Elbląg
Elbląg | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 82-300 to 82-315 |
Area code | +48 55 |
Geocode | 54.17216,19.41865 |
Car plates | NE |
Climate | Dfb |
Highways | |
National roads | |
Website | www |
Elbląg (Polish:
Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province.[2] Its history dates back to 1237, when the Teutonic Order constructed their fortified stronghold on the banks of a nearby river. The castle subsequently served as the official seat of the Teutonic Order Masters.
Elbląg became part of the
The city was transferred to
After World War II the city again became part of Poland, its German population was expelled and the city was resettled by Poles. The war casualties were catastrophic – especially the severe destruction of the Old Town district, one of the grandest in Prussia.
Today, Elbląg has over 120,000 inhabitants and is a "vibrant city with an
Etymology
Elbląg derives from the earlier
Modern city
The city was almost completely destroyed at the end of World War II. Parts of the inner city were gradually rebuilt, and around 2000 rebuilding was begun in a style emulating the previous architecture, in many cases over the same foundations and utilizing old bricks and portions of the same walls. The western suburbs of the old city have not been reconstructed.
The modern city adjoins about half the length of the river between
Views to the west show flat fields extending to the horizon; this part of the Vistula Delta (Żuławy Wiślane) is used mainly for agricultural purposes. To the south are the marshes and swamps of Drużno. The
Port of Elbląg
Elbląg is not a deep-water port. The draft of vessels using its waterways must be no greater than 1.5 m (4 ft 11.06 in) by law. The turning area at Elbląg is 120 m (393.70 ft) diameter and a pilot is required for large vessels.[9] Deep water vessels cannot manoeuvre; in that sense, Elbląg has become a subsidiary port of Gdańsk. Traffic of smaller vessels at Elbląg is within the river and very marginal, while larger vessels were unable to reach the open Baltic Sea after 1945 without crossing into Russian territory. Construction of the Vistula Spit canal was completed in September 2022, allowing vessels access to the Baltic Sea while remaining within Polish territory.[10][11] The city features three quay complexes, movable cranes, and railways.
Geography
Geographical location
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.
Climate
The climate of Elbląg is an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), owing to its position of the Baltic Sea, which moderates the temperatures, compared to the interior of Poland. The climate is cool throughout the year and there is a somewhat uniform precipitation throughout the year. Typical of Northern Europe, there is little sunshine during the year.
Climate data for Elbląg (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.6 (47.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.9 (40.8) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −14.9 (5.2) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−17.7 (0.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.1 (−22.2) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−30.1 (−22.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.4 (1.87) |
37.7 (1.48) |
40.8 (1.61) |
37.0 (1.46) |
58.6 (2.31) |
70.2 (2.76) |
87.1 (3.43) |
77.9 (3.07) |
73.9 (2.91) |
70.3 (2.77) |
57.8 (2.28) |
56.4 (2.22) |
715.0 (28.15) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 18.8 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 184.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.5 | 84.2 | 77.8 | 70.2 | 71.7 | 74.8 | 76.6 | 76.1 | 80.4 | 84.5 | 89.4 | 89.7 | 80.3 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −2 (28) |
−2 (28) |
0 (32) |
3 (37) |
8 (46) |
12 (54) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
12 (54) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
1 (34) |
6 (43) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 40.4 | 67.0 | 128.6 | 199.8 | 257.0 | 243.5 | 246.7 | 237.5 | 164.8 | 104.4 | 44.0 | 29.5 | 1,767.3 |
Source 1: Meteomodel.pl[12] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[13] |
History
Truso
Teutonic Order 1246–1454
Kingdom of Poland 1454–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772
Kingdom of Prussia 1772–1871
German Empire 1871–1918
Weimar Germany 1918–1933
Nazi Germany 1933–1945
People's Republic of Poland 1945–1989
Republic of Poland 1989–present
The settlement was first mentioned as "Ilfing" in
During the
The seaport of Truso was first mentioned c. 890 by Wulfstan of Hedeby, an Anglo-Saxon sailor, travelling on the south coast of the Baltic Sea at the behest of King Alfred the Great of England. The exact location of Truso was not known for a long time, as the seashore has significantly changed, but most historians trace the settlement inside or near to modern Elbląg on Lake Drużno. Truso was located at territory already known to the Roman Empire and earlier.[15]
It was an important seaport serving the
Archaeological finds in 1897 and diggings in the 1920s placed Truso at Gut Hansdorf. A large burial field was also found at Elbląg. Recent Polish diggings have found burned beams and ashes and thousand-year-old artifacts in an area of about 20
Prussian Crusade
Attempts to conquer Prussian land began in 997, when
Before the Prussians were finally brought to heel, Polish rulers and the
In 1226 Duke
The Chronicon terrae Prussiae[16] describes the conflict in the vicinity of Lake Drużno shortly before the founding of Elbing:
- Omnia propugnacula, que habebant in illo loco, qui dicitur (list) ... circa stagnum Drusine ... occisis et captiis infidelibus, potenter expugnavit, et in cinerem redigendo terre alteri coequavit.
