Elections in Canada
Formal elections have occurred in Canada since at least 1792, when both Upper Canada and Lower Canada had their first elections. Canada's first recorded election was held in Halifax in 1758 to elect the 1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia.[1]
All Canadian citizens aged 18 or older who currently reside in Canada as of the polling day[2] (or at any point in their life have resided in Canada, regardless of time away) may vote in federal elections.[3] The most recent Canadian federal election occurred on September 20, 2021.
Elections for other levels of government may have additional residency or ownership requirements. For example, some municipalities allow both residents and non-resident landowners to vote.
Electoral regulatory bodies
Elections in Canada (federal, provincial, or Territorial) are organised by their respective election regulatory bodies as follows:
Canadian electoral regulatory bodies | ||||
Jurisdiction | Electoral regulatory body (year established) | Periodic oversight of legislative seat contests in any given election | Date of most recent major election | Next major election scheduled for / required by |
---|---|---|---|---|
Federal | Elections Canada (1920) | Lower house: All 338 seats in the House of Commons of Canada (every 4 years, on the third Monday of October) | 20 September 2021 | 20 October 2025 |
British Columbia | Elections BC (1995) | Unicameral: All 87 seats in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (every 4 years, on the third Saturday of October) | 24 October 2020 | 19 October 2024
|
Alberta | Elections Alberta (1977) | Unicameral: All 87 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (every 4 years, on the last Monday of May) | 29 May 2023 | 31 May 2027 |
Saskatchewan | Elections Saskatchewan (1959) | Unicameral: All 61 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (every 4 years, on the last Monday of October) | 26 October 2020 | 28 October 2024
|
Manitoba | Elections Manitoba (1980) | Unicameral: All 57 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba (every 4 years, on the first Tuesday of October) | 3 October 2023 | 5 October 2027 |
Ontario | Elections Ontario (1919) | Unicameral: All 124 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (every 4 years, on the first Thursday of June) | 2 June 2022 | 4 June 2026 |
Quebec | Élections Québec (1945) | Unicameral: All 125 seats in the National Assembly of Quebec (every 4 years, on the first Monday of October) | 3 October 2022 | 5 October 2026 |
Nova Scotia | Elections Nova Scotia (1991) | Unicameral: All 55 seats in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly (every 4 years, on the third Tuesday of July) | 17 August 2021 | 15 July 2025 |
New Brunswick | Elections New Brunswick (1967) | Unicameral: All 49 seats in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (every 4 years, on the third Monday of October) | 14 September 2020 | 21 October 2024
|
Newfoundland and Labrador | Elections Newfoundland & Labrador (1991) | Unicameral: All 40 seats in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (every 4 years, on the second Tuesday of October) | 25 March 2021 | 14 October 2025 |
Prince Edward Island | Elections Prince Edward Island (1965) | Unicameral: All 27 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island (every 4 years, on the first Monday of October) | 3 April 2023 | 4 October 2027 |
Northwest Territories | Elections NWT (1997) | Unicameral: All 19 seats in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories (every 4 years, on the first Tuesday of October) | 14 November 2023 | 5 October 2027 |
Yukon | Elections Yukon (2002) | Unicameral: All 19 seats in the Yukon Legislative Assembly (every 4 years, on the first Monday of November) | 12 April 2021 | 3 November 2025 |
Nunavut | Elections Nunavut (2003) | Unicameral: All 22 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut (every 4 years, on the last Monday of October) | 25 October 2021 | 27 October 2025 |
National (federal) elections
The
National elections are governed by the
Most MPs are members of a
Although several parties are typically represented in parliament, Canada has historically had two dominant political parties: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, which was preceded by the Progressive Conservative Party and the Conservative Party (1867–1942). Every government since Confederation has been either Liberal or Conservative with the exception of the Unionist government during World War I, which was a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals. However, in the 2011 federal election, the (NDP) New Democratic Party of Canada, came a close second, only behind by a few seats. While other parties have sometimes formed the Official Opposition, the 41st Parliament (2011-2015) was the first in which the Liberals did not form either the government or the Official Opposition.
