43–95.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXXX.11
- ^ Augustan History, Life of Elagabalus 3
- ^ Herodian, Roman History VI.6 Archived 2007-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
- M. Pietrzykowsky, "Die Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal", in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 16.3 (1986) 806–1825
External links
- Media related to Elagabalus Sol Invictus at Wikimedia Commons
- Livius.org: Elagabal