- "All the little redoubts that they had in that place, which are said to be (list) ... and around the Drusine marsh ... he (frater Hermannus magister) assaulted and levelled by rendering them into ash, after the infidels had been killed or captured."
Truso did not disappear suddenly to be replaced with the citadel and town of Elbing during the Prussian Crusade. It had already burned down in the tenth century, with the population dispersed in the area.
Teutonic Order
The
- ... et recens mare purgatum fuit ab insultu infidelium ...
- ... "and the Vistula Spit was purged of the insult of the infidels..."
Apparently the river was in
- Magister ... venit ad terram Pogesanie, ad insulam illam ... que est in media fluminis Elbingi, in illo loco, ubi Elbingus intrat recens mare et erexit ibi castrum, quod a nomine fluminis Elbingum appellavit, anno dominice incarnacionis MCCXXXVII. Aliqui referunt, quod idem castrum postea ab infidelibus fuerit expugnatum, et tunc ad eum locum, ubi nunc situm est, translatum, et circa ipsum civitas collocata.[18]
- "The master ... came to the region of Pogesania, to that island which is in the middle of the Elbing river, in that place where the Elbing enters the Vistula Lagoon, and built there a fort, which he called by the name of the Elbing River, in the year of the incarnation of the Lord, 1237. Others report that the same fort was attacked by the infidels and then was moved to the place where it is now situated, and the city gathered around it."
Both landings were amphibious operations conducted from the ships. The Chronicon relates that they were in use for many years and then were sunk in Lake Drużno. In 1238 the Dominican Order was invited to build a monastery on a grant of land. Pomesania was not secured, however, and from 1240 to 1242 the order began building a brick castle on the south side of the settlement. It may be significant that Elbing's first industry was the same as Truso's had been: manufacture of amber and bone artifacts for export. In 1243 William of Modena created the Diocese of Pomesania and three others. They were at first only ideological constructs, but the tides of time turned them into reality in that same century.
The foundation of Elbing was perhaps not the end of the Old Prussian story in the region. In 1825 a manuscript listing a vocabulary of the
The origin of the vocabulary remains unknown. Its format is like that of modern travel dictionaries; i.e., it may have been used by German speakers to communicate with Old Prussians, but the specific circumstances are only speculative. The manuscript became the Codex Neumannianus. It disappeared after a British bombing raid destroyed the library at Elbing but before then facsimiles had been made. The date of the MSS was estimated at ca. 1400, but it was a copy. There is no evidence concerning the provenance of the original, except that it must have been in Pomesanian.
In 1246 the town was granted a constitution under
Membership in the Hanseatic League meant having important trading contacts with
Except for the citadel and churches, Elbing at the time was more of a small village by modern standards. Its area was 300 m × 500 m (984.25
The German-language Elbinger Rechtsbuch, written in Elbing documented among other laws for the first time Polish common law. The German-language Polish laws are based on the Sachsenspiegel[19] and were written down to aid the judges. It is thus the oldest source for documented Polish common law and is in Polish referred to as the Księga Elbląska (Book of Elbląg[20]). It was written down in the second half of the 13th century.