If a government loses a
The five-year time limitation is strictly applied to the life of the parliament or assembly in question—this body is not deemed to have been formed until the return of the
It is also possible for a general election to be delayed should Canada be embroiled in a
The Canadian population generally misunderstands the electoral system, with most citizens believing they vote to directly elect their prime ministers.[5] Certain politicians have taken advantage of this misconception of how governments are formed[n 1] and attempts to correct erroneous claims are often delegitimized as politically motivated.[6]
Results
Hugo Cyr found in 2017 that the Canadian media's habit of announcing, before polls close on election nights, which party will form the next government misrepresents the process of the governor general or lieutenant governors appointing cabinet or executive councils, respectively, "as automatic, merely a matter of arithmetic".[7]
Although the leader of the political party that wins the plurality of seats in the elected chamber of parliament is typically called by the
Fixed dates
These laws, nevertheless, do not curtail the power of the governor general or a provincial lieutenant governor to dissolve a legislature prior to the fixed election date on the advice of the relevant first minister or due to a motion of no confidence.[12]
By-elections and referenda
The federal government can also hold nationwide
Qualifications
Every Canadian citizen 18 years of age or older has the right to vote, except for the
The federal
Canadian citizens abroad
In May 2014, a court decision from the
Length of election campaigns
The length of election campaigns can vary, but under the Elections Act, the minimum length of a campaign is 36 days and the maximum length of the campaign is 50 days.
The first two elections, the 1867 election and the 1872 election, took place over several weeks.
The 1872 election was both the second shortest and the longest campaign in history. Parliament was dissolved on July 8, 1872, while the writ was dropped on July 15, 1872. Voting occurred from July 20 to October 12. Therefore, the campaign started 12 days after dissolution of Parliament and 5 days after the writ, and was concluded 96 days (13 weeks plus 5 days) after dissolution and 89 days after the writ.[26]
Every subsequent election has occurred on a single day. Of these elections, the longest election campaign, in terms of days from dissolution to election day, was that of
In terms of days from writ to election day, the longest campaign had been the 1980 election, which lasted 66 days. It was surpassed by the 2015 election, which was 78 days long from writ to election day, making it the longest campaign for a one-day election, exceeded in length only by that of 1872.
Prior to the adoption of the minimum of 36 days in law, there were six elections that lasted shorter periods of time. The last of these was the 1904 election which occurred many decades before the minimum was imposed.
In practice, the prime minister will generally keep a campaign as brief as is legal and feasible, because spending by parties is strictly limited by the Elections Act. The maximum spending by each party is increased by 1/37th of the maximum for each day that the campaign exceeds 37 days. The 1997, 2000 and 2004 elections were all of the minimum 36 days in length which has led to a common misconception that elections must be 36 days long. However, prior to 1997, elections averaged much longer: aside from the 47-day campaign for the 1993 election and the 51-day campaign for the 1988 Election, the shortest election period after World War II was 57 days and many were over 60 days in length.
Much speculation had surrounded how long the campaign for the 39th federal election would be in 2006, especially as it became certain the election would be called in the weeks preceding Christmas 2005. The government of Joe Clark, which fell on December 13, 1979, recommended a campaign of 66 days for the resulting election, and nothing legal barred a similarly lengthened campaign. In the end, the 2006 election was called on November 29, 2005, for January 23, 2006 — making a 55-day-long campaign.[26]
Provincial and territorial
System
Canada's ten provinces and
In the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, elections are held on a solely non-partisan basis, due to those territories' use of a consensus government model.
Parties
All Canadian provinces and Yukon, have electoral systems dominated by major political parties. In most provinces the leading parties are the same parties prominent at the federal level. However, the provincial party may or may not have an official affiliation with the federal party of the same name. Thus, names of provincial parties can sometimes be misleading when associating a provincial party with a national party, although the respective ideologies are usually fairly similar.
The Conservative Party of Canada has no provincial wings and none of the current provincial Progressive Conservative Parties are formally linked with the federal party as they all predate the 2003 establishment of the federal party, which resulted in the formal disbanding of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Some provincial parties (such as Alberta) formally broke off links with the federal party prior to the merger.
