Electoral college
Part of the Politics series |
Elections |
---|
Politics portal |
An electoral college is a set of
Examples
The United States Electoral College is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an executive president is indirectly elected.[2][3]
President of the United States
Historic examples
The following examples are of electoral colleges used by democracies or dictatorships that were replaced by other mechanisms of election like direct elections during periods of democratization.
Latin America
Before 1840, all presidents in Latin America were indirectly elected by legislatures or electoral colleges.[7]:202
Brazil's military dictatorship chose its president by an electoral college starting in 1964 comprising senators, deputies, state deputies, and lawmakers in the cities. The electoral college was replaced with a two-round system direct election in 1989, after the restoration of democracy.[8]
Colombia eliminated its electoral college in 1910.[7]:205
Paraguay had an electoral college that was established by the 1870 Constitution, which was used to elect its president. The constitution was replaced in 1940 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1943.[8]
Chile had an electoral college established by the 1828 Constitution, which was used to elect its president in the elections from 1829 to 1920. The constitution was amended in 1925 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1925.[8]
Europe
Norway, from 1814-1905, used regional electoral colleges to elect legislators to the Storting, before switching to direct elections.[7]:199-201
France had its president elected by the legislature from 1875 to 1954. The first presidential election of the Fifth Republic which elected Charles de Gaulle was the only presidential election where the winner was determined via an electoral college.[8] The electoral college was replaced after the 1962 referendum, with direct elections by popular vote, using a two-round system since 1965.
In
South Korean dictatorships (1972-1981)
During
Apartheid South Africa (1961-1983)
In
References
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (5 September 2023). "How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ISBN 9781442218031.
- ^ Bolotnikova, Marina N. (6 July 2020). "Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?". Harvard Magazine.
- ^ Neale, Thomas H.; Nolan, Andrew (28 October 2019). The National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ a b c d e Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (5 September 2023). "How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ The Constitution of Argentina of 1853, 32nd to 63rd Articles – Retrieved 16 January 2015
- ^ Isotalus, Pekka (2001). "Presidential Campaigning in Finland and Americanization". World Communication. 30 (2): 13.
- ISSN 0258-9184.
- ^ Africa, enacted the Parliament of South. Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961.
- ^ Africa, enacted the Parliament of South. Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983.