In 1410, during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, the inhabitants of the city rebelled against the Teutonic Knights and expelled them, while welcoming Polish troops and paying homage to Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło, who afterwards vested Elbląg with new privileges.[21] As the castle was lightly defended by a Polish garrison, the Teutonic Knights managed to retake it, promising the Polish defenders that they will be given free passage back to Poland. After the castle was taken, the Knights broke their promise and subsequently murdered a number of the captured defenders while imprisoning the rest.[22]
Kingdom of Poland
In February 1440, the city hosted a convention at which delegates from various cities (including Elbing itself) and nobility from the region decided to establish the anti-Teutonic
Within the Kingdom of Poland, the city was administratively part of the
Elbląg was often visited by Nicolaus Copernicus between 1504 and 1530.[30]
With the 16th century
was established in Elbląg in 1535.From 1579 Elbląg had close trade relations with England, to which the city accorded free trade. English, Scottish, and Irish merchants settled in the city. They formed the Scottish Reformed Church of Elbląg and became Elbląg citizens, aiding Lutheran Sweden in the Thirty Years' War. The rivalry of nearby Gdańsk interrupted trading links several times. By 1618 Elbląg had left the Hanseatic League owing to its close business dealings with England.
Famous inhabitants of the city at that time included native sons
During the
The poet Christian Wernicke was born in 1661 in Elbląg, while Gottfried Achenwall became famous for his teachings in natural law and human rights law. In 1700–1710 it was occupied by Swedish troops. In 1709 it was besieged, taken by storm on February 2, 1710, by Russian troops with support of Prussian artillery. The city was handed over to Polish King Augustus II in 1712.
The Royal-Polish mathematician and cartographer Johann Friedrich Endersch completed a map of Warmia in 1755 and also made a copper etching of the galley named "The City of Elbing" .
During the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, Elbląg was placed under military occupation by Russia and Saxony.[31] The town came again under occupation by Russia from 1758 to 1762 during the Seven Years' War.
Kingdom of Prussia
During the
In October and November 1831, various Polish infantry, cavalry and artillery units, engineer corps and sappers of the November Uprising stopped in the city and its environs on the way to their internment locations, whereas the general staff with Commander-in-Chief General Maciej Rybiński and generals Józef Bem, Marcin Klemensowski, Kazimierz Małachowski, Ludwik Michał Pac and Antoni Wroniecki was interned in the city.[32] On December 22, 1831, the Prussian army attempted to pacify the Polish insurgents and launched a charge on the disarmed Poles, who resisted relocation, fearing deportation to the Russian Partition of Poland.[33] Some insurgents eventually left partitioned Poland for the Great Emigration, including Józef Bem, who was expelled by the Prussians in December 1831, and Maciej Rybiński, who left the city in February 1832.[34]
Elbing
Georg Steenke, an engineer from Königsberg, connected Elbing near the Baltic Sea with the southern part of Prussia by building the Oberländischer Kanal (Elbląg Canal).
Elbing became part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. As Elbing became an industrial city, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) frequently received the majority of votes; in the 1912 Reichstag elections the SPD received 51% of the vote. After World War I, as most of the province of West Prussia was reintegrated with the reborn Polish Republic, Elbing was joined to the German province of East Prussia, and was separated from Weimar Germany by the so-called Polish Corridor.