In British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec the provincial Liberal parties are independent of the Liberal Party of Canada, while in the other provinces, the provincial Liberal parties are autonomous entities that retain formal links with the federal party.
All provincial wings of the New Democratic Party are fully integrated with the federal party, and members of the provincial party are automatically also members of the federal party. The Green Party has provincial counterparts that are directly affiliated but do not share membership or organizational structure and support.
In Saskatchewan and Yukon, the political parties, the Saskatchewan Party and the Yukon Party, respectively, have no federal counterpart, although they are both ideologically conservative.
Results
The following table summarizes the results of the most recent provincial and territorial elections. A link to complete lists for each province and territory is below. The winning party is indicated in bold and by the coloured bar at the left of the table.
This table shows the party standings as a result of the most recent election, and not the current representation in legislatures; refer to the articles on the individual houses for the current state.
Province or territory | Date of most recent election | Progressive Conservative | Liberal | New Democrat | Green | Other Conservative Party
|
Other | Total seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northwest Territories | November 14, 2023 | 191 | 19 | ||||||
Manitoba | October 3, 2023 | 22 | 12 | 34 | 57 | ||||
Alberta | May 29, 2023 | 38 | 49 (United Conservative Party) | 87 | |||||
Prince Edward Island | April 3, 2023 | 22 | 3 | 2 | 27 | ||||
Quebec | October 3, 2022 | 212 | 90 (Coalition Avenir Québec) | 11 ( Québec Solidaire) )
3 (Parti Québécois |
125 | ||||
Ontario | June 2, 2022 | 83 | 82 | 31 | 1 | 1 (Independent) | 124 | ||
Nunavut | October 25, 2021 | 221 | 22 | ||||||
Nova Scotia | August 17, 2021 | 31 | 17 | 6 | 1 (Independent) | 55 | |||
Yukon | April 12, 2021 | 82 | 3 | 8 (Yukon Party) | 19 | ||||
Newfoundland & Labrador | March 25, 2021 | 13 | 22 | 2 | 3 (Independent) | 40 | |||
Saskatchewan | October 26, 2020 | 13 | 48 (Saskatchewan Party) | 61 | |||||
British Columbia | October 24, 2020 | 57 | 2 | 28 (BC United3) | 87 | ||||
New Brunswick | September 14, 2020 | 27 | 17 | 3 | 2 (People's Alliance) | 49 |
For lists of general elections in each province and territory, see the infobox at the bottom of the article.
1Note:
2Note: Provincial Liberal parties that are not affiliated with the federal Liberal Party of Canada.
3Note: Formerly known as the
Municipal
Municipal elections are held in Canada for the election of local governments. Most provinces hold all of their municipal elections on the same date. Candidates are elected through either
A minority of locations in Canada have local
Senate nominee (Alberta)
Adopted and attempted electoral reform
Canada is now the only major country in the world to use only
By one count, at the provincial level there have been ten instances of electoral reform in Canadian history. All of them were achieved by passage of normal legislation, without referendum.[27] There have been no instances in Canadian history of electoral reform being achieved after the holding of a referendum.
Reforms and attempted reforms are outlined below.
Multiple-member districts replaced by single-member districts -- federal elections, all provinces, two territories various dates
At various times in the 19th and 20th centuries, federal elections and those held in every province used multi-member districts to elect all or some of its members. The systems used included
Now federal elections — and all provincial and territorial elections — use only single-member districts, a situation that came about through electoral reform.[31]
Eleven ridings elected multiple MPs (two at a time) at one time or another, between 1867 and 1968. These were Ottawa, West Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax (NS), Cape Breton (NS), Pictou (NS), St. John City and County (NB), Victoria and three in PEI: King's County, Queen's County and Prince County.[30]
All the provinces and territories (except Nunavut) once used multiple-member districts. Most of the multiple-member districts elected just two, but others elected 5 to 7 or more. Ten MLAs were elected in the Winnipeg district from 1920 to 1949.[31]
The provinces and territories switched to electing all their members in single-member districts elected through
- Quebec 1867
- Ontario 1926
- North-West Territories 1894 (see 1891 North-West Territories general election)
- Yukon 1903
- Manitoba 1954
- Alberta 1956
- New Brunswick 1967
- Saskatchewan 1967
- Newfoundland and Labrador 1975
- Nova Scotia 1978
- BC 1990
- PEI 1996
- (PEI's elections were special cases. Each district elected two members. At one time voters who owned property in the district voted for the Councilman while voters resident in the district joined with the property-owners to vote for the Assemblyman. Later the exact same voters were allowed to vote for each of the two members in a district but still each seat was filled in separate contest.)[30]
1886, 1890 Ontario used Limited Voting in Toronto
Toronto's three MPPs were elected through Limited voting, where each voter could cast up to two votes. (Later Toronto MPPs were elected in two-seat districts, with each seat elected separately through single-winner First Past The Post voting. This ended in 1926 when all the MPPs in the province began to be elected in single-member districts.)