Nazi Germany
During World War II, under Nazi Germany, a Nazi prison,[35] a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag I-A POW camp,[36] a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag XX-B POW camp,[37] and three subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp were operated in the city.[38] The Germans also enslaved Poles as forced labour in the city.[39] The Polish resistance was active and infiltrated the German arms industry.[40] Dozens of Polish resistance members were held in the local prison, and at least 15 were sentenced to death in the city in 1942.[41]
The prison and forced labour camps were closed and many of the German inhabitants
History after 1945
Elbląg was part of the so-called
Along with
Restoration of the Old Town began after 1989. Since the beginning of the restoration, an extensive archaeological programme has been carried out. Most of the city's heritage was destroyed during the construction of basements in the 19th century or during World War II, but the backyards and latrines of the houses remained largely unchanged, and have provided information on the city's history. In some instances, private investors have incorporated parts of preserved stonework into new architecture. By 2006, approximately 75% of the Old Town had been reconstructed.
Elbląg is also home to the
Historic buildings
Until World War II there were many Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque houses in Elbląg's Old Town; some of them are reconstructed. Other preserved buildings are:
- St. Nicholas Cathedral - a monumental 13th-century Gothic church (cathedral only from 1992, before it was a parochial church), destroyed by fire in the late 18th century, then damaged in World War II and repaired
- Brama Targowa (Market Gate) - erected in 1319
- St. Mary's Church - former Dominican church, erected in the 13th century, rebuilt in the 14th and 16th centuries; damaged in World War II and reconstructed in 1961 as an art gallery; remnants of cloister are partially preserved
- Holy Ghost church with hospital, from the 14th century
- Corpus Christi church from the 14th century
- Ścieżka kościelna (Church Path) - medieval path between tenements connecting the churches of the Old Town
- Gothic houses at 13 Świętego Ducha Street and 34 Studzienna Street (reconstruction)
- Mannierist houses of the Old Town, eg. Jost van Kampen House at 12 Garbary Street
- Postmodern reconstruction of the Old Town with new Old Town City Hall
- Church of Good Shepherd - originally Mennonite, now Polish Old Catholic church from 1890
The
Culture
The primary cultural institutions in Elbląg are the Archaeological and Historical Museum, the Cyprian Norwid Elbląg Library, the EL Gallery Art Center and the Aleksander Sewruk Theater. The museum presents many pieces of art and items of everyday use, including the only 15th century binoculars preserved in Europe.
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1772 | 11,952 | — |
1781 | 15,768 | +31.9% |
1831 | 17,761 | +12.6% |
1875 | 33,520 | +88.7% |
1880 | 35,842 | +6.9% |
1885 | 38,278 | +6.8% |
1890 | 41,576 | +8.6% |
1900 | 52,518 | +26.3% |
1910 | 58,636 | +11.6% |
1925 | 67,878 | +15.8% |
1933 | 72,409 | +6.7% |
1939 | 83,190 | +14.9% |
1945[43] | 22,179 | −73.3% |
1950 | 48,112 | +116.9% |
1960 | 76,513 | +59.0% |
1970 | 90,051 | +17.7% |
1980 | 110,221 | +22.4% |
1990 | 126,056 | +14.4% |
2000 | 128,305 | +1.8% |
2010 | 126,049 | −1.8% |
2020 | 118,582 | −5.9% |
2021 | 117,390 | −1.0% |
Institutions of higher education
- Elbląg Higher School of Arts and Economics (Polish: Elbląska Uczelnia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna)[46]
- Faculty of Pedagogy
- Faculty of Administration
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Faculty of Economics and Politics
- Elbląg Higher State College of Vocational Education (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa)[47]
- Faculty of Pedagogy and Foreign Languages
- Faculty of Economics
- Faculty of Applied Computer Science
- Faculty of Technical Sciences
- Bogdan Jański Higher School, Faculty in Elbląg (Szkoła Wyższa im. Bogdana Jańskiego)[48]
- Faculty of Management and Land Management
- Elbląg Diocese Theological Seminary (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej)[49]
- Regent College - Foreign Language Teacher Training College (Regent College - Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych)[50]
- Faculty of English Studies
Sports
- EB Start Elbląg - women's handball team playing in the Polish Women's Superliga(top division; as of 2022–23)
- Basketball Elbląg - men's basketball club
- Olimpia Elbląg - men's football club
Politics
Constituency
- Jan Antochowski, SLD-UP
- SLD-UP
- Witold Gintowt-Dziewałtowski, SLD-UP
- Stanisław Gorczyca, PO
- Jerzy Müller, SLD-UP
- Samoobrona
- Andrzej Umiński, SLD-UP
- Stanisław Żelichowski, PSL
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Elbląg is
Former twin towns
- Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (since 1994 until 2022)
- Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (since 1994 until 2022)
- Novogrudok, Belarus (since 1995 until 2022)
On 28 February 2022, Elbląg ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Baltiysk and the Belarusian city of Novogrudok as a response to the
Notable people
- Georg Kleefeld(1522–1576), mayor of Danzig
- Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
- John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
- Samuel Hartlib (c. 1600–1662), teacher and scientist
- Christian Wernicke (1661–1725), epigrammist and diplomat
- Charles Aloysius Ramsay (1677–1680) Scottish-Prussian writer on stenography and translator
- Johann Friedrich Endersch (1705–1769), mathematician geographer
- Gottfried Achenwall (1719–1772), statistician
- Eberhard Gottlieb Graff (1780–1841) German philologist.