1909-1921 Alberta partially adopted Block Voting system
For the 1909, 1913 and 1921 election Alberta adopted multiple-member city-wide districts in one or both of the cities of Edmonton and Calgary. Alberta's two army representatives were elected in 1917 in one contest. Also in 1921, the city of Medicine Hat was a two-seat district. Voters cast multiple votes under the Plurality block voting to elect MLAs.[32]
1914 Manitoba adopted multi-member districts, later brought in STV/FPTP then STV/IRV
In 1914, the three Winnipeg districts -- Winnipeg Centre, Winnipeg South and Winnipeg North — were each given a second member. Each seat was filled through a separate contest. The same system was used in the 1915 election.
In 1920
In 1949 Winnipeg was divided into three four-seat districts. St. Boniface got a second member and switched from AV to STV to elect its MLAs.[31]
1924 Alberta adopted STV/AV system
After the election of the
1922 House of Commons elections
Canadian MP William Charles Good introduced legislation in the House of Commons in June 1922 that would have seen Instant-runoff voting used in each riding where more than two candidates were competing and he also called for demonstration multi-member districts in to provide experience of proportional representation. However the bill was talked out and nothing was changed.[33]
1952, 1953 BC elections used Instant-runoff voting electoral system
In 1952, BC adopted the
2004 Quebec proposed electoral reform
The Liberal government of Quebec proposed electoral reform in 2004, which was scheduled to be passed in the fall of 2006 without a referendum. The project was postponed due to divergent views on how to improve it.
2005 BC Single Transferable Vote referendum
In a 2005 referendum 57.7% of British Columbians voted in favour of the
2005 PEI Provincial MMP referendum
Prince Edward Island held a referendum in 2005 regarding the adoption of
2007 Ontario MMP referendum
A referendum was held in Ontario in 2007 on the question of whether to establish a
2008 New Brunswick referendum
A referendum on the issue of electoral reform in New Brunswick was proposed for 2008 by the Progressive Conservative Party, but the party was defeated in the September 2006 election and the new Liberal government cancelled the vote.
2009 BC Proportional Representation Vote referendum
A referendum for the proportional representation (PR) system was held in British Columbia on May 12, 2009. The adoption of PR was defeated, with 61% of voters preferring First past the post (FPTP) over Proportional Representation.[citation needed]
2015 federal election
In the 2015 federal election, both of the main opposition parties (the federal Liberals and NDP) promised to implement electoral reform no later than the next scheduled election. The NDP has long supported
By comparison, the Liberals led by Justin Trudeau promised to review numerous electoral reform options through an "all party parliamentary committee" and to implement the changes in time for the next election. Trudeau promised to make the 2015 election "Canada's last first-past-the-post election". There are differences between the political parties over which alternative system would be better.