- Wilhelm Baum (1799–1883) a German surgeon
- Göttinger Sieben
- Bruno Erhard Abegg (1803–1848), statesman of Königsberg
- Danzig
- John Prince-Smith (1809–1874), liberal economist and politician in Germany
- Johannes Kohtz (1843–1918), German chess player
- Reinhold Felderhoff (1865–1919) German sculptor.
- Maximilian Consbruch (1866–1927), German classical philologist and gymnasium principal
- Hermann Schulz (1872–1929), German politician
- Paul Pulewka (1896–1989) German pharmacologist
- Max Reimann (1898–1977), president of the Communist Party of Germany
- Erich Brost (1903–1995) publisher
- Günter Kuhnke (1912–1990), Admiral
- Hans-Dieter Lange (1926–2012), journalist
- Hans-Jürgen Krupp (born 1933) German politician, economist and University professor
- Brigitte Birnbaum (born 1938) German author of books, mainly for children and young people
- Ursula Karusseit (1939–2019), German actress
- Bernd Neumann (born 1942), German politician
- Ortwin Runde (born 1944), mayor of Hamburg from 1997 to 2001.
- Andrzej Sakson (born 1950), sociologist and director of the Western Institute
- Henryk Iwaniec (born 1947), mathematician
- Wojciech Cejrowski (born 1964), journalist, writer
- Adam Fedoruk (born 1966), footballer
- Ewa Białołęcka (born 1967), fantasy writer
- Piotr Wadecki (born 1973), cyclist
- Maciej Bykowski (born 1977), footballer
- Adam Wadecki (born 1977), cyclist
- Dominika Figurska(born 1978), actress
- chess grandmaster
- MMAfighter
- Joanna Wołosz (born 1990), volleyball player
See also
- EB - Polish beerproduced by the Elbrewery Company
Notes
- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved August 2, 2022. Data for territorial unit 2861011.
- ^ a b "History of Elbląg". Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ^ "History of Elblag - Castles of Poland". Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ^ CoolPage.pl. "Elblag Ostroda Canal Tour". Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ^ o.o., StayPoland Sp. z. "History of Elblag". Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ^ "Skąd się wzięła nazwa Elbląg? "Czy Ifing to Ilfing?" Jakub Jagodziński wyjaśnia" (in Polish). Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ Aber, James S. (2015). "Regional Glaciation of Southern & Eastern Baltic (ES 331/767 Lecture #14)". Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
- ^ a b "Wondering where to take a train? Choo-choose Elbląg!". Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ Port Elbląg Archived August 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, site maintained by Polfracht Shipping Agency Ltd.
- ^ "The Vistula Spit. The dredging of the shipping canal has begun. The first units are to sail in 2022". August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ "Vistula Spit – june report". Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. April 6, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Elbląg". Time and Date. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
- ^ According to the Elbląg museum
- ^ "Amber Road". February 28, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ 3.14
- ^ 3.15
- Castrumis citadel, not yet of brick.