67% of Canadians voted in 2015 for parties that promised to replace the voting system. 88% of experts brought forward by the Liberal government recommending a proportional representation voting system, and 96% rejected Trudeau's preferred Instant-runoff voting system.[35] On December 1, 2016, the all party Special Committee on Electoral Reform released its final report, recommending that the government design a system of proportional representation with a gallagher index score of 5 or less, and hold a national referendum with that system against the current system. The Liberal members of the all party special-committee urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada's voting system.[36][37][38][39][40]
On February 1, 2017, the new Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that Trudeau instructed her that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate. She claimed a lack of broad consensus among Canadians in favour of one particular type of electoral voting and that the various political parties could not agree on a new system as reasons for the abandonment of the 2015 election promise.[41] On May 31, 2017, the House of Commons officially rejected the final report of the all party special-committee by a vote of 146-159, with the Conservatives, NDP, BQ, and Greens voting to concur in the report, and the Liberals voting not to, notably, two Liberal MPs, Sean Casey and Nathaniel Erskine-Smith broke whip and voted to concur in the report.[42][43]
During the 2015 election campaign, the Liberal Party of Canada made a promise to implement a process to review the costs of campaign platforms in future elections.[44] It was implemented within an omnibus bill passed in 2017, with responsibility assigned to the Parliamentary Budget Office.[44]
2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum
The 2016 Plebiscite on Democratic Renewal
2018 British Columbia Electoral Reform Referendum
In accordance to campaign promises, the BC NDP (In a confidence and supply agreement with the Greens) scheduled a plebiscite to be held between October 22 and November 30, 2018, with voting done through mail for those registered to vote.[51] 61.3% of voters voted for retaining First Past The Post.
2019 Prince Edward Island Electoral Reform Referendum
the 2019 referendum ended in defeat. On the question "Should Prince Edward Island change its voting system to a mixed member proportional voting system?", 52 percent voted against change while only 48 percent voted in favour. But neither side took a majority of votes in 60 percent of the districts so government did not consider it a clear decision.[52] In 2021/2022, PEI again investigated switching away from the FPTP system.[53]
2022 Quebec proposed electoral reform
CAQ
Bill 39 was intended to be debated in the legislature before June 2021. The bill's implementation would have been contingent on popular support expressed in a referendum held on the same day as the general election.
See also
- Canadian electoral calendar
- Canadian electoral system
- Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform
- Democracy Day (Canada)
- Electronic voting in Canada
- Fair Vote Canada
- Federal political financing in Canada
- List of Canadian federal electoral districts
- List of Canadian federal general elections
- List of elections in the Province of Canada (pre-Confederation)
- List of federal by-elections in Canada
- List of political parties in Canada
- Historical federal electoral districts of Canada
- Referendums in Canada
- Timeline of Canadian elections
- Voter turnout in Canada
See also Category: Electoral reform in Canada
Notes
- ^ For example, during the paliarmentary dispute in 2008, the Cabinet tried to convince the public its attempt to prorogue Parliament to avoid a motion of no confidence brought by the opposition parties was legitimate, as the Canadian parliamentary system determined the party holding the most seats had "won" the election.[6]
References
- ^ "Proclamation" (PDF). Nova Scotia Legislature. Province of Nova–Scotia. May 20, 1758. Democracy 250 : Celebrating 250 Years of Parliamentary Democracy in Canada
- ^ Canada, Elections (May 12, 2020). "Facts about voter registration, citizenship and voter ID". www.elections.ca. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ "Frank v. Canada (Attorney General)". SUPREME COURT OF CANADA. January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
- ^
Cross, William (September 1, 2006). "Chapter 7: Candidate Nomination in Canada's Political Parties" (PDF). In Pammet, Jon; Dornan, Christopher (eds.). The Canadian General Election of 2006. Dundurn. pp. 172–195. ISBN 978-1550026504.