- ^ Archiv für das Studium der neueren ... - Google Books. September 21, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie: The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, 1946
- ^ Potkowski, Edward (1994). Grunwald 1410 (in Polish). Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 61–62.
- ^ Gierszewski, Stanisław (1978). Elbląg: przeszłość i teraźniejszość (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Morskie na zlec. Wydziału Kultury i Sztuki Urzędu Wojewódzkiego w Elblągu. p. 49.
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXI.
- ^ Górski, p. XXXVII
- ^ Górski, p. 59-60
- ^ Górski, p. 71–72
- ^ Górski, p. 63
- ^ Górski, p. 91
- ^ Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka, t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42.
- ^ "Elbląg". Szlak Kopernikowski (in Polish). Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ (in German) Book: Merian-Chronik, Cöln 1737/8: Elbingische Geschichte Zu gleicher Zeit Danzigs Belagerung 1734... Ordentliches Tage-Register von den Unternehmungen der Russen und Sachsen by der Belagerung der Stadt Dantzig. Nachricht, Wie viele Personen das 1734te Jahr durch in der Stadt Dantzig getauffet/verehelichet und begraben worden...
- ^ Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.). Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. pp. 138–140.
- ^ Kasparek, p. 153
- ^ Kasparek, pp. 157, 169
- ^ "Haftanstalt Elbing". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ Necio, Jerzy (2011). "Stalag I A Stablack. Próby upamiętnienia". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 34. Opole: 61.
- ISBN 978-83-950992-2-9.
- ISSN 0137-5377.
- ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
- ISBN 978-83-8229-411-8.
- ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
- ^ "History of Elblag - Castles of Poland". www.castlesofpoland.com. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1.
- ^ "The Canal in Elbląg". Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
- ^ (in Polish) As per results of a plebiscite for the 'Seven Wonders of Poland' conducted by Rzeczpospolita (newspaper), cited at www.budowle.pl.
- ^ "Elbląska Uczelnia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna". Euhe.edu.pl. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ "Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Elblągu :: Studia dzienne bezpłatne :: Strona główna". Pwsz.elblag.pl. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ "Studia: Zarządzanie,Socjologia,Pedagogika,Politologia,Gospodarka przestrzenna :: Szkoły Wyższe im. B. Jańskiego". Janski.pl. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
- ^ "WyĹźsze Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji ElblÄ…skiej". Seminarium.elblag.opoka.org.pl. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ "Regent College - Aktualności". Anglistyka.edu.pl. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Elbląg - Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie". Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Elbląg - Miasta partnerskie". Elbląg.net (in Polish). Retrieved August 1, 2013.
- ^ "Tarptautinis Bendradarbiavimas" [Druskininkai international cooperation]. Druskininkų savivaldybės administracija (in Lithuanian). March 22, 2012. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
- ^ "Trowbridge - Market town twins with Arab city". BBC News. BBC News Channel. October 3, 2006. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
- ^ 姊妹市暨友誼市. Tainan City Government (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza". Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (in Polish). Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
- ^ "Miasto Elbląg zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami partnerskimi" (in Polish). Retrieved March 5, 2022.
External links
Government websites
- Municipal website
- Gmina of Elbląg (in Polish)
- Elbląg County (in Polish)
Tourism and historical sites
- CastlesOfPoland.com
- Interactive map of Elbląg (in Polish)
- Tourism information Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- Elbing Vocabulary, presentation by Dr. Letis Palmaitis
- Jewish community of Elbląg on Virtual Shtetl
Web portals
- Wirtualny Elbląg - portal (in Polish)
- Elbląska Gazeta Internetowa - portal (in Polish)
- Elblag24 - portal (in Polish)
- info.elblag.pl - portal (in Polish)
- Nocny Elbląg - portal (in Polish)
- Dziennik Elbląski newspaper (in Polish)
- Extensive East & West Prussian Historical Materials Archived September 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in English and German)