- ^ Cyr 2017, p. 105
- ^ a b Cyr 2017, pp. 109, 131
- ^ Cyr, Hugo (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), The Crown in the 21st Century (PDF), On the Formation of Government, vol. 22, Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies, pp. 103–104, retrieved June 5, 2023
- ^ Cyr 2017, pp. 105–106
- ^ "Fixed election dates in Canada". Election Almanac. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Parliament of Canada (November 6, 2006). "Bill C-16, An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
- ^ Elizabeth II (July 27, 2008). "Canada Elections Act". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
- ^ "Canada Elections Act, SC 2000, c. 9, s. 56.1” Retrieved on 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Description of the National Register of Electors". Elections Canada. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Constitution Act, 1982, Part I: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ a b Harris, Kathleen (January 11, 2019). "Supreme Court of Canada guarantees voting rights for expats". CBC News. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ a b "Canada Elections Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Section 222. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ Canada, Elections. "A History of the Vote in Canada: Chapter 4 (The Charter Era, 1982–2006)". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Completing the Cycle of Electoral Reforms – Recommendations from the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on the 38th General Election". Elections Canada. September 29, 2005. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Report of the Chief popples Electoral Officer of Canada on the 41st general election of May 2, 2011". Elections Canada. August 17, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Frank et al. v. AG Canada, 2014 ONSC 907". Canadian Legal Information Institute. May 2, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Frank v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 ONCA 536". www.ontariocourts.ca. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ Fine, Sean (July 20, 2015). "Long-term Canadian expats denied right to vote, court rules". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ "Voting by Canadians living abroad". Elections Canada Online. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
- ^ Gillian Frank, et al. v. Attorney General of Canada (Supreme Court of Canada August 25, 2016), Text.
- ^ "The 36-Day Election Calendar". Elections Canada. The Office of the Chief Electoral Officer. June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Length of Federal Election Campaigns". Parliament of Canada. Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
- ^ Dennis Pilon, Review Essay, Canadian Political Science Review, vol. 12, No. 1p. 31
- ^ Parliamentary Guide.
- ^ Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982.
- ^ a b c Parliament Guide
- ^ a b c d Parliamentary Guide
- ^ a b A Report on Alberta Elections
- ^ The UFA, June 1, 1922
- ^ "Resources / Electoral History of BC". Elections BC. Elections BC. May 9, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
- ^ "Consultations Provide Strong Mandate for Proportional Representation". Fair Vote Canada. November 3, 2016.
- ^ Scarpaleggia, Francis (December 1, 2016). "STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN CANADA: PRINCIPLES, PROCESS AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT FOR ELECTORAL REFORM Report of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform" (PDF). ourcommons.ca. House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
- ^ Wherry, Aaron (December 1, 2016). "Electoral reform committee recommends referendum on proportional representation, but Liberals disagree". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ Bryden, Joan (December 1, 2016). "Liberal MPs urge Prime Minister to break promise of new voting system by next election". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Boutilier, Alex (December 1, 2016). "Liberal MPs recommend breaking electoral reform promise". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ Payton, Laura (December 1, 2016). "Liberals dig in heels against election referendum". CTV News. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ "Opposition accuses Trudeau of betrayal as Liberals abandon promise of electoral reform". CBC News. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ "VOTE NO. 290". ourcommons.ca. House of Commons of Canada. May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
- ^ "Casey refuses to toe Liberal party line on electoral reform vote". CBC News. May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
- ^ a b Beeby, Dean (April 18, 2019). "PBO launches new service to cost out party platforms, despite the political risks". CBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "Media Release: Voting locations". Is it Time for Change?. Elections Prince Edward Island. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
- ^ "Voting begins in P.E.I. plebiscite on electoral reform". CBC News. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
- ^ Roberts, Rob (July 7, 2016). "PEI sets voting-reform plebiscite for fall". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
- ^ McKenna, Peter (September 21, 2016). "Electoral reform in P.E.I. redux". The Guardian Charlottetown. Charlottetown, PEI. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
- ^ Campbell, Kerry (April 16, 2016). "P.E.I. electoral reform: 4 unanswered questions about the plebiscite". CBC. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
- ^ Bradley, Susan (8 November 2016). "P.E.I. plebiscite results favour mixed member proportional representation". CBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2016
- ^ "2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform | Elections BC". elections.bc.ca. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
- ^ The Canadian Press (April 24, 2019). "Slim majority vote 'no' to electoral reform in P.E.I. referendum". CTV News. Retrieved April 25, 2019
- ^ "Citizens' assembly to explore electoral reform on P.E.I. could be created in new year, premier says". CBC. November 19, 2021.
- ^ "Réforme du mode de scrutin : Montréal perdra trois sièges au bénéfice des régions". Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- National Assembly of Québec. Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
- ^ Montpetit, Jonathan (April 28, 2021). "Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022". CBC Montreal